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Baudin N, Garrod M, Bramke I, Mckillican C, Schäfer H, Hand L, Cione A, Bending GD, Marshall S. A comparative study of ionic pesticide sorption and degradation in contrasting Brazilian soils and the development of a novel 3-Phase Assay to assess sorption reversibility. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2025; 197:207. [PMID: 39883222 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-025-13635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
Brazilian soils have distinctive characteristics to European and North American soils which are typically used to investigate pesticide fate. This study aimed to compare soil-water partition coefficient (Kd), reversibility of adsorption and degradation half-life (DT50) of 5 pesticides covering a wide range of physico-chemical properties in contrasting Brazilian soils (Argissolo, Gleissolo, Latossolo and Neossolo) and a temperate (UK) alfisol soil, and to study their relationship with soil OM, clay and expandable clay content, CEC and pH. In addition, we used a novel laboratory test to evaluate sorption reversibility, the 3-Phase Assay (3PA). This stationary extraction system uses an organic solvent that sequesters compounds present in the soil aqueous solution and forces the diffusion of reversibly sorbed compounds. Kd (mL/g) values ranged from 4.85 to 79.26 for ametryn, 0.80 to 37.58 for clodinafop, 1.49 to 6.57 for fomesafen, 9.93 to 488.90 for thiabendazole and 2.52 to 6.77 for trifloxysulfuron. Desorption of the test compound (% applied radioactivity) ranged from 37.29 to 101.91 for ametryn, 32.05 to 100.67 for clodinafop, 34.73 to 73.33 for fomesafen and 4.15 to 66.87 for thiabendazole. Sorption reversibility was not assessed for trifloxysulfuron due to hydrolytic instability. DT50 (days) ranged from 29 to 90 for ametryn, 1 to 466 for clodinafop, 49 to 601 for fomesafen, 4 to 342 for thiabendazole and 22 to 38 for trifloxysulfuron. The data generated gives an overview of pesticide fate in Brazilian soils used for regulatory testing and is helpful for exposure risk assessment. The results showed that pesticide behaviour in Brazilian soils was not systematically different from those in European and North American soils. The 3PA was shown to be a reliable and simple method for assessing pesticide desorption in soil and could be adapted to assess pesticide bioavailability. The use of the 3PA allowed a more thorough explanation of the observed differences in degradation behaviour between the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastasia Baudin
- University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Mark Garrod
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Irene Bramke
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Carol Mckillican
- Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 S Swing Rd, Greensboro, NC, 27409, USA
| | | | - Laurence Hand
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Ana Cione
- Syngenta Protecao de Cultivos Ltda, Avenida das Nações Unidas, 17007, Torre Sigma - 13º Andar, São Paulo, SP, 04730-300, Brazil
| | | | - Samantha Marshall
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
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Barba V, Marín-Benito JM, García-Delgado C, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Rodríguez-Cruz MS. Assessment of 14C-prosulfocarb dissipation mechanism in soil after amendment and its impact on the microbial community. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109395. [PMID: 31272022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adding organic amendments to soil could modify the bioavailability of herbicides and lead to changes in the microbial community's activity and structure. The objective here was to study the dissipation and total mass balance of 14C-labeled prosulfocarb applied at two rates (4 and 10 mg kg-1) in unamended and green compost (GC)-amended soil. Soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile analysis were determined to evaluate the effect of herbicide residues on microbial community's activity and structure over the dissipation period. The dissipation rate of prosulfocarb decreased after soil amendment due to higher herbicide adsorption by the amended soil. The 50% dissipation time (DT50) increased 1.7 times in the unamended soil when the concentration of prosulfocarb increased 2.5 times. The mass balance results indicate that the sum of water and organic extractable fractions represented the highest amounts up to the dissipation of 50% 14C-prosulfocarb. The 14C-herbicide was then mainly mineralized (up to 11%-31%) or formed non-extractable residues (up to 35%-44%). The amount of 14C-prosulfocarb residues extracted with methanol was slightly higher in amended soils than in unamended ones. 14C-prosulfocarb mineralization was higher in unamended soils than in amended ones. The formation of non-extractable residues was continuous, and increased over time. Soil DHA decreased in the unamended soil and was maintained in the GC-amended soil at the end of the assay. The microbial structure was barely disturbed over the prosulfocarb degradation process, although it was clearly influenced by the application of GC. The results obtained reveal the influence organic amendment has on herbicide bioavailability to decrease its biodegradation and buffer its impact on the soil microbial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Barba
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús M Marín-Benito
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Delgado
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María J Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
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Braun KE, Luks AK, Schmidt B. Fate of the 14C-labeled herbicide prosulfocarb in a soil and in a sediment-water system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:122-130. [PMID: 27820683 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1248140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fate of 14C-labeled herbicide prosulfocarb was studied in an agricultural soil and in a sediment-water system, the sediment part of which was derived from Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Time-course studies were performed for 28 d and 49 d, respectively. Main transformation routes of 14C-prosulfocarb were mineralization to 14CO2 and formation of nonextractable residues amounting to 12.13% and 10.43%, respectively, after 28 days (soil), and 9.40% and 11.98%, respectively, after 49 d (sediment-water system). Traces of prosulfocarbsulfoxide were detected by means of TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS; other transformation products were not found. Initial extraction of soil assays using 0.01 M CaCl2 solution showed that the bioavailability of the herbicide was considerably low; immediately after application (0.1 d of incubation), only 4.78% of applied radioactivity were detected in this aqueous fraction. DT50 values of 14C-prosulfocarb estimated from radio-TLC and -HPLC analyses were above 28 d in soil and ranged between 29 d and 49 d in the sediment-water system. Partitioning of 14C from water to sediment phase occurred with DT50 slightly above 2 d. With regard to the sediment-water system, adsorption occurred with log Koc = 1.38 (calculated from 2 day assays) and 2.35 (49 d assays). As similarly estimated from portions of 14C found in CaCl2 extracts of the 0.1 d assays, 14C-prosulfocarb's log Koc in soil was 2.96. With both experiments, similar portions of nonextractable radioactivity were associated with all soil organic matter fractions, i.e. nonhumics, fulvic acids, humic acids, and humin/minerals. Throughout all sample preparation, the experiments were severely impaired by losses of radioactivity especially with concentration of samples containing water in vacuo. All findings pointed to volatility of parent prosulfocarb in presence of water rather than volatility of transformation products. According to literature data, this behavior of prosulfocarb was not expected, though volatility was demonstrated under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten E Braun
- a Institute of Biology V, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Luks
- a Institute of Biology V, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Burkhard Schmidt
- a Institute of Biology V, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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Yuan Y, Zhang P, Schäffer A, Schmidt B. 3,4-Dichloroaniline revisited: A study on the fate of the priority pollutant in a sediment-water system derived from a rice growing region in Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1012-1020. [PMID: 27668853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As ultimate sink for xenobiotics released into the environment, sediments play an important role concerning the evaluation of the fate of foreign compounds. 3,4-Dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) is a degradation product of herbicide propanil and some urea herbicides. Propanil was extensively used worldwide in rice cultivation. The aim of the study was to examine the fate of 14C-labeled 3,4-DCA in a sediment-water system; the sediment was derived from a rice field in Northern Italy. After application of 14C-3,4-DCA, a time-course study was performed using incubation periods from 4h to 56days. Fractions obtained from assays were water phase, sediment phase including methanol and Soxhlet extract as well as non-extractable residues (NER), and mineralized portion (14CO2). Soluble fractions were examined by TLC, HPLC and GC-MS. NER found in sediment phases were further fractionated in non-humics, humic acids, fulvic acids and humin. Stability of systems was checked by microbial activity, dissolved oxygen and pH. After 56days of incubation, 23.1% of applied 14C was mineralized, only 1.30% remained in the water phase, whereas 60.8% was found in the sediment phase, 53.3% of which were NER. Minor metabolites identified were 3,4-dichloroacetanilide (3,4-DCAA) and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB; 2.63% after 56days). According to pH, dissolved oxygen and microbial activity, systems appeared to be stable and not influenced by applied 3,4-DCA. Most striking result was the high mineralization rate as compared to previously published data. This finding suggested an adaptation of the microbial community in the sediment possibly due to decade-long treatment of rice fields with propanil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Institute of Biology V, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Biology V, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute of Biology V, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schmidt
- Institute of Biology V, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Poßberg C, Schmidt B, Nowak K, Telscher M, Lagojda A, Schaeffer A. Quantitative Identification of Biogenic Nonextractable Pesticide Residues in Soil by (14)C-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6415-6422. [PMID: 27192605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of nonextractable residues (NER) of pesticides in soil is feasible by use of radioactively labeled compounds, but structural information on these long-term stabilized residues is usually lacking. Microorganisms incorporate parts of the radiolabeled ((14)C-) carbon from contaminants into microbial biomass, which after cell death enters soil organic matter, thus forming biogenic nonextractable residues (bioNER). The formation of bioNER is not yet determinable in environmental fate studies due to a lack of methodology. This paper focuses on the development of a feasible analytical method to quantify proteinaceous carbon, since proteins make up the largest mass portion of bacterial cells. The test substance (14)C-bromoxynil after 56 days forms more than 70% of NER in soil. For further characterization of NER the amino acids were extracted, purified, and separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Visualization of the (14)C-amino acids was performed by bioimaging, unambiguous identification by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Our analysis revealed that after 56 days of incubation about 14.5% of the (14)C-label of bromoxynil was incorporated in amino acids. Extrapolating this content based on the amount of proteins in the biomass (55%), in total about 26% of the NER is accounted for by bioNER and thus is not environmentally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Poßberg
- RWTH Aachen University , Institute for Environmental Research (Biology 5), Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schmidt
- RWTH Aachen University , Institute for Environmental Research (Biology 5), Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karolina Nowak
- RWTH Aachen University , Institute for Environmental Research (Biology 5), Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Department of Environmental Biotechnology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Telscher
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Andreas Lagojda
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaeffer
- RWTH Aachen University , Institute for Environmental Research (Biology 5), Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
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Luks AK, Wijntjes C, Schmidt B. Metabolism of the 14C-labeled herbicide clodinafop-propargyl in plant cell cultures of wheat and tobacco. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:71-80. [PMID: 26578063 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1080507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of 14C-clodinafop-propargyl (CfP) was examined in cell cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. 'Heines Koga II') and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Besides the non-transgenic tobacco culture, cultures transformed separately with cDNA of human cytochrome P450-monooxygenases (P450s) CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 were examined. Experiments with wheat were executed in the presence and absence of safener cloquintocet-mexyl (CqM). After 48 h of incubation, only about 10% of applied 14C was found in media (both tobacco and wheat). Non-extractable residues of 14C-CfP in wheat cells were 16.54% (without CqM) and 30.87% (with CqM). In all tobacco cultures, 82.41-92.46% of applied radioactivity was recovered in cell extracts. In contrast to wheat, non-extractable residues amounted only to 1.50-2.82%. As determined by radio-thin layer chromatography (TLC) and -high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the parent CfP was not found in the cell extracts of wheat; in tobacco cell extracts, only traces of CfP were detected. After a hydrolysis of assumed carbohydrate conjugates of CfP derived polar 14C-labeled compounds, TLC and HPLC analysis showed that in wheat, a more complex pattern of metabolites of CfP were observed as compared to all tobacco cultures. In hydrolysates resulting from wheat, the identity of three primary products was confirmed by means of GC-EI-MS: free acid clodinafop (Cf), hydroxy-Cf hydroxylated at the pyridinyl moiety, and 4-(5-chloro-3-fluoropyridin-2-yloxy)phenol. In hydrolysates derived from all tobacco cultures, main metabolite was Cf besides only traces of further unidentified products. Differences among the different tobacco cultures (non-transgenic, transgenic) did not emerge. According to kinetics of disappearance of primary metabolite Cf as well as formation of polar soluble products and non-extractable residues, metabolization of CfP proceeded at a noticeably higher rate in wheat cells treated with safener CqM than in cells without CqM treatment. Thus, these results indicated a stimulation of CfP's metabolism by CqM, although metabolic profiles observed in CqM treated and non-treated cells (after hydrolysis) were qualitatively similar. The findings obtained from all tobacco cultures suggested that with the exception of ester cleavage to Cf, CfP cannot be metabolized by tobacco itself or by the human P450s examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Luks
- a Institute of Biology V, Department of Biology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Christiaan Wijntjes
- a Institute of Biology V, Department of Biology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Burkhard Schmidt
- a Institute of Biology V, Department of Biology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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Sherma J. Review of advances in the thin layer chromatography of pesticides: 2012-2014. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:301-316. [PMID: 25826098 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Publications reporting techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography (planar chromatography) for the separation, detection, qualitative, and quantitative determination, and preparative isolation of pesticides and their metabolites are reviewed for the period from November 1, 2012 to November 1, 2014. Analyses are described for a variety of sample types and pesticide classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide structure - retention relationships, identification and characterization of natural and synthesized pesticides, metabolism, bioactivity, degradation, soil mobility, and lipophilicity are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- a Department of Chemistry , Lafayette College , Easton , Pennsylvania , USA
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Yuan Y, Weitzel P, Schäffer A, Schmidt B. Metabolic fate of the (14)C-labeled herbicide clodinafop-propargyl in a sediment-water system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:533-543. [PMID: 26065513 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1028825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic fate of (14)C-phenyl-labeled herbicide clodinafop-propargyl ((14)C-CfP) was studied for 28 days in lab assays using a sediment-water system derived from a German location. Mineralization was 5.21% of applied (14)C after 28 days exhibiting a distinct lag phase until day 14 of incubation. Portions of radioactivity remaining in water phases decreased at moderate rate to 18.48% after 28 days; 62.46% were still detected in water after 14 days. Soxhlet extraction of the sediment using acetonitrile released 35.56% of applied (14)C with day 28, while 33.99% remained as non-extractable residues. A remarkable increase of bound (14)C was observed between 14 and 28 days correlating with the distinct increase of mineralization. No correlation was found throughout incubation with microbial activity of the sediment as determined by dimethyl sulfoxide reduction. Dissolved oxygen and pH value of water phases remained almost constant for 28 days. Analyses of Soxhlet extracts of the sediment and ethyl acetate extracts of water phases by radio-TLC and radio-HPLC revealed that CfP was rapidly cleaved to free acid clodinafop (Cf), which was further (bio-) transformed. DT50 values (based on radio-HPLC) were below 1 day (CfP) and slightly above 28 days (Cf). Further metabolites were not detected. Fractionation of humic and non-humic components of the sediment demonstrated that CfP's non-extractable residues were predominantly associated with fulvic acids up to 14 days of incubation (3.36%), whereas after 28 days, the majority of radioactivity was found in the humin/mineral fraction (13.30% of applied (14)C). Due to high-performance size-exclusion chromatography of the fulvic acids fraction derived from assays incubated for 28 days, this portion of (14)C was firmly, possibly covalently bound to fulvic acids and did not consist of CfP or Cf. Using an isolation strategy comprising preincubation of sediment with CfP and mineralization of (14)C-CfP as criterion, a microorganism was isolated from the sediment examined. It grew on (14)C-CfP as sole carbon source with evolution of (14)CO2. The bacterium was characterized by growth on commonly used carbon sources and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Its sequence exhibited high similarity with that of Nocardioides aromaticivorans strain H-1 (98.85%; DSM 15131, JCM 11674).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- a Institute of Biology V (Environmental Research), RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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Abstract
Herbicides remain the most effective, efficient and economical way to control weeds; and its market continues to grow even with the plethora of generic products. With the development of herbicide-tolerant crops, use of herbicides is increasing around the world that has resulted in severe contamination of the environment. The strategies are now being developed to clean these substances in an economical and eco-friendly manner. In this review, an attempt has been made to pool all the available literature on the biodegradation of key herbicides, clodinafop propargyl, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, atrazine, metolachlor, diuron, glyphosate, imazapyr, pendimethalin and paraquat under the following objectives: (1) to highlight the general characteristic and mode of action, (2) to enlist toxicity in animals, (3) to pool microorganisms capable of degrading herbicides, (4) to discuss the assessment of herbicides degradation by efficient microbes, (5) to highlight biodegradation pathways, (6) to discuss the molecular basis of degradation, (7) to enlist the products of herbicides under degradation process, (8) to highlight the factors effecting biodegradation of herbicides and (9) to discuss the future aspects of herbicides degradation. This review may be useful in developing safer and economic microbiological methods for cleanup of soil and water contaminated with such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Singh
- a Department of Biotechnology , Panjab University , Chandigarh , Punjab , India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- a Department of Biotechnology , Panjab University , Chandigarh , Punjab , India
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