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Gallagher C, Green CE, Kenny ML, Evans JR, McCullagh GDW, Pullinger SA, Edwards BJ. Is implementing a post-lunch nap beneficial on evening performance, following two nights partial sleep restriction? Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1169-1186. [PMID: 37722387 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2253908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects that partial-sleep-restriction (PSR0, 4-h sleep retiring at 02:30 and waking at 06:30 h for two consecutive nights) have on 07:30 and 17:00 h cognitive and submaximal weightlifting; and whether this performance improves at 17:00 h following a 13:00 h powernap (0, 30 or 60-min). Fifteen resistance-trained males participated in this study. Prior to the experimental protocol, one repetition max (1RM) bench press and back squat, normative habitual sleep and food intake were recorded. Participants were familiarised with the testing protocol, then completed three experimental conditions: (i) PSR with no nap (PSR0); (ii) PSR with a 30-min nap (PSR30) and (iii) PSR with a 60-min nap (PSR60). Conditions were separated by 7 days with trial order counterbalanced. Intra-aural temperature, Profile of Mood Scores, word-colour interference, alertness and tiredness values were measured at 07:30, 11:00, 14:00, 17:00 h on the day of exercise protocol. Following final temperature measurements at 07:30 h and 17:00 h, participants completed a 5-min active warm-up before performing three repetitions of left and right-hand grip strength, followed by three repetitions at each incremental load (40, 60 and 80% of 1RM) for bench press and back squat, with a 5-min recovery between each repetition. A linear encoder was attached perpendicular to the bar used for the exercises. Average power (AP), average velocity (AV), peak velocity (PV), displacement (D) and time-to-peak velocity (tPV) were measured (MuscleLab software) during the concentric phase of the movements. Data were analysed using general linear models with repeated measures. The main findings were that implementing a nap at 13:00 h had no effect on measures of strength (grip, bench press or back squat). There was a main effect for time of day with greatest performance at 17:00 h for measures of strength. In addition to a significant effect for "load" on the bar for bench press and back squat where AP, AV, PV, D values were greatest at 40% (P < 0.05) and decreased with increased load, whereas tPV and RPE values increased with load; despite this no interaction of "load and condition" were present. A post lunch nap of 30- and 60-minute durations improved mood state, with feelings of alertness, vigour and happiness highest at 17:00 h, in contrast to confusion, tiredness and fatigue (P < 0.05), which were greater in the morning (07:30 h). The word-colour interference test, used as an indicator of cognitive function, reported significant main effect for condition, with the highest total test score in PSR60 condition (P = 0.015). In summary, unlike strength measures the implementation of a 30 or 60-minute nap improved cognitive function when in a partially sleep restricted state, compared to no nap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Gallagher
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chloe E Green
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael L Kenny
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessie R Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Glenn D W McCullagh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Gorgol J, Łowicki P, Stolarski M. Godless owls, devout larks: Religiosity and conscientiousness are associated with morning preference and (partly) explain its effects on life satisfaction. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284787. [PMID: 37224134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The associations between morningness-eveningness, conscientiousness, and religiosity have not been investigated to date. The aim of the present research was to provide evidence for the relationships between these dimensions. Moreover, we tested whether the well-established link between morningness and life satisfaction could be explained by elevated religiosity of morning-oriented individuals and whether this relationship may be mediated by conscientiousness. The investigation was conducted on two independent samples of Polish adults (N = 500 and N = 728). Our results corroborated earlier findings that morningness was positively associated with both conscientiousness and satisfaction with life. We also found evidence for a significant positive association between morningness and religiosity. Moreover, controlling for age and gender, we obtained significant mediation effects showing that the association between morningness-eveningness and satisfaction with life might stem, at least in part, from the higher religiosity among morning-oriented individuals, also when conscientiousness was included in the model. It means that more morning-oriented individuals may benefit from higher psychological well-being thanks to both personality characteristics and attitudes towards religion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gorgol
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Łowicki
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Futenma K, Takaesu Y, Komada Y, Shimura A, Okajima I, Matsui K, Tanioka K, Inoue Y. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and its related sleep behaviors in the young generation. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1174719. [PMID: 37275982 PMCID: PMC10235460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1174719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a sleep disorder in which the habitual sleep-wake timing is delayed, resulting in difficulty in falling asleep and waking up at the desired time. Patients with DSWPD frequently experience fatigue, impaired concentration, sleep deprivation during weekdays, and problems of absenteeism, which may be further complicated by depressive symptoms. DSWPD is typically prevalent during adolescence and young adulthood. Although there are no studies comparing internationally, the prevalence of DSWPD is estimated to be approximately 3% with little racial differences between Caucasians and Asians. The presence of this disorder is associated with various physiological, genetic and psychological as well as behavioral factors. Furthermore, social factors are also involved in the mechanism of DSWPD. Recently, delayed sleep phase and prolonged sleep duration in the young generation have been reported during the period of COVID-19 pandemic-related behavioral restrictions. This phenomenon raises a concern about the risk of a mismatch between their sleep-wake phase and social life that may lead to the development of DSWPD after the removal of these restrictions. Although the typical feature of DSWPD is a delay in circadian rhythms, individuals with DSWPD without having misalignment of objectively measured circadian rhythm markers account for approximately 40% of the cases, wherein the psychological and behavioral characteristics of young people, such as truancy and academic or social troubles, are largely involved in the mechanism of this disorder. Recent studies have shown that DSWPD is frequently comorbid with psychiatric disorders, particularly mood and neurodevelopmental disorders, both of which have a bidirectional association with the pathophysiology of DSWPD. Additionally, patients with DSWPD have a strong tendency toward neuroticism and anxiety, which may result in the aggravation of insomnia symptoms. Therefore, future studies should address the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral approaches in addition to chronobiological approaches in the treatment of DSWPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Futenma
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Takaesu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Komada
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Shimura
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isa Okajima
- Department of Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsui
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanioka
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Stevenson JC, Johann A, Akram A, Allen S, Akram U. Diurnal Preference and Correlates of Multidimensional Perfectionism, Type-D Personality, and Big Five Personality Traits. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:466-474. [PMID: 36134949 PMCID: PMC9497789 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the extent to which the dimensions of the five-factor model, Type-D personality, and multidimensional perfectionism were associated with a diurnal preference in the general population. A sample of (N = 864) individuals completed the measures of diurnal preference, multidimensional perfectionism, Type-D personality, and the Big Five traits. A correlational analysis determined that agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, organization, and personal standards were independently related to morningness. In contrast, negative affect, social inhibition, Type-D personality, and perfectionistic doubts and concerns, as well as an increased perception of critical parental evaluation, were independently related to eveningness. After accounting for the shared variance amongst the personality traits, only negative affect, conscientiousness, organization, personal standards, and parental perception were significantly associated with diurnal preference. The current outcomes offer further insight into the relationship between personality and diurnal preference. Here, we observed greater reports of adaptive personality traits in relation to morningness, whereas negative affect and perceived parental evaluation and criticism were related to eveningness. As the first study to examine the relationship between Type-D personality, multidimensional perfectionism, and diurnal preference, the current outcomes should be considered preliminary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Johann
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79038 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Asha Akram
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sarah Allen
- Faculty of Health & Life, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE2 1UY, UK
| | - Umair Akram
- College of Social Sciences & Arts, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
- Correspondence:
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Kuula L, Lipsanen J, Partonen T, Kauramäki J, Halonen R, Pesonen AK. Endogenous circadian temperature rhythms relate to adolescents’ daytime physical activity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:947184. [PMID: 36160868 PMCID: PMC9490324 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.947184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms relate to multiple aspects of health and wellbeing, including physical activity patterns. Susceptible circadian regulation predisposes to circadian misalignment, poor sleep, sleep deprivation, increased sleepiness, and thereby sedentary behavior. Adolescents’ circadian regulation is particularly vulnerable, and may lead to sedentary behavior. To investigate which factors associate strongest between physical activity (PA) and circadian behavior, we conducted multimodal circadian rhythm analyses. We investigate how individual characteristics of habitual circadian patterns associate with objectively measured PA. We studied 312 adolescents [70% females) (56% with delayed sleep phase (DSP)], mean age 16.9 years. Circadian period length, temperature mesor (estimated 24 h midline) and amplitude (difference between mesor and peak) were measured using distally attached thermologgers (ibutton 1922L, 3-day-measurement). We additionally utilized algorithm-formed clusters of circadian rhythmicity. Sleep duration, timing, DSP, and PA were measured using actigraphs (GeneActiv Original, 10-day-measurement). We found that continuous circadian period length was not associated with PA, but lower mesor and higher amplitude were consistently associated with higher levels of PA as indicated by mean Metabolic Equivalent (METmean) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), even when controlling for sleep duration. Separate circadian clusters formed by an algorithm also reflected distinct patterns of PA accordingly. Late sleepers and those with DSP were less likely to engage in MVPA compared to non-DSP and had more sedentary behavior. Adolescents who engage in higher levels or high-intensity PA have better circadian regulation, as measured by different objective methods including distal temperature measurements as well as actigraphy-measured sleep-wake behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Kuula
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Liisa Kuula,
| | - Jari Lipsanen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Partonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kauramäki
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Halonen
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Marrero RJ, Fumero A, Voltes D, González M, Peñate W. Individual and Interpersonal Factors Associated with the Incidence, Persistence, and Remission of Internet Gaming Disorders Symptoms in an Adolescents Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111638. [PMID: 34770150 PMCID: PMC8583291 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Video game playing behavior has serious consequences for adolescents on a personal, family, social, and academic level. This research aimed to examine risk and protective factors involving incidence, persistence, and remission of gaming disorders symptoms (IGDs) in Spanish adolescents after nine months of follow-up. Data were drawn from self-administered questionnaires completed on two occasions: at the beginning (T1) and end of the academic year (T2). A total of 950 adolescents aged from 11 to 20 years (M = 14, SD = 1.52, 48.5% female) completed the questionnaire at T1, while 550 adolescents aged from 11 to 18 years (M = 13.43, SD = 1.23, 48.9% female) took part in the follow-up study (T2). The incidence, persistence, and remission rates were 6%, 2.7%, and 4.2%, respectively. Significant relationships with IGDs were found between the male gender and studying at a private school in T1 and T2. The findings show that the time spent playing video games during T1 was positively associated with IGDs in T1 and T2. The incidence of IGDs was associated with emotional problems and low family affection. The persistence of IGDs was linked to higher motor impulsivity, agreeableness, and lower family resolve. Remission was related to a decrease in anxiety and hostility as well as an increase in the emotional stability of adolescents. These findings imply that emotional well-being and family adjustment could be relevant for the effective management of gaming behaviors.
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Lenneis A, Vainik U, Teder-Laving M, Ausmees L, Lemola S, Allik J, Realo A. Personality traits relate to chronotype at both the phenotypic and genetic level. J Pers 2021; 89:1206-1222. [PMID: 33998684 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diurnal preferences have been linked to personality but often with mixed results. The present study examines the relationships between sleep timing (chronotype), diurnal preferences, and the Five-Factor Model of personality traits at the phenotypic and genetic level. METHODS Self- and informant-reports of the NEO Personality Inventory-3, self-reports of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, and DNA samples were available for 2,515 Estonian adults (Mage = 45.76 years; 59% females). Genetic correlations were obtained through summary statistics of genome-wide association studies. RESULTS Results showed that higher Conscientiousness and lower Openness to Experience were significant predictors of earlier chronotype. At the level of facets, we found that more straightforward (A2) and excitement-seeking (E5), yet less self-disciplined (C5) people were more likely to have later chronotypes. The nuance-level Polypersonality score was correlated with chronotype at r = .28 (p < .001). Conscientiousness and Openness were genetically related with diurnal preferences. The polygenic score for morningness-eveningness significantly predicted the Polypersonality score. CONCLUSION Phenotypic measures of chronotype and personality showed significant associations at all three of levels of the personality hierarchy. Our findings indicate that the relationship between personality and morningness-eveningness is partly due to genetic factors. Future studies are necessary to further refine the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Lenneis
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Uku Vainik
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Liisi Ausmees
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sakari Lemola
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jüri Allik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,The Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK.,Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Scherrer V, Preckel F. Circadian preference and academic achievement in school-aged students: a systematic review and a longitudinal investigation of reciprocal relations. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1195-1214. [PMID: 33980088 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1921788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We provide a systematic review of findings on the relation between circadian preference and school achievement published after the last comprehensive review in 2015. We further test this relation in a longitudinal study. Our review of 26 studies revealed a positive relation between morningness and students' school achievement, and a negative relation between eveningness and school achievement. In most studies, these relations were not affected by students' age, sex, or intelligence, but were significantly mediated by students' conscientiousness, motivation, and sleep behavior. Furthermore, circadian preference and school achievement showed no significant relation when school started in the afternoon. All studies were cross-sectional. Therefore, the direction of the relations between circadian preference, school achievement, and potential mediating variables like conscientiousness and motivation could not be investigated. In our longitudinal study, we tested the direction of the relations between circadian preference, academic achievement, conscientiousness, self-efficacy, and attitude toward school over time in a sample of 764 German high school students who were tested in the first (T1) and third (T2) year of high school. Findings from confirmatory cross-lagged models indicated reciprocal relations between circadian preference and school achievement: T1 morningness positively predicted change in grade point average over time while T1 grade point average positively predicted change in morningness and negatively predicted change in eveningness. Furthermore, T1 conscientiousness and T1 attitude toward school both positively predicted change in morningness, whereas T1 morningness and T1 eveningness did not significantly predict change in these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franzis Preckel
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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Zielińska A, Stolarski M, Jankowski KS. Moral foundations in chronotypes: morningness predicts conservative morality. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1143-1150. [PMID: 33847184 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1909611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that chronopsychological variables may play an important role in moral behavior. In the present study, we aimed to test whether a person's chronotype is associated with moral foundations profiles, distinguished in accordance with Haidt's conceptualization. Morning-oriented people generally tended to rank the importance of the five basic moral foundations - Harm/Care, Fairness/Reciprocity, Ingroup/Loyalty, Authority/Respect, and Purity/Sanctity, highest. Moreover, morningness predicted the affiliation to the "conservative" cluster, as opposed to the "liberal" moral foundations profile. However, after conscientiousness was added to the model, the effect of chronotype was no longer significant. Thus, it seems that the more conservative morality of morning people stems mainly from their elevated conscientiousness. In addition to broadening the current knowledge about the morningness-eveningness' nomological network, the present results may have some practical implications, e.g., for political marketing strategies.
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Putilov AA, Nechunaev VV, Budkevich RO, Budkevich EV, Kolomeichuk SN, Morozov AV, Plusnin JM, Sveshnikov DS, Donskaya OG, Verevkin EG, Arsen’ev GN, Puchkova AN, Dorokhov VB. Overlap between individual variation in personality traits and sleep-wake behavior. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Meng D, Zhao Y, Guo J, Xu H, Fu Y, Ma X, Zhu L, Mu L. Time Perspective and Bedtime Procrastination: The Role of the Chronotype-Time Perspective Relationship. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1307-1318. [PMID: 34335066 PMCID: PMC8318727 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s313157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bedtime procrastination (BP) has a close relationship with one's chronotype, from a biological perspective on time. However, it remains unknown whether there is an association between BP and psychological time. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between time perspective (TP) and BP and the effect of TP on the relationship between BP and chronotype by examining a sample of college students pre- and post-COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS A total of 628 Chinese students (267 in pre-outbreak and 361 in post-outbreak) validly completed the Chinese version of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. RESULTS Students with more BP behaviors exhibited greater deviation from a balanced TP, especially after the COVID-19 outbreak. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the past-negative and future orientations, as operationalized by the ZTPI, contributed independently to BP behaviors. The structural equation modeling analyses further demonstrated that morningness was significantly related to a more future-oriented TP, which in turn decreased BP in pre- and post-COVID-19 outbreak samples, while morningness was associated with a less past-negative-oriented TP, which in turn decreased BP only in the post-COVID-19 outbreak sample. CONCLUSION This study indicated that TP in students with BP predominantly focused on future orientation and that TP can mediate the relationship between chronotype and BP behaviors. However, the COVID-19 pandemic may disrupt the time flow and change the role of chronotype-TP in BP. These findings explain how individual differences in TP are associated with BP, which may be helpful in designing effective interventions to avoid BP, from the viewpoint of time perspective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Meng
- Department of Physiology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Fu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Mu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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