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Abstract
Saponins are a large family of amphiphilic glycosides of steroids and triterpenes found in plants and some marine organisms. By expressing a large diversity of structures on both sugar chains and aglycones, saponins exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties and serve as major active principles in folk medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicines. Isolation of saponins from natural sources is usually a formidable task due to the microheterogeneity of saponins in Nature. Chemical synthesis can provide access to large amounts of natural saponins as well as congeners for understanding their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action. This article presents a comprehensive account on chemical synthesis of saponins. First highlighted are general considerations on saponin synthesis, including preparation of aglycones and carbohydrate building blocks, assembly strategies, and protecting-group strategies. Next described is the state of the art in the synthesis of each type of saponins, with an emphasis on those representative saponins having sophisticated structures and potent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Kulkarni SS, Wang CC, Sabbavarapu NM, Podilapu AR, Liao PH, Hung SC. "One-Pot" Protection, Glycosylation, and Protection-Glycosylation Strategies of Carbohydrates. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8025-8104. [PMID: 29870239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates, which are ubiquitously distributed throughout the three domains of life, play significant roles in a variety of vital biological processes. Access to unique and homogeneous carbohydrate materials is important to understand their physical properties, biological functions, and disease-related features. It is difficult to isolate carbohydrates in acceptable purity and amounts from natural sources. Therefore, complex saccharides with well-defined structures are often most conviently accessed through chemical syntheses. Two major hurdles, regioselective protection and stereoselective glycosylation, are faced by carbohydrate chemists in synthesizing these highly complicated molecules. Over the past few years, there has been a radical change in tackling these problems and speeding up the synthesis of oligosaccharides. This is largely due to the development of one-pot protection, one-pot glycosylation, and one-pot protection-glycosylation protocols and streamlined approaches to orthogonally protected building blocks, including those from rare sugars, that can be used in glycan coupling. In addition, new automated strategies for oligosaccharide syntheses have been reported not only for program-controlled assembly on solid support but also by the stepwise glycosylation in solution phase. As a result, various sugar molecules with highly complex, large structures could be successfully synthesized. To summarize these recent advances, this review describes the methodologies for one-pot protection and their one-pot glycosylation into the complex glycans and the chronological developments associated with automated syntheses of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | | | | | - Ananda Rao Podilapu
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Pin-Hsuan Liao
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
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Ren Y, Liu Y, Yang Z, Niu R, Gao K, Yang B, Liao X, Zhang J. Solid inclusion complexes of oleanolic acid with amino-appended β-cyclodextrins (ACDs): Preparation, characterization, water solubility and anticancer activity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:68-76. [PMID: 27612690 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid acid of natural abundance in plants which possesses important biological activities. However, its medicinal applications were severely impeded by the poor water solubility and resultant low bioavailability and potency. In this work, studies on solid inclusion complexes of OA with a series of amino-appended β-cyclodextrins (ACDs) were conducted in order to address this issue. These complexes were prepared by suspension method and were well characterized by NMR, SEM, XRD, TG, DSC and Zeta potential measurement. The 2:1 inclusion mode of ACDs/OA complexes was elucidated by elaborate 2D NMR (ROESY). Besides, water solubility of OA was dramatically promoted by inclusion complexation with ACDs. Moreover, in vitro anticancer activities of OA against human cancer cell lines HepG2, HT29 and HCT116 were significantly enhanced after formation of inclusion complexes, while the apoptotic response results indicated their induction of apoptosis of cancer cells. This could provide a novel approach to development of novel pharmaceutical formulations of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Ren
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhikuan Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Raomei Niu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiali Liao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Care and Quality Management, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China.
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Feng ZL, Wu SP, Li WH, Guo TT, Liu QC. Concise Synthesis and Antidiabetic Effect of Three Natural Triterpenoid Saponins Isolated fromFadogia ancylantha(Makoni tea). Helv Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201500061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Saponins are a large family of amphiphilic glycosides of steroids and triterpenes found in plants and some marine organisms. By expressing a large diversity of structures on both sugar chains and aglycones, saponins exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties and serve as major active principles in folk medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicines. Isolation of saponins from natural sources is usually a formidable task due to the microheterogeneity of saponins in Nature. Chemical synthesis can provide access to large amounts of natural saponins as well as congeners for understanding their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action. This article presents a comprehensive account on chemical synthesis of saponins. First highlighted are general considerations on saponin synthesis, including preparation of aglycones and carbohydrate building blocks, assembly strategies, and protecting-group strategies. Next described is the state of the art in the synthesis of each type of saponins, with an emphasis on those representative saponins having sophisticated structures and potent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Liu Q, Zhu XZ, Feng RB, Liu Z, Wang GY, Guan XF, Ou GM, Li YL, Wang Y, Li MM, Ye WC. Crude triterpenoid saponins from Anemone flaccida (Di Wu) exert anti-arthritic effects on type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Chin Med 2015. [PMID: 26213566 PMCID: PMC4515010 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anemone flaccida Fr
. Schmidt (Ranunculaceae) (Di Wu in Chinese) is used to treat punch injury and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the active compounds and underlying mechanism of action mediating the anti-arthritic effects of A. flaccida remain unclear. This study aims to evaluate the underlying action mechanism of A. flaccida crude triterpenoid saponins (AFS) on RA using a type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model, and to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the main active compounds of AFS, namely flaccidoside II, anhuienoside E, glycoside St-I4a, hemsgiganoside B, hederasaponin B, and 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester. Methods Male Wistar rats (n = 50) were randomly separated into five groups (n = 10) and immunized by CII injection. AFS (200 or 400 mg/kg) and dexamethasone were orally administered for 30 days after establishing the model. The arthritis severity was assessed by paw volume using a plethysmometer. After 30 days of treatment, the right hind paws of the rats were obtained. Paw histology was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and radiologic imaging was performed by micro-computed tomography. MTT assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of AFS and its main compounds in RAW264.7 cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to measure interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in serum and supernatants from AFS- and main AFS compound-treated RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results Anemone flaccida crude triterpenoid saponins inhibited redness and swelling of the right hind paw in the CIA model. Radiological and histological examinations indicated that inflammatory responses were reduced by AFS treatment. Moreover, comparing with untreated rats, serum TNF-α (P = 0.0035 and P < 0.001) and IL-6 (P = 0.0058 and P = 0.0087) were lower in AFS-treated CIA rats at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day. AFS and its main compounds, including hederasaponin B, flaccidoside II, and hemsgiganoside B, significantly inhibited TNF-α (P = 0.0022, P = 0.013, P = 0.0015, and P = 0.016) and IL-6 (P = 0.0175, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001) production in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, respectively. Conclusions Anemone flaccida crude triterpenoid saponins and its main bioactive components, including hederasaponin B, flaccidoside II, and hemsgiganoside B, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in a CIA rat model and LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Bing Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Yang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Feng Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Min Ou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Lan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Mei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 People's Republic of China
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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Zulueta MML, Janreddy D, Hung SC. One-Pot Methods for the Protection and Assembly of Sugars. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Synthesis and antitumor activities of naturally occurring oleanolic acid triterpenoid saponins and their derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Liu QC, Guo TT, Zhang L, Yu Y, Wang P, Yang JF, Li YX. Synthesis and biological evaluation of oleanolic acid derivatives as PTP1B inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:511-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu QC, Guo TT, Guo SD, Li WH, Li D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Four Hederagenin Glycosides asα-Glucosidase Inhibitor. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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An efficient and recyclable catalyst for the cleavage of tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ethers. Carbohydr Res 2012; 354:6-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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