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Zaid Alkilani A, Hamed R, Musleh B, Sharaire Z. Breaking boundaries: the advancements in transdermal delivery of antibiotics. Drug Deliv 2024; 31:2304251. [PMID: 38241087 PMCID: PMC10802811 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2024.2304251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) for antibiotics have seen significant advances in recent years that aimed to improve the efficacy and safety of these drugs. TDDS offer many advantages over other conventional delivery systems such as non-invasiveness, controlled-release pattern, avoidance of first-pass metabolism. The objective of this review is to provide an overview on the recent advances in the TDDS of different groups of antibiotics including β-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, and lincosamides, utilized for their effective delivery through the skin and to explore the challenges associated with this field. The majority of antibiotics do not have favorable properties for passive transdermal delivery. Thus, novel strategies have been employed to improve the delivery of antibiotics through the skin, such as the use of nanotechnology (nanoparticles, solid-lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, vesicular carriers, and liposomes) or the physical enhancement techniques like microneedles and ultrasound. In conclusion, the transdermal delivery systems could be a promising method for delivering antibiotics that have the potential to improve patient outcomes and enhance the efficacy of drugs. Further research and development are still needed to explore the potential of delivering more antibiotic drugs by using various transdermal drug delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Batool Musleh
- Department of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
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2
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Hamed R, Obeid RZ, Huwaij RA, Qattan D, Shahin NA. Topical gel formulations as potential dermal delivery carriers for green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01642-6. [PMID: 38837118 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to incorporate green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and linked to doxorubicin (DOX), into various topical gel formulations (hydrogel, oleogel, and bigel) to enhance their dermal delivery. The ZnO NPs were produced using the aqueous extract of the root hair of Phoenix dactylifera. The optimized green-synthesized ZnO NPs, PEGylated and conjugated to DOX, demonstrated a particle size below 100 nm, low polydispersity index, and zeta potential between - 11 and - 19 mV. The UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis confirmed characteristic absorption peaks at 351 and 545 nm for ZnO and DOX, respectively. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles without aggregation. Additionally, ZnO NPs-loaded gels exhibited uniformity, cohesion, no phase separation, pseudoplastic flow, and viscoelastic properties. The in vitro release studies showed that DOX-PEG-ZnO NPs hydrogel released 99.5% of DOX after 5 h of starting the release. Moreover, the penetration of DOX-PEG-ZnO NPs through excised rat skin was visualized by TEM. In conclusion, the hydrogel formulation containing green-synthesized DOX-PEG-ZnO NPs holds great promise for dermal administration in skin cancer treatment. Furthermore, the release rate and skin penetration of DOX from gels were varied based on the type of gel matrix and corroborated with their corresponding rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan.
| | - Ruwa Z Obeid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan
| | - Rana Abu Huwaij
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Amman Arab University, Mubis, 11953, Jordan
| | - Duaa Qattan
- Department of Pathology and Electron Microscopy, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Nisreen Abu Shahin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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Preeti, Sambhakar S, Malik R, Bhatia S, Al Harrasi A, Rani C, Saharan R, Kumar S, Geeta, Sehrawat R. Nanoemulsion: An Emerging Novel Technology for Improving the Bioavailability of Drugs. SCIENTIFICA 2023; 2023:6640103. [PMID: 37928749 PMCID: PMC10625491 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6640103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical sector has made considerable strides recently, emphasizing improving drug delivery methods to increase the bioavailability of various drugs. When used as a medication delivery method, nanoemulsions have multiple benefits. Their small droplet size, which is generally between 20 and 200 nanometers, creates a significant interfacial area for drug dissolution, improving the solubility and bioavailability of drugs that are weakly water-soluble. Additionally, nanoemulsions are a flexible platform for drug administration across various therapeutic areas since they can encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic medicines. Nanoemulsion can be formulated in multiple dosage forms, for example, gels, creams, foams, aerosols, and sprays by using low-cost standard operative processes and also be taken orally, topically, topically, intravenously, intrapulmonary, intranasally, and intraocularly. The article explores nanoemulsion formulation and production methods, emphasizing the role of surfactants and cosurfactants in creating stable formulations. In order to customize nanoemulsions to particular medication delivery requirements, the choice of components and production techniques is crucial in assuring the stability and efficacy of the finished product. Nanoemulsions are a cutting-edge technology with a lot of potential for improving medication bioavailability in a variety of therapeutic contexts. They are a useful tool in the creation of innovative pharmaceutical formulations due to their capacity to enhance drug solubility, stability, and delivery. Nanoemulsions are positioned to play a crucial role in boosting medication delivery and enhancing patient outcomes as this field of study continues to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Aliyabad, Rajasthan 304022, India
- Gurugram Global College of Pharmacy, Haily Mandi Rd, Farukh Nagar, Haryana 122506, India
| | - Sharda Sambhakar
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Aliyabad, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Rohit Malik
- Gurugram Global College of Pharmacy, Haily Mandi Rd, Farukh Nagar, Haryana 122506, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Oman
| | - Chanchal Rani
- Gurugram Global College of Pharmacy, Haily Mandi Rd, Farukh Nagar, Haryana 122506, India
| | - Renu Saharan
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Aliyabad, Rajasthan 304022, India
- Maharishi Markandeswar Deemed to be University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133203, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Ganpati Institute of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana 135102, India
| | - Geeta
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Aliyabad, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Renu Sehrawat
- School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K R Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana 122103, India
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Hamed R, Abu Alata W, Abu-Sini M, Abulebdah DH, Hammad AM, Aburayya R. Development and Comparative Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin Nanoemulsion-Loaded Bigels Prepared Using Different Ratios of Oleogel to Hydrogels. Gels 2023; 9:592. [PMID: 37504471 PMCID: PMC10379317 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsions and bigels are biphasic delivery systems that can be used for topical applications. The aim of this study was to incorporate an oil-in-water ciprofloxacin hydrochloride nanoemulsion (CIP.HCl NE) into two types of bigels, Type I (oleogel (OL)-in-hydrogel (WH)) and Type II (WH-in-OL) to enhance drug penetration into skin and treat topical bacterial infections. Bigels were prepared at various ratios of OL and WH (1:1, 1:2, and 1:4). Initially, CIP.HCl NE was prepared and characterized in terms of droplet size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, morphology, and thermodynamic and chemical stability. Then CIP.HCl NE was dispersed into the OL or WH phase of the bigel. The primary physical stability studies showed that Type I bigels were physically stable, showing no phase separation. Whereas Type II bigels were physically unstable, hence excluded from the study. Type I bigels were subjected to microstructural, rheological, in vitro release, antimicrobial, and stability studies. The microscopic images showed a highly structured bigel network with nanoemulsion droplets dispersed within the bigel network. Additionally, bigels exhibited pseudoplastic flow and viscoelastic properties. A complete drug release was achieved after 4-5 h. The in vitro and ex vivo antimicrobial studies revealed that bigels exhibited antimicrobial activity against different bacterial strains. Moreover, stability studies showed that the rheological properties and physical and chemical stability varied based on the bigel composition over three months. Therefore, the physicochemical and rheological properties, drug release rate, and antimicrobial activity of Type I bigels could be modified by altering the OL to WH ratio and the phase in which the nanoemulsion dispersed in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Wala'a Abu Alata
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Abu-Sini
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Dina H Abulebdah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Alaa M Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Rafa Aburayya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
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Vanoli V, Massobrio G, Pizzetti F, Mele A, Rossi F, Castiglione F. Bijels as a Fluid Labyrinth for Drugs: The Effect of Nanoparticles on the Release Kinetics of Ethosuximide and Dimethyl Fumarate. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:42845-42853. [PMID: 36467913 PMCID: PMC9713867 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bijels (bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels) raised an increasing interest as biomaterials for controlled drug delivery due to their biphasic nature organized in mesoscopic tortuous domains. Two bijel formulations were prepared and explored as delivery systems for both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, ethosuximide and dimethyl fumarate. The two bijel-like structures, based on polymerized ε-caprolactone/water, differ in the stabilizing nanoparticle hydroxyapatite (inorganic) and nanogel-based nanoparticles (organic). Diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to characterize the bijel structure and the transport behavior of the drug molecules confined within the water/organic interconnected domains. A reduced diffusion coefficient is observed for several concentrations of the drugs and both bijel formulations. Moreover, in vitro release profiles also reveal the effect of the microstructure and drug-nanoparticle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Vanoli
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci, 32, 20133Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Massobrio
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci, 32, 20133Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizzetti
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci, 32, 20133Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci, 32, 20133Milano, Italy
- CNR
Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci, 32, 20133Milano, Italy
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci, 32, 20133Milano, Italy
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Microemulsions as Lipid Nanosystems Loaded into Thermoresponsive In Situ Microgels for Local Ocular Delivery of Prednisolone. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091975. [PMID: 36145726 PMCID: PMC9505494 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and evaluate thermoresponsive in situ microgels for the local ocular delivery of prednisolone (PRD) (PRD microgels) to improve drug bioavailability and prolong ocular drug residence time. Lipid nanosystems of PRD microemulsions (PRD-MEs) were prepared and evaluated at a drug concentration of 0.25-0.75%. PRD microgels were prepared by incorporating PRD-MEs into 10 and 12% Pluronic® F127 (F127) or combinations of 12% F127 and 1-10% Kolliphor®P188 (F68). PRD microgels were characterized for physicochemical, rheological, and mucoadhesive properties, eye irritation, and stability. Results showed that PRD-MEs were clear, miscible, thermodynamically stable, and spherical with droplet size (16.4 ± 2.2 nm), polydispersity index (0.24 ± 0.01), and zeta potential (-21.03 ± 1.24 mV). The PRD microgels were clear with pH (5.37-5.81), surface tension (30.96-38.90 mN/m), size, and zeta potential of mixed polymeric micelles (20.1-23.9 nm and -1.34 to -10.25 mV, respectively), phase transition temperature (25.3-36 °C), and gelation time (1.44-2.47 min). The FTIR spectra revealed chemical compatibility between PRD and microgel components. PRD microgels showed pseudoplastic flow, viscoelastic and mucoadhesive properties, absence of eye irritation, and drug content (99.3 to 106.3%) with a sustained drug release for 16-24 h. Microgels were physicochemically and rheologically stable for three to six months. Therefore, PRD microgels possess potential vehicles for local ocular delivery.
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Corredor-Chaparro MY, Vargas-Riveros D, Mora-Huertas CE. Hypromellose – Collagen hydrogels/sesame oil organogel based bigels as controlled drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Silva PM, Cerqueira MA, Martins AJ, Fasolin LH, Cunha RL, Vicente AA. Oleogels and bigels as alternatives to saturated fats: A review on their application by the food industry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory Braga Portugal
| | | | | | - Luiz H. Fasolin
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rosiane L. Cunha
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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Alkilani AZ, Nasereddin J, Hamed R, Nimrawi S, Hussein G, Abo-Zour H, Donnelly RF. Beneath the Skin: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061152. [PMID: 35745725 PMCID: PMC9231212 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ideal drug delivery system has a bioavailability comparable to parenteral dosage forms but is as convenient and easy to use for the patient as oral solid dosage forms. In recent years, there has been increased interest in transdermal drug delivery (TDD) as a non-invasive delivery approach that is generally regarded as being easy to administer to more vulnerable age groups, such as paediatric and geriatric patients, while avoiding certain bioavailability concerns that arise from oral drug delivery due to poor absorbability and metabolism concerns. However, despite its many merits, TDD remains restricted to a select few drugs. The physiology of the skin poses a barrier against the feasible delivery of many drugs, limiting its applicability to only those drugs that possess physicochemical properties allowing them to be successfully delivered transdermally. Several techniques have been developed to enhance the transdermal permeability of drugs. Both chemical (e.g., thermal and mechanical) and passive (vesicle, nanoparticle, nanoemulsion, solid dispersion, and nanocrystal) techniques have been investigated to enhance the permeability of drug substances across the skin. Furthermore, hybrid approaches combining chemical penetration enhancement technologies with physical technologies are being intensively researched to improve the skin permeation of drug substances. This review aims to summarize recent trends in TDD approaches and discuss the merits and drawbacks of the various chemical, physical, and hybrid approaches currently being investigated for improving drug permeability across the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Zaid Alkilani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jehad Nasereddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan;
| | - Sukaina Nimrawi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Ghaid Hussein
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Hadeel Abo-Zour
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK;
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Martín-Illana A, Notario-Pérez F, Cazorla-Luna R, Ruiz-Caro R, Bonferoni MC, Tamayo A, Veiga MD. Bigels as drug delivery systems: From their components to their applications. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:1008-1026. [PMID: 34942374 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bigels are systems that usually result from mixing a hydrogel and an organogel: the aqueous phase is commonly formed by a hydrophilic biopolymer, whereas the organic phase comprises a gelled vegetable oil because of the presence of an organogelator. The proportion of the corresponding gelling agent in each phase, the organogel/hydrogel ratio, and the mixing temperature and speed all need to be taken into consideration for bigel manufacturing. Bigels, which are particularly useful drug delivery systems, have already been formulated for transdermal, buccal, and vaginal routes. Mechanical assessments and microscopy are the most reported characterization techniques. As we review here, their composition and unique structure confer promising drug delivery attributes, such as mucoadhesion, the ability to control drug release, and the possibility of including both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs in the same system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Martín-Illana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Notario-Pérez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Cazorla-Luna
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C Bonferoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Department of Chemical-Physics of Surfaces and Processes, Institute of Ceramics and Glass, Spanish National Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María D Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Zaid Alkilani A, Hamed R, Hussein G, Alnadi S. Nanoemulsion-based patch for the dermal delivery of ascorbic acid. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.1880924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Zaid Alkilani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ghaid Hussein
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Sabreen Alnadi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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