1
|
Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda D, Singh BR, Mariappan AK, Munuswamy P, Singh KP, Monalisa Sahoo, Saminathan M, Ramalingam R, Chellappa MM, Singh V, Dhama K, Reddy MR. Molecular epidemiological studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli associated with septicemia in chickens in India. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105313. [PMID: 34902538 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial septicemia causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry and there is no systematic research available in India on the connection of various pathogens associated with septicemia. The present molecular epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the association of different bacterial and immunosuppressive viral pathogens in septicemia suspected chickens. A total of 443 chicken carcasses with septicemic conditions from 71 different flocks were included in this study. Heart blood swabs were subjected to bacterial culture for Salmonella spp., Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, and Gallibacterium anatis. Of these 51 flocks tested for E. coli, 49 (96.1%) flocks were found positive. Among flocks tested for Salmonella spp., 2 flocks were found positive. All tested flocks were found negative for G. anatis and P. multocida as well as air sac swabs tested negative for Mycoplasma spp. Bacterial cultural examination revealed that majority of septicemic chickens were found to be infected with E. coli and these E. coli isolates showed the highest resistance to vancomycin (60%), followed by erythromycin (50%) and cefotaxime (38%) and maximum sensitivity to cefotaxime and clavulanic acid combinations (81.5%), followed by chloramphenicol (69.6%) and ertapenem (67.2%). Among the 5 avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) virulence genes were detected in 36 flocks and highest frequency of iss (100%), followed by ompT or iutA (97.2%), hly (61.1%) and iroN (47.2%) genes. On polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening, 10.5, 4.5, 52.2, 19.4, 9.0, 4.5, 20.1 and 19.4% of the flocks were positive for G. anatis, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, APEC, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, chicken infectious anemia virus and Marek's disease virus, respectively. To our knowledge, the present study is first on the etiology of septicemia in chicken flocks in India. The present study infers that the majority of septicemic deaths in broiler chickens less than 8 weeks have been connected with APEC and majority of E. coli isolates are multidrug resistance, suggesting the need for surveillance and intervention to curb the inadvertent use of antibiotics. Although, incidence of G. anatis association with septicemia was reported, still requires a rigorous epidemiological study to determine the actual prevalence. However, more detailed studies encompassing vast geographical area with large sample size and long duration of the studies are necessary to provide a clear picture of the interaction of different pathogens causing septicemia in chicken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhoj Raj Singh
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajasekar Ramalingam
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhan Mohan Chellappa
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Maddula Ramakoti Reddy
- Avian Health Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Telengana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han MS, Kim JN, Jeon EO, Lee HR, Koo BS, Min KC, Lee SB, Bae YJ, Mo JS, Cho SH, Jang HS, Mo IP. The current epidemiological status of infectious coryza and efficacy of PoulShot Coryza in specific pathogen-free chickens. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:323-30. [PMID: 26726018 PMCID: PMC5037299 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.3.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious coryza (IC) is an infectious disease caused by Avibacterium (Av.) paragallinarum. IC is known to cause economic losses in the poultry industry via decreased egg production in layers. Between 2012 and 2013, Av. paragallinarum was isolated from seven chicken farms by Chungbuk National University. We identified Av. paragallinarum, the causative pathogen of IC by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serovar serotype A, by multiplex PCR. Antibiotic sensitivity tests indicated that a few field-isolated strains showed susceptibility to erythromycin, gentamicin, lincomycin, neomycin, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin, and tylosin. A serological survey was conducted to evaluate the number of flocks that were positive for Av. paragallinarum by utilizing a HI test to determine the existence of serovar A. Serological surveys revealed high positivity rates of 86.4% in 2009, 78.9% in 2010, 70.0% in 2011, and 69.6% in 2012. We also challenged specific pathogen-free chickens with isolated domestic strains, ADL121286 and ADL121500, according to the measured efficacy of the commercial IC vaccine, PoulShot Coryza. We confirmed the effectiveness of the vaccine based on relief of clinical signs and a decreased re-isolation rate of ADL121500 strain. Our results indicate IC is currently prevalent in Korea, and that the commercial vaccine is effective at protecting against field strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Sung Han
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jong-Nyeo Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Jeon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hae-Rim Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Bon-Sang Koo
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Cheol Min
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seung-Baek Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Bae
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Mo
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Cho
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Jang
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - In-Pil Mo
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muhammad TMN, Sreedevi B. Detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum by Polymerase chain reaction from outbreaks of Infectious coryza of poultry in Andhra Pradesh. Vet World 2015; 8:103-8. [PMID: 27047005 PMCID: PMC4777797 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.103-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was carried out for the detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum from outbreaks of infectious coryza of poultry Materials and Methods: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was standardized for the diagnosis of infectious coryza by using infectious coryza Killed vaccine, ventri biologicals, Pune as source of DNA of A. paragallinarum. Five outbreaks of infectious coryza from Andhra Pradesh were investigated in the present study. A total of 56 infra orbital sinus swabs and 22 nasal swabs were tested by PCR. Results: PCR analysis showed 56 positives (71.7%) for infectious coryza out of total 78 samples tested. Of 56 infra orbital sinus swabs tested, 47 were positive (83.9%) and 9 nasal swabs (40.9%) out of 22 tested had given positive results for infectious coryza. Samples collected from birds at acute stage of disease and samples collected before treatment with antibiotics were given better results on PCR. Conclusion: For preventing the economic losses associated with the disease, an early, accurate and rapid diagnosis is essential. PCR is a rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic technique which can substitute conventional cultural examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Nabeel Muhammad
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B Sreedevi
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blackall PJ. Infectious coryza: overview of the disease and new diagnostic options. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12:627-32. [PMID: 10515906 PMCID: PMC88928 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.12.4.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious coryza is a well-recognized and commonly encountered upper respiratory tract disease of chickens that is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus paragallinarum. The occurrence of recent outbreaks in North America has emphasized that the disease can be significant in meat chickens as well as layer chickens. In developing countries, coryza is commonly complicated by the presence of a range of other infections, resulting in severe disease and significant economic losses. Unusual forms of the disease, involving arthritis and septicemia, again associated with the presence of other pathogens, have been found in South America. Newly recognized bacteria such as Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and phenotypic variant forms of both H. paragallinarum and close relatives (variant in that they no longer require V-factor for growth in vitro) have increased the difficulty associated with diagnosing the disease. There have been suggestions in both South America and South Africa that new serovars or serovar variants, associated with unusual clinical manifestations and causing vaccine failures, are emerging. Definitive evidence to confirm or deny the role of these "variants" in vaccine failures is currently not available. A new DNA-based diagnostic technique, involving PCR, has been recently described and will greatly assist in the diagnosis of infectious coryza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Blackall
- Animal Research Institute, Moorooka 4105, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|