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Lu X, Zhao W, Wang J, He Y, Yang S, Sun H. A comprehensive review on the heterotrophic production of bioactive compounds by microalgae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:210. [PMID: 38773011 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds derived from microalgae have garnered considerable attention as valuable resources for drugs, functional foods, and cosmetics. Among these compounds, photosynthetic pigments and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have gained increasing interest due to their numerous beneficial properties, including anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. Several microalgae species have been identified as rich sources of bioactive compounds, including the Chlorophyceae Dunaliella and Haematococcus, the Bacillariophyta Phaeodactylum and Nitzschia, and the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. However, most of the reported microalgae species primarily grow through autotrophic mechanisms, resulting in low yields and high production costs of bioactive compounds. Consequently, the utilization of heterotrophic microalgae, such as Chromochloris zofingiensis and Nitzschia laevis, has shown significant advantages in the production of astaxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), respectively. These heterotrophic microalgae exhibit superior capabilities in synthesizing target compounds. This comprehensive review provides a thorough examination of the heterotrophic production of bioactive compounds by microalgae. It covers key aspects, including the metabolic pathways involved, the impact of cultivation conditions, and the practical applications of these compounds. The review discusses how heterotrophic cultivation strategies can be optimized to enhance bioactive compound yields, shedding light on the potential of microalgae as a valuable resource for high-value product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lu
- Institute of New Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Weixuan Zhao
- Institute of New Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yongjin He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Han Sun
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Nazloo EK, Danesh M, Sarrafzadeh MH, Moheimani NR, Ennaceri H. Biomass and hydrocarbon production from Botryococcus braunii: A review focusing on cultivation methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171734. [PMID: 38508258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its ability to produce high amounts of renewable hydrocarbons through photosynthesis. As the world shifts towards a greener future and seeks alternative sources of energy, the cultivation of B. braunii and the extraction of its hydrocarbons can potentially provide a viable solution. However, the development of a sustainable and cost-effective process for cultivating B. braunii is not without challenges. Compared to other microalgae, B. braunii grows very slowly, making it time-consuming and expensive to produce biomass. In response to these challenges, several efforts have been put into optimizing Botryococcus braunii cultivation systems to increase biomass growth and hydrocarbon production efficiency. This review presents a comparative analysis of different Botryococcus braunii cultivation systems, and the factors affecting the productivity of biomass and hydrocarbon in Botryococcus braunii are critically discussed. Attached microalgal growth offers several advantages that hold significant potential for enhancing the economic viability of microalgal fuels. Here, we propose that employing attached growth cultivation, coupled with the milking technique for hydrocarbon extraction, represents an efficient approach for generating renewable fuels from B. braunii. Nevertheless, further research is needed to ascertain the viability of large-scale implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Khorshidi Nazloo
- UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moslem Danesh
- UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Petroleum Drilling and Refining, Kurdistan Technical Institute Sulaimaniya, Iraq; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Qaiwan International University, Sulaimaniya, Iraq
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Sarrafzadeh
- UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Reza Moheimani
- Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Houda Ennaceri
- Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
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Chekanov K. Diversity and Distribution of Carotenogenic Algae in Europe: A Review. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:108. [PMID: 36827149 PMCID: PMC9958874 DOI: 10.3390/md21020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are the richest source of natural carotenoids, which are valuable pigments with a high share of benefits. Often, carotenoid-producing algae inhabit specific biotopes with unfavorable or even extremal conditions. Such biotopes, including alpine snow fields and hypersaline ponds, are widely distributed in Europe. They can serve as a source of new strains for biotechnology. The number of algal species used for obtaining these compounds on an industrial scale is limited. The data on them are poor. Moreover, some of them have been reported in non-English local scientific articles and theses. This review aims to summarize existing data on microalgal species, which are known as potential carotenoid producers in biotechnology. These include Haematococcus and Dunaliella, both well-known to the scientific community, as well as less-elucidated representatives. Their distribution will be covered throughout Europe: from the Greek Mediterranean coast in the south to the snow valleys in Norway in the north, and from the ponds in Amieiro (Portugal) in the west to the saline lakes and mountains in Crimea (Ukraine) in the east. A wide spectrum of algal secondary carotenoids is reviewed: β-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, adonixanthin, and adonirubin. For convenience, the main concepts of biology of carotenoid-producing algae are briefly explained.
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Kawamura K, Nishikawa S, Hirano K, Ardianor A, Nugroho RA. BoCAPS: Rapid screening of chemical races in Botryococcus braunii with direct PCR-CAPS. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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İnan B, Çakır Koç R, Özçimen D. Comparison of the anticancer effect of microalgal oils and microalgal oil-loaded electrosprayed nanoparticles against PC-3, SHSY-5Y and AGS cell lines. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 49:381-389. [PMID: 33861179 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2021.1906263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many of the bioactive substances used in pharmaceutical industry are easily affected by temperature, light and oxygen, and are easily degraded during storage and processing, and exhibit poor adsorption properties during digestion, which limits their direct use. Microalgae are rich in oils which have antimicrobial properties and antioxidants that attract attention in both food and pharmaceutical sectors in recent years. Studies to encapsulate bioactive compound-rich microalgae oils with nanotechnological approaches to improve the physical and chemical stability are relatively new, and it is promising to apply these approaches for pharmaceutical purposes. In this study, cytotoxic effects of oil extracts of Botryococcus braunii and Microcystis aeruginosa and their oil-loaded nanoparticles on L929 cell line, PC-3 prostate cell line, SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cell line and AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cell line were investigated. The obtained extracts were found to have no cytotoxic effect on L929 cells. However, they showed cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. As for the nanoparticles; a gradual release was determined and the stability of the nanoparticle structure was shown. In the light of obtained findings, it was considered that nanoparticles produced with oil extracts of microalgae which have bioactive substances, have potential to be evaluated especially in pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benan İnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rabia Çakır Koç
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Didem Özçimen
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler-Istanbul, Turkey
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Mócsai R, Figl R, Sützl L, Fluch S, Altmann F. A first view on the unsuspected intragenus diversity of N-glycans in Chlorella microalgae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:184-196. [PMID: 32031706 PMCID: PMC7383745 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella microalgae are increasingly used for various purposes such as fatty acid production, wastewater processing, or as health-promoting food supplements. A mass spectrometry-based survey of N-glycan structures of strain collection specimens and 80 commercial Chlorella products revealed a hitherto unseen intragenus diversity of N-glycan structures. Differing numbers of methyl groups, pentoses, deoxyhexoses, and N-acetylglucosamine culminated in c. 100 different glycan masses. Thirteen clearly discernible glycan-type groups were identified. Unexpected features included the occurrence of arabinose, of different and rare types of monosaccharide methylation (e.g. 4-O-methyl-N-acetylglucosamine), and substitution of the second N-acetylglucosamine. Analysis of barcode ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences established a phylogenetic tree that essentially went hand in hand with the grouping obtained by glycan patterns. This brief prelude to microalgal N-glycans revealed a fabulous wealth of undescribed structural features that finely differentiated Chlorella-like microalgae, which are notoriously poor in morphological attributes. In light of the almost identical N-glycan structural features that exist within vertebrates or land plants, the herein discovered diversity is astonishing and argues for a selection pressure only explicable by a fundamental functional role of these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Mócsai
- Department of ChemistryVienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Department of ChemistryVienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Leander Sützl
- Department of Food TechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
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Cheng P, Okada S, Zhou C, Chen P, Huo S, Li K, Addy M, Yan X, Ruan RR. High-value chemicals from Botryococcus braunii and their current applications - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121911. [PMID: 31383389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii is known for its high yield of extracellular hydrocarbons and polysaccharides. Hydrocarbons, especially botryococcenes and squalene can be used as not only fuels but also alternative feedstock for other fossil-based products. Exopolysaccharides excreted from B. braunii can be used as scaffolds for polyesters production, and have a notable potential for synthesis of nanoparticles. B. braunii is also a rich source of carotenoids, especially the unique secondary carotenoids such as botryoxanthins that have never been found in other microalgae. The morphology, physiology, and outer cell walls of B. braunii are complex. Understanding the colony structure shall provide insights into the mechanism of cell growth and chemicals secretion. It is possible to improve the production economics of the alga with advanced culture systems. Moreover, investigation of metabolic pathways for B. braunii may help us understand their regulation and provide valuable information for strain selection and optimal production of high-value chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Paul Chen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Shuhao Huo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Min Addy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Roger R Ruan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Pick U, Zarka A, Boussiba S, Davidi L. A hypothesis about the origin of carotenoid lipid droplets in the green algae Dunaliella and Haematococcus. PLANTA 2019; 249:31-47. [PMID: 30470898 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypercarotenogenesis in green algae evolved by mutation of PSY that increased its transcription at high light, disintegration of the eyespot in Dunaliella and acquisition of the capacity to export carotenoids from chloroplasts in Haematococcus. Carotenoids (Car) are lipid-soluble pigments synthesized in plants, algae, bacteria and fungi. Car have strong antioxidative properties and as such are utilized to reduce the danger of different diseases in humans. Two green microalgae are utilized as rich natural sources for Car: Dunaliella salina/bardawil accumulates 10% (w/w) β-carotene (βC), which is also pro-vitamin A, and Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates 4% (w/w) astaxanthin (Ast), the strongest antioxidant among Car. D. bardawil accumulates βC in plastoglobules within the chloroplast, whereas H. pluvialis deposits Ast in cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLD). In this review we compare the hypercarotenogenic responses (HCR) in Dunaliella and in Haematococcus and try to outline hypothetical evolutionary pathways for its origin. We propose that a mutation in phytoene synthetase that increased its transcription level in response to high light stress had a pivotal role in the evolution of the HCR. Proteomic analyses indicated that in D. bardawil/salina the HCR evolved from dissociation and amplification of eyespot lipid globules. The more robust HCR in algae that accumulate carotenoids in CLD, such as H. pluvialis, required also acquisition of the capacity to export βC out of the chloroplast and its enzymatic conversion into Ast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Pick
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Aliza Zarka
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boker Campus, Beer-Sheva, 8499000, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boker Campus, Beer-Sheva, 8499000, Israel
| | - Lital Davidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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