Effect of COVID-19 on gastrointestinal endoscopy practice: a systematic review

Recent Advancements in Localization Technologies for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy: A Technical Review

Conventional endoscopy is limited in its ability to examine the small bowel and perform long-term monitoring due to the risk of infection and tissue perforation. Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) is a painless and non-invasive method of examining the body's internal organs using a small camera that is swallowed like a pill. The existing active locomotion technologies do not have a practical localization system to control the capsule's movement within the body. A robust localization system is essential for safely guiding the WCE device through the complex gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Moreover, having access to the capsule's trajectory data is highly desirable for drug delivery and surgery, as well as for creating accurate user profiles for diagnosis and future reference. Therefore, a robust, real-time, and practical localization system is imperative to advance the field of WCE and make it desirable for clinical trials. In this work, we have identified salient features of different localization techniques and categorized studies in comprehensive tables. This study is self-contained as it offers a comprehensive overview of emerging localization techniques based on magnetic field, radio frequency (RF), video, and hybrid methods. A summary at the end of each method is provided to point out the potential gaps and give directions for future research. The main point of this work is to present an in-depth review of the most recent localization techniques published in the past five years. This will assist researchers in comprehending current techniques and pinpointing potential areas for further investigation. This review can be a significant reference and guide for future research on WCE localization.

Management of patients with high C-reactive protein levels after elective colorectal surgery: Pilot study on a proactive diagnostic and therapeutic approach (GESPACE)

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility and benefit of a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for management of patients presenting with a high C-reactive protein (CRP) level after colorectal surgery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Prospective study including patients with CRP>125mg/L at the 4th postoperative day following elective colorectal surgery. The protocol involved CT-scan of which the results were to orient subsequent management: antibiotics, radiological drainage, endoscopy or surgical redo. Success (primary endpoint) consisted in the proportion of patients with total duration of hospitalization fewer than 15d. Secondary endpoints were: applicability of the protocol in real-life conditions, number of stomas created, duration of hospitalization in an intensive care unit.

RESULTS

One hundred and six (106) patients were included: 51 patients (48%) presented with postoperative complications, of which 21 (41%) were severe. No death occurred. Among the included patients, 68% had a hospital stay<15d. Major deviations from the management algorithm occurred in 38% of cases. No patients had an early endoscopy. There was no significant difference with regard to the secondary endpoints according to whether or not the protocol was strictly observed.

CONCLUSION

It is necessary to define a protocol for management of patients presenting with high CRP levels after colorectal surgery, the objective being to reduce the impact of complications and to avoid excessive lengthening of hospital stay. The protocol begins with CT-scan, which is to orient subsequent management.

Operative trends for pancreatic and hepatic malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted routine health care, including many elective and non-cancer operations in the United States. Most hepato-pancreato-biliary malignancy patients require outpatient imaging, tissue sampling, and staging, and many undergo neoadjuvant therapy before operative intervention. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepato-pancreato-biliary oncologic operations and to determine whether trends in neoadjuvant therapy were altered by the pandemic.

METHODS

Adult patients in the United States undergoing oncologic operations for pancreatic, primary and secondary hepatic malignancies, with or without neoadjuvant therapy, were extracted from the Vizient Clinical Data Base. Control chart analysis was used to plot trends over time and to determine whether changes were statistically significant. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests also compared monthly operative volume from pre-pandemic (12 month) and pandemic (28 months) periods.

RESULTS

A total of 36,553 patients were identified over 40 months. Mean monthly pancreatic oncologic operations were unaffected by the pandemic (P = .257). Operations for pancreatic oncologic operations with prior neoadjuvant therapy increased throughout the pandemic (P = .002). Oncologic operations for primary and secondary hepatic malignancies were significantly reduced for 4 and 2 months, respectively, at the beginning of the pandemic but returned to their pre-pandemic baseline within 4 months (P = .169 and P = .598).

CONCLUSION

Pancreatic operation volumes for cancer did not change, but pancreatic operations after neoadjuvant therapy continued to increase during the pandemic. Operations for hepatic malignancy were transiently disrupted but quickly normalized. These observations suggest that surgery for hepato-pancreato-biliary malignancies was prioritized during the pandemic.

Results of the interim analysis of a prospective, multicenter, observational study of small subepithelial lesions in the stomach

OBJECTIVES

Long-term outcomes of gastric subepithelial lesions have not been elucidated. To reveal the natural history, we initiated a prospective, 10-year follow-up of patients with small (≤20 mm) gastric subepithelial lesions in September 2014. Here, we report the results of an interim analysis of a prospective observational study.

METHODS

In total, 567 patients with 610 lesions were prospectively registered between September 2014 and August 2016. The location, size, morphology, and number of subepithelial lesions were recorded on a web-based case report form. This study has been conducted as an Academic Committee Working Group of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.

RESULTS

The endoscopic follow-up period was 4.60 ± 1.73 years (mean ± standard deviation), and survival data were investigated for 5.28 ± 1.68 years. This interim analysis revealed that the estimated cumulative incidence of a size increase ≥5 mm, after accounting for patients' death and resection of the tumor as competing risk events, was 4.5% at 5 years. In addition, the estimated cumulative incidence of lesion size increase ≥5 mm or resection of lesions was 7.9% at 5 years, and that of size increase ≥10 mm or resection of lesions was 4.5% at 5 years.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that approximately one in 13 patients with small (≤20 mm) gastric subepithelial lesions may require resection or further investigation for increased tumor size (≥5 mm) within 5 years.

Examining the Association Between the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Rate of Diagnostic Tests for Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer in Manitoba, Canada

Background: Strategies to minimize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a reduction in diagnostic testing. It is important to assess the magnitude and duration of this impact to plan ongoing care and avoid long-lasting impacts of the pandemic. Objective: We examined the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and the rate of diagnostic tests for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer in Manitoba, Canada. Design and Participants: A population-based, cross-sectional study design with an interrupted time series analysis was used that included diagnostic tests from January 1, 2015 until August 31, 2022. Setting: Manitoba, Canada. Main Outcomes: Outcomes included mammogram, breast ultrasound, colposcopy, and colonoscopy rates per 100,000. Cumulative and percent cumulative differences between the fitted and counterfactual number of tests were estimated. Mean, median, and 90th percentile number of days from referral to colonoscopy date by referral type (elective, semiurgent, urgent) were determined. Results: In April 2020, following the declaration of the COVID-19 public health emergency, bilateral mammograms decreased by 77%, unilateral mammograms by 70%, breast ultrasounds by 53%, colposcopies by 63%, and colonoscopies by 75%. In Winnipeg (the largest urban center in the province), elective and semiurgent colonoscopies decreased by 76% and 39%, respectively. There was no decrease in urgent colonoscopies. As of August 2022, there were an estimated 7270 (10.7%) fewer bilateral mammograms, 2722 (14.8%) fewer breast ultrasounds, 836 (3.3%) fewer colposcopies, and 11 600 (13.8%) fewer colonoscopies than expected in the absence of COVID-19. As of December 2022, in Winnipeg, there were an estimated 6030 (23.9%) fewer elective colonoscopies, 313 (2.6%) fewer semiurgent colonoscopies, and 438 (27.3%) more urgent colonoscopies. Conclusions: In Manitoba, the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with sizable decreases in diagnostic tests for breast, colorectal, and cervical cancer. Two and a half years later, there remained large cumulative deficits in bilateral mammograms, breast ultrasounds, and colonoscopies.

COVID-19 Effect on Surgery for Gastrointestinal Malignancies: Have Operative Volumes Recovered?

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 disrupted elective operations, cancer screening, and routine medical care while simultaneously overwhelming hospital staff and supplies. Operations for gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies rely on endoscopic screening, staging, and neoadjuvant therapy (NAT), each of which was disrupted by the pandemic. The aim was to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the US national rates of gastrointestinal oncologic operations.

METHODS

The Vizient Clinical Data Base® was queried for oncologic operations for esophageal, gastric, and colorectal malignancies with and without NAT from March 2019 to March 2022. Control chart analysis examined operative volume over time while Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare mean monthly volume before and during the pandemic.

RESULTS

A total of 95,912 patients were identified over 36 months; 5.8% esophageal, 6.3% gastric, 77.5% colonic, and 10.4% rectal operations. Esophageal operative volume decreased for 9 months during the pandemic and was significantly lower during than before the pandemic (p=0.002). Gastric operations decreased for 10 months early in the pandemic, but rebounded so that after 2 years volumes were unchanged (p=0.49). Colonic operations experienced a sharp decrease for 4 months at the beginning of the pandemic, but volumes quickly increased and overall were unchanged (p=0.29). Rectal operations decreased for 13 months and were significantly lower during than before the pandemic (p=0.018). Oncologic operations for patients receiving NAT varied.

CONCLUSION

COVID-19 significantly disrupted the volume of gastrointestinal oncologic operations in the USA. Esophageal and rectal oncologic operations experienced prolonged and significant reductions while gastric and colonic oncologic operations transiently decreased but rebounded during the pandemic.

The COVID-19 Infection Resulted Delayed Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in Patients Admitted with Variceal Bleeding: Hospital-Based Outcomes of a National Database

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, most healthcare services, including inpatient and outpatient procedures, got delayed. We reviewed the effect of COVID-19 infection on the timing of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in variceal bleeding patients and analyzed the complications of delayed EGD. Using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2020, we identified patients admitted for variceal bleeding with COVID-19 infection. We performed a multivariable regression analysis and adjusted it for patient and hospital-related variables. The International Classification of Disease Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes were used for patient selection. We measured the effect of COVID-19 on the timing of EGD and further analyzed the effect of delayed EGD on hospital-based outcomes. A total of 49,675 patients diagnosed with variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding were analyzed, out of which 915 (1.84%) were COVID-19 positive. Variceal bleeding patients who were COVID-positive had a significantly lower rate of EGD performed within the first 24 h of admission (36.1% vs. 60.6% p = 0.001) compared to the patients who tested negative for COVID-19. The performance of EGD within 24 h of admission resulted in a decrease in all-cause mortality by 70% (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.76, p = 0.01) compared to EGD after 24 h. A significant decrease was noted in the odds of ICU admission rate (AOR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14-0.97, p = 0.04) in patients who got EGD within the first 24 h of admission. No difference in odds of sepsis (AOR 0.44, 95% CI 0.15-1.30, p = 0.14) and vasopressor use (AOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.04-2.87, p = 0.32) was seen in COVID positive vs. COVID negative group. The hospital mean length of stay (2.14 days, 95% CI 4.35-0.06, p = 0.06), mean total charges ($51,936, 95% CI $106,688-$2816, p = 0.06), and total cost (11,489$, 95% CI 30,380$-7402$, p = 0.23) was similar in both COVID-positive and -negative groups. In our study, we found that the presence of COVID-19 infection in variceal bleeding patients resulted in a significant delay in EGD compared to COVID-negative patients. This delay in EGD resulted in increased all-cause mortality and intensive care unit admissions.

Intestinal Damage, Inflammation and Microbiota Alteration during COVID-19 Infection

BACKGROUND

The virus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for respiratory disorders due to the fact that it mainly infects the respiratory tract using the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. ACE2 receptors are also highly expressed on intestinal cells, representing an important site of entry for the virus in the gut. Literature studies underlined that the virus infects and replicates in the gut epithelial cells, causing gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting and anorexia. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 virus settles into the bloodstream, hyperactivating the platelets and cytokine storms and causing gut-blood barrier damage with an alteration of the gut microbiota, intestinal cell injury, intestinal vessel thrombosis leading to malabsorption, malnutrition, an increasing disease severity and mortality with short and long-period sequelae.

CONCLUSION

This review summarizes the data on how SARS-CoV-2 effects on the gastrointestinal systems, including the mechanisms of inflammation, relationship with the gut microbiota, endoscopic patterns, and the role of fecal calprotectin, confirming the importance of the digestive system in clinical practice for the diagnosis and follow-up of SARS-CoV-2 infection.