Short-term electrophysiological effects of losartan, bisoprolol, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive men

Mathematical modeling of antihypertensive therapy

Hypertension is a multifactorial disease arising from complex pathophysiological pathways. Individual characteristics of patients result in different responses to various classes of antihypertensive medications. Therefore, evaluating the efficacy of therapy based on in silico predictions is an important task. This study is a continuation of research on the modular agent-based model of the cardiovascular and renal systems (presented in the previously published article). In the current work, we included in the model equations simulating the response to antihypertensive therapies with different mechanisms of action. For this, we used the pharmacodynamic effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan, the calcium channel blocker amlodipine, the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril, the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide, and the β-blocker bisoprolol. We fitted therapy parameters based on known clinical trials for all considered medications, and then tested the model's ability to show reasonable dynamics (expected by clinical observations) after treatment with individual drugs and their dual combinations in a group of virtual patients with hypertension. The extended model paves the way for the next step in personalized medicine that is adapting the model parameters to a real patient and predicting his response to antihypertensive therapy. The model is implemented in the BioUML software and is available at https://gitlab.sirius-web.org/virtual-patient/antihypertensive-treatment-modeling.

The role of nebivolol in the management of hypertensive patients: from pharmacological profile to treatment guidelines

According to the most recent international guidelines, β-blockers maintain a central role in the management of hypertension, being recommended at any treatment step when there is a specific indication, such as heart failure, angina, postacute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation or pregnancy. However, β-blockers are not a homogeneous class: individual molecules differ in terms of pharmacological and clinical profile and are therefore suitable for different patient subtypes. In particular nebivolol, a third generation β₁-selective β-blocker with vasodilating properties, neutral metabolic effects and good tolerability, proved to have advantages over other β-blockers, which makes the drug suitable in a wide variety of hypertensive patients with or without comorbidities.

Effect of four classes of antihypertensive drugs on cardiac repolarization heterogeneity: A double-blind rotational study

Background

T-wave area dispersion (TW-Ad) is a novel electrocardiographic (ECG) repolarization marker associated with sudden cardiac death. However, limited data is available on the clinical correlates of TW-Ad. In addition, there are no previous studies on cardiovascular drug effects on TW-Ad. In this study, we examined the relation between TW-Ad and left ventricular mass. We also studied the effects of four commonly used antihypertensive drugs on TW-Ad.

Methods

A total of 242 moderately hypertensive males (age, 51±6 years; office systolic/diastolic blood pressure during placebo, 153±14/100±8 mmHg), participating in the GENRES study, were included. Left ventricular mass index was determined by transthoracic echocardiography. Antihypertensive four-week monotherapies (a diuretic, a beta-blocker, a calcium channel blocker, and an angiotensin receptor antagonist) were administered in a randomized rotational fashion. Four-week placebo periods preceded all monotherapies. The average value of measurements (over 1700 ECGs in total) from all available placebo periods served as a reference to which measurements during each drug period were compared.

Results

Lower, i.e. risk-associated TW-Ad values correlated with a higher left ventricular mass index (r = −0.14, p = 0.03). Bisoprolol, a beta-blocker, elicited a positive change in TW-Ad (p = 1.9×10⁻⁵), but the three other drugs had no significant effect on TW-Ad.

Conclusions

Our results show that TW-Ad is correlated with left ventricular mass and can be modified favorably by the use of bisoprolol, although demonstration of any effects on clinical endpoints requires long-term prospective studies. Altogether, our results suggest that TW-Ad is an ECG repolarization measure of left ventricular arrhythmogenic substrate.

Severity and multiplicity of microvascular complications are associated with QT interval prolongation in patients with type 2 diabetes

Aims/Introduction

A prolonged QT interval plays a causal role in life‐threatening arrhythmia, and becomes a risk factor for sudden cardiac death. Here, we assessed the association between microvascular complications and the QT interval in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

Patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 219) admitted to Nippon Medical School Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) for glycemic control were enrolled. QT interval was measured manually in lead II on the electrocardiogram, and corrected for heart rate using Bazett's formula (QTc). Diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy were assessed by neuropathic symptoms or Achilles tendon reflex, ophthalmoscopy and urinary albumin excretion, respectively.

Results

In univariate analyses, female sex (P = 0.025), duration of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.041), body mass index (P = 0.0008), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.0011) and receiving insulin therapy (P < 0.0001) were positively associated with QTc. Patients with each of the three microvascular complications had longer QTc than those without: neuropathy (P = 0.0005), retinopathy (P = 0.0019) and nephropathy (P = 0.0001). As retinopathy or nephropathy progressed, QTc became longer (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 for trend in retinopathy and nephropathy, respectively). Furthermore, QTc was prolonged with the multiplicity of the microvascular complications (P < 0.001 for trend). Multiple regression analyses showed that neuropathy, nephropathy and the multiplicity of the microvascular complications were independently associated with QTc.

Conclusions

Patients with type 2 diabetes with severe microvascular complications might be at high risk for life‐threatening arrhythmia associated with QT interval prolongation.

Subclinical ventricular repolarization abnormality in uncontrolled compared with controlled treated hypertension

Background

Antihypertensive medications have variable effects on the duration of the QT interval. This study aims to demonstrate the subclinical ventricular conduction defect in treating hypertensive patients taking in consideration the status of the blood pressure control with the antihypertensive agents.

Methods

This cross-section study was performed at the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq. A total number of 97 hypertensive patients (30 males and 67 females) were eligible to enroll in the study. The patients were grouped into controlled hypertension (Group I) and uncontrolled hypertension (Group II). Each participant is subjected to the electrocardiograph (ECG) investigation. A QT nomogram plot used to identify the patients who are vulnerable or at risk of developing cardiac arrhythmias.

Results

There were no significant differences in the values of the electrocardiogram determinants between Group I and Group II. Abnormal prolonged QTcB interval observed in 18 out of 80 (22.5%) patients of Group II compared with 4 out of 17. The JT index value of ≥112 was observed in 20 out of 80 (25%) patients of Group II compared with 6 out of 17 (35.3%) patients of Group I. A significant correlation between the QTcB duration with JT index observed in both Groups I and II.

Conclusion

Patients with hypertension have variability in ventricular repolarization (QTcB and JT) irrespective of their blood pressure control putting them at higher risk of cardiac arrhythmias.

QTc interval in young Gujarati hypertensives: Effect of disease, antihypertensive monotherapy, and coexisting risk factors

OBJECTIVES

To study the effect of disease duration, treatment and risk factors on QTc interval among young hypertensives.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A case-control study was conducted on 142 hypertensives (60 males, 82 females) taking calcium channel blocker (CCB) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) as monotherapy. After blood pressure measurement, we recorded lead II electrocardiograph with minimum ten waveforms. QTc was derived from average of ten values using Bazett's formula. QTc interval >0.43 s in male and >0.45 s in female was considered abnormal.

RESULTS

Cases had mean duration of hypertension 5 years, mean age of 40 years, and poor blood pressure control (systolic blood pressure >140 and diastolic blood pressure >90 mm of Hg). Newly diagnosed hypertensives had significantly higher QTc values than the matched known cases (0.44 vs. 0.42 s, P < 0.05). Known hypertensives did not differ significantly in QTc values by the duration of disease. CCB users showed small, insignificant disadvantage for abnormally prolonged QTc values than ACEI users. With coexisting diabetes, smoking, and positive family history of hypertension, there was odds risk of 7.69, 2.75, and 2.54, respectively for prolonged QTc.

CONCLUSION

Our study showed prolonged QTc in hypertensives more so in newly diagnosed, unaffected by duration or use of ACEI, or CCB but associated with modifiable risk factors. This underscores high risk of repolarization abnormality-induced future events, suggesting early screening of hypertension, strict blood pressure control, optimum use of QTc measurement, and preventive pharmacotherapy to reduce this aftermath.

Discrepant regulation of QT (QTc) interval duration by calcium channel blockade and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in experimental hypertension

Antihypertensive treatment may reduce prolonged QT duration in hypertension. Generally, the reductions of blood pressure and/or of cardiac mass are believed to be the responsible factors. However, drugs are not equivalent in QT modulation despite similar antihypertensive and antihypertrophic action. We investigated the effect of a calcium channel blocker, lacidipine and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril on QT duration in rats. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with lacidipine (at the dose of 1.5 mg/kg per day for WKY and 3 mg/kg per day for SHR) or enalapril (5 mg/kg per day for WKY and 10 mg/kg per day for SHR) during 8 weeks. Tail-cuff systolic blood pressure (sBP), left ventricular weight (LVW), vascular function of isolated aorta and mesenteric artery and duration of QT (and QTc) interval on Frank electrocardiograms were evaluated. As expected, untreated SHR showed elevated sBP, impaired vascular reactivity, increased LVW and prolonged QT when compared with WKY (p < 0.05). After treatment, both agents markedly improved vascular reactivity and reduced sBP in SHR (p < 0.05). Additionally, enalapril reduced LVW in both hypertensive (by 17%; p < 0.05) and normotensive rats (by 13%; p < 0.05) and, consequently, corrected QT duration in SHR. Interestingly, lacidipine also reduced LVW in SHR (by 9%; p < 0.05), but without influence on prolonged QT. Moreover, lacidipine had no effect on LVW in WKYs but prolonged their QT interval (by 10%; p < 0.05). In conclusion, lacidipine did not reverse a progressive prolongation of QT in SHR, despite sBP lowering and LVW reduction. Thus, the lowering of blood pressure and/or reduction of LVW are not sufficient per se to normalize ventricular repolarization in hypertensive cardiac disease. More likely, modulation of QT prolongation by antihypertensive drugs is a function of their complex action on blood pressure, vascular function, cardiac mass and on reflex neurohumoral activation.