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Guo Q, Yue X, Qi X, Feng X, Wang X, Hu X, Ma F, Zhang L, Li P, Yu L. A study of the pesticide residues in rapeseeds in China: Levels, distribution and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118110. [PMID: 38184066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this survey was to evaluate the residue levels, distribution and exposure risk of the 38 most commonly used pesticides in rapeseed samples collected from the main production areas in China over a two-year period. The sampling area covered 12 provinces, including Guizhou, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu provinces. The pesticide residues were determined using a QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe) method coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. 8.4% of the rapeseed samples contained pesticides with a residue level ranging from 0.001 to 0.634 mg/kg. The detected analytes were imidacloprid, quizalofop-P-ethyl, thiamethoxam, paclobutrazol, prochloraz, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, s-metolachlor, carbofuran, and carbendazim. The concentrations of four analytes, including thiamethoxam, difenoconazole, carbendazim and prochloraz, exceeded the maximum residue level set by the Chinese government for rapeseed, with exceedance rates of 0.1%, 0.1%, 0.1%, and 1.1%, respectively. Based on the index of quality for residues (IqR) values, 91.6% of the total rapeseed samples had an IqR category of Excellent (IqR = 0). Only 1.5% of the tested samples were of inadequate quality. Furthermore, the assessment of chronic and acute exposure, as well as health risks associated with pesticide residues in rapeseed, was conducted for different age groups within the Chinese population, including adults (6-14 years), children (15-49 years), and the elderly (50-74 years). The results of this assessment indicated that pesticide residues in rapeseed cultivated in China are not expected to be of short- or long-term risks to the Chinese customers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Xin Qi
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Xinyao Feng
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, PR China
| | - Xuefang Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Fei Ma
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, 430062, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, 430062, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311231, PR China
| | - Li Yu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
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López-Ruiz R, Marín-Sáez J, Prestes OD, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Critical Evaluation of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Anthropogenic Organic Contaminants in Edible Oils: An Overview of the Last Five Years. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1733-1747. [PMID: 35175888 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic contaminants, as pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and monochloropropanediols (MCPDs), have become important to be controlled in edible oils, since their regular occurrence. In fact, alerts from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) in oils normally include these compounds. From a critical point of view, tools used to control these compounds in the last 5 years will be discussed, including sample preparation, analysis and current regulations. Extraction and analysis methods will be discussed next, being liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and QuEChERS, with or without clean-up step, as well as chromatographic methods coupled to different analyzers (mainly mass spectrometry), the most commonly used for extraction and analysis respectively. Occurrence in samples will also be reviewed and compared with the legal maximum residue limits (MRLs), observing that 4%, 20% and 60% of the analyzed samples exceed the legal limits for pesticides, MCPDs and PAHs respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis (LARP), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jesús Marín-Sáez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Osmar D Prestes
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis (LARP), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
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Sun S, Cao R, Jin J, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Lu X, Chen J, Zhang H. Accumulation characteristics and estimated dietary intakes of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in plant-origin foodstuffs from Chinese markets. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145830. [PMID: 33621885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The levels and accumulation characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in nine pools of representative plant-origin foodstuffs randomly collected from markets located in five regions of the Chinese mainland during 2018-2019. The collected foodstuffs consisted of cereals, beans, potatoes, leafy vegetables, root and stem vegetables, melon vegetables, legume vegetables, edible fungi, and mixed vegetable oil. In the fresh plant food pools, the concentrations of toxic equivalency (WHO-TEQ) were in the ranges of 0.9-14.5 pg/kg in upperbound (UB) scenario and 0.002-7.3 pg/kg in lowerbound (LB) scenario on a fresh weight basis; and TriCDFs and TeCBs were the predominant PCDD/F and PCB homologues, respectively. In the mixed vegetable oil, the WHO-TEQ concentrations were 129.4 pg/kg and 103.6 pg/kg on a lipid weight basis in UB and LB scenarios, respectively; and high-chlorinated PCDD/F and PCB homologues were much more abundant. The estimated plant food-borne dietary intakes of WHO-TEQ by a standard adult in the five surveyed regions were in the ranges of 3.39-4.20 and 1.57-2.13 pg WHO-TEQ/kg body weight/month in UB and LB scenarios, respectively. Among all surveyed regions, consumption of cereals and vegetable oil made up the primary contributions to the estimated dietary intakes of WHO-TEQ. TriCDFs accounted for 41.1-83.9% of the PCDD/Fs dietary intakes via consumption of plant foods, and TeCBs made up 61.2-73.0% of the PCBs dietary intakes via consumption of plant foods, suggesting that the potential toxic effects of TriCDFs and TeCBs on human health should be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jing Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xianbo Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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