Fexofenadine/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexation: Phase Solubility, Thermodynamic, Physicochemical, and Computational Analysis

Molecular dynamics simulation techniques and their application to aroma compounds/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: A review

Homeostatic technologies play a crucial role in maintaining the quality and extending the service life of aroma compounds (ACs). Commercial cyclodextrins (CDs) are commonly used to form inclusion complexes (ICs) with ACs to enhance their solubility, stability, and morphology. The selection of suitable CDs and ACs is of paramount importance in this process. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide an in-depth understanding of the interactions between ACs and CDs, aiding researchers in optimising the properties and effects of ICs. This review offers a systematic discussion of the application of MD simulations in ACs/CDs ICs, covering the establishment of the simulation process, parameter selection, model evaluation, and various application cases, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, this review summarises the major achievements and challenges of this method while identifying areas that require further exploration. These findings may contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the formation and stabilization mechanisms of ACs/CDs ICs and offer guidance for the selection and computational characterisation of CDs in the AC steady state.

New Polymer Inclusion Membrane Containing β-Cyclodextrin Polymer: Application for Pharmaceutical Pollutant Removal from Waste Water

We present herein the preparation of novel polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing insoluble β-CD polymer as a carrier, polyvinyl chloride as a base polymer, and dibuthylphtalate (DBP) as a plasticizer in varying proportions. The prepared PIMs can be obtained by a simple, fast, and high-yield preparation process. Physicochemical characterizations of such membranes occurred in a homogeneous structure. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis found that DBP was inserted between these polymeric chains by non-covalent interactions. This led to a spacing of PVC/poly(β-cyclodextrin) chains inducing a better access of guest molecules to PIM cyclodextrins. To achieve the elimination of ibuprofen and progesterone, two examples of emerging environmental contaminants that can lead to possible alterations to aquatic environments and affect human health, the effect of three operating parameters was studied (pH, the proportion of β-cyclodextrin polymer, and wastewater agitation). The proportion of β-cyclodextrin polymer and wastewater agitation had a favorable influence on drug extraction at 10 ppm. The PIMs containing β-cyclodextrin polymer was unstable in basic conditions and was more effective at acidic pH. These initial results demonstrate the high potential for drug extraction of this polymer.

pH-dependent complexation of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin with chlorin e6: effect on solubility and aggregation in relation to photodynamic efficacy

Objectives

The activity of chlorin e6 (Ce6) in photodynamic therapy of cancers is significantly reduced by its propensity to form aggregates. It was postulated that disaggregation of Ce6 could be achieved with the use of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) through solubility enhancement.

Methods

An initial phase solubility study of Ce6 was conducted with various concentrations of HP-β-CD at three different pH conditions, i.e. pH 3, pH 5 and pH 7. Solubility-induced disaggregation of Ce6 was illustrated by fluorescence spectroscopy and singlet oxygen generation studies. Interaction between Ce6 and HP-β-CD was further demonstrated by solid-state characterization techniques. Inclusion complex formulations were tested for improved efficacy on squamous cancer cell lines.

Key findings

Increase in Ce6 solubility was observed, especially at pH 7, indicating the formation of inclusion complex between Ce6 and HP-β-CD. This resulted in disaggregation of Ce6 aggregates illustrated by fluorescence spectroscopy. The mode of binding was predominated by H-bonding supported by temperature-dependent binding studies and molecular simulation work. The inclusion complex demonstrated improved photodynamic efficacy through enhanced singlet oxygen generation and phototoxicity on human oral squamous carcinoma cells.

Conclusions

pH-dependent complexation between Ce6- and HP-β-CD-induced disaggregation of Ce6 aggregates and the resultant formulations facilitated improved PDT efficacy on tested cancer cell lines.

Exploring versatile applications of cyclodextrins: an overview

CONTEXT

Ever since the discovery of cyclodextrins, a family of cyclic oligosaccharides based on α (1 → 4) linkage among glucopyranose subunits, these versatile supramolecular hosts have received tremendous attention for scientific explorations. Due to their property of forming host-guest type inclusion complex, cyclodextrins and their synthetic derivatives exhibit wide range of utilities in different areas viz. pharmaceuticals, drug delivery systems, cosmetics, food and nutrition, textile and chemical industry etc.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this review is to highlight properties, advantages, recent studies and versatile benefits of cyclodextrins and to re-strengthen their prospective applications in novel directions for future research.

METHODS

This article summarizes a variety of applications of cyclodextrins in various industrial products, technologies, analytical and chemical processes and recent industrial advancements by extensively literature search on various scientific databases, Google and websites of various associated pharmaceutical industries and patenting authorities across the world.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Due to possibility of multidimensional changes in physical and chemical properties of molecules upon inclusion complexation in cyclodextrins, these compounds are of great commercial interest and may offer solution to many of the scientific problems of the current world.