The Impact of HLA-G 3'UTR Polymorphisms in Breast Cancer in a Tunisian Population

Associations of HLA-G 3'UTR polymorphisms and increased HLA-G expression with gastric cancer susceptibility and prognosis

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) remains a serious health concern and is characterized by a multifactorial etiology involving both genetic and epigenetic factors. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G 3'UTR polymorphisms and the expression of HLA-G in both tumor tissues and plasma samples from patients with GC in the Tunisian population.

METHODS

HLA-G 3'UTR polymorphisms (14pb Insertion/deletion and + 3142C/G) were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or Sanger sequencing. Plasma levels of sHLA-G (total sHLA-G, shed HLA-G1 and HLA-G5) were determined. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of HLA-G in tumor tissues.

RESULTS

The Del/Del genotype and Del allele frequencies were different between GC patients and healthy donors (HD) (OR [95 % CI] = 2.483 [1.070-5.410], p = 0.025 vs. OR [95 % CI] = 1.537 [0.924-2.584], p = 0.099; respectively). The C/C genotype and C allele frequencies were significantly greater in GC patients than in HD (OR [95 % CI] = 2.269[0.1.070-4.904], p = 0.033 vs. OR [95 % CI] = 1.746[1.045-2.878], p = 0.034; respectively). Interestingly, the Del/Del genotype and Del allele were significantly associated with an increased risk of GC in patients aged ≥55 years at diagnosis. HLA-G was highly expressed in GC tissues, particularly in tissues with advanced tumor invasion (T3 + T4). Compared with HD, GC patients had higher soluble HLA-G, shed HLA-G1 and HLA-G5 levels (Mann-Whitney: p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.643, respectively). Assessment of patients' survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the Del allele was significantly associated with reduced overall survival (OS) in GC patients at advanced stages III + IV (p = 0.043).

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that HLA-G 3'UTR polymorphisms are associated with GC susceptibility in Tunisian population. The expression of HLA-G in both the tissue and plasma may play an important role in the development and progression of GC. Therefore, the current study supported the recommendation of investigating HLA-G 3'UTR polymorphisms in GC and indicated that HLA-G molecules could serve as promising therapeutic targets in GC.

HLA-G - evolvement from a trophoblast specific marker to a checkpoint molecule in cancer, a narrative review about the specific role in breast- and gynecological cancer

Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is known as a non-classical molecule of the major histocompatibility complex class Ib and downregulates the mother's immune response against the fetus during pregnancy, thereby generating immune tolerance. Due to the latter effect, HLA-G is also referred to as an immune checkpoint molecule. Originally identified on extravillous trophoblasts, HLA-G is already known to induce immune tolerance at various stages of the immune response, for example through cell differentiation and proliferation, cytolysis and cytokine secretion. Because of these functions, HLA-G is involved in various processes of cancer progression, but a comprehensive review of the role of HLA-G in gynecologic cancers is lacking. Therefore, this review focuses on the existing knowledge of HLA-G in ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer and breast cancer. HLA-G is predominantly expressed in cancer tissues adjacent to the extravillous trophoblast. Therefore, modulating its expression in the cancer target tissues of cancer patients could be a potential therapeutic approach to treat these diseases.

The 14-bp insertion/deletion as a promising gene polymorphism to understand cancer risk: Evidence from a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis

Background

HLA-G is associated with cancer cell escape. The 3'UTR polymorphism is involved in the regulation of membrane-bound HLA-G and soluble HLA-G proteins. The aim of our study was to assess the association of the HLA-G 14-bp insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism with cancer susceptibility and its interaction with clinicopathological features and environmental factors.

Methods

A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association between the HLA-G 14-bp I/D polymorphism and different types of cancers according to the Prisma guidelines.

Results

Thirty-nine publications that studied the 14-bp I/D polymorphism in cancers met our inclusion criteria. The findings of the meta-analysis showed a significant association between the 14-bp I/D polymorphism and cancer risk under the allelic contrast model D vs. I (OR = 1,112, 95 % CI = 1,009-1,227; P = 0,033) suggesting that the D allele was a risk factor for cancer susceptibility. Stratification by cancer type demonstrated a significant association of the 14-bp I/D polymorphism with breast cancer under the D vs. I contrast allele model (OR = 1,267, 95 % CI = 1,028-1,563; P = 0,027). No significant association was found for digestive, cervical, haematological and thyroid cancers. A comparison of groups stratified by ethnicity showed a significant association for Caucasians under the D vs. I model (OR = 1,147, 95 % CI = 1,002-1,313; P = 0,047); and for mixed ethnicities under the DD + DI vs. II (OR = 1,388, 95 % CI = 1,083-1,780; P = 0,010) and DI vs. II (OR = 1,402, 95 % CI = 1,077-1,824; P = 0,012) models. A comparison of cancer risks associated with the 14-bp I/D polymorphism according to geographic location revealed significant risks for the D allele and DD genotype in North Africa, the Middle East and South America. However, no significant susceptibility to cancer associated with the 14-bp I/D polymorphism was shown for Europe and North Asia. The findings of a meta-analysis of subgroups by disease stage showed a significant association in both early and advanced stages, with the 14-bp deletion variant being a risk factor. Similarly, a significant cancer risk was shown for the 14-bp deletion variant in both low- and high-grade cancers. Finally, the risk associated with the 14-bp I/D polymorphism was higher in cancers with concomitant viral infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Conclusion

The findings of the overall meta-analysis showed a significant association between the HLA-G 14-bp I/D polymorphism and cancer susceptibility. The findings stratified analysis and subgroup comparisons showed that the 14-bp I/D deletion variant was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The HLA-G 14-bp I/D polymorphism may interact with individual and clinicopathological factors to alter cancer risk. These promising findings for cancer risk provide the basis for further studies that explore 14bp I/D polymorphism in cancer screening and immunotherapeutic approach.

Association between genetic variants of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 and schizophrenia

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a multifactorial disorder involving complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, where immune dysfunction plays a key etiopathogenic role. In order to explore the control of innate immune responses in SZ, we aimed to investigate the potential association between twelve TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 variants (TLR2: rs4696480T>A, rs3804099T>C, rs3804100T>C; TLR4: rs1927914G>A, rs10759932T>C, rs4986790A>G, rs4986791T>C, rs11536889G>C, rs11536891T>C; TLR9: rs187084A>G, rs352139T>C and rs352140C>T) and SZ susceptibility in a Tunisian population.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study included 150 patients and 201 healthy controls with no history of psychiatric illness. Genotyping was done using a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. We also assessed a haplotype analysis for TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 variants with SZ using Haploview 4.2 Software.

RESULTS

We found that the AA genotype of the TLR2 rs4696480T>A variant was significantly associated with an increased risk of SZ (46% vs. 31%, P=4.7×10-3, OR=1.87 and 95% CI [1.18-2.97]). The frequency of the TA genotype was significantly higher in the control group than in SZ patients (27% vs. 43%, P=2.1×10-3) and may be associated with protection against SZ (OR=0.49 and 95% CI [0.30-0.80]). Whereas, the TLR9 rs187084-GG genotype was higher in the control group compared to patients (16% vs. 5%, P=1.6×10-3) and would present protection against SZ (OR=0.28, CI=[0.10-0.68]). The ACT haplotype of the TLR2 and the ACC haplotype of the TLR9 gene were identified as a risk haplotypes for SZ (P=0.04, OR=9.30, 95% CI=[1.11-77.71]; P=3×10-4, OR=6.05, 95% CI=[2.29-15.98], respectively).

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that TLR2 and TLR9 genetic diversity may play a role in genetic vulnerability to SZ. However, including more patients and evaluation of TLR2 and TLR9 expression are recommended.

Impact of lead and zinc heavy metal pollution on the growth and phytoremediation potential of Sulla carnosa in Sebkha el Kalbia, Tunisia

Heavy metal pollution from human and natural activities poses significant environmental and health concerns for wildlife and humans, with lead and zinc being particularly threatening. This study focuses on Sebkha el Kalbia in Tunisia, highlighting the challenges faced by local communities in addressing heavy metal pollution. The area is prone to contamination through rivers and streams that transport pollutants from industrial zones and rural areas into the salt pan. The recent establishment of an industrial zone has worsened pollution levels, calling for strict regulatory measures and clean technologies to limit heavy metal pollution and protect human health and the environment. The study assesses the impact of lead and zinc pollution on the growth of Sulla carnosa and its potential for phytoremediation. Soil and plant samples from contaminated areas were analyzed, revealing high levels of heavy metal contamination. The growth parameters of Sulla carnosa, such as plant height, weight, and enzymatic activity, were examined, showing a significant reduction in plant growth when exposed to high metal concentrations. Specifically, in the presence of 100 ppm of lead (Pb), net photosynthetic assimilation (An) decreased by 52%, while the amount of Pb increased by 78%. At 800 ppm of Pb, An decreased by 87%, and the amount of Pb increased by over 800%. Furthermore, the relationship between net photosynthetic assimilation and lead (Pb) content remained significant but negative. At high doses (800 ppm), the biomass produced decreases by 64%, while the amount of Zn increases 2.7 times. These results suggest that at low doses, zinc is not toxic. These findings highlight Sulla carnosa as a potential candidate for phytoremediation with preferential metal accumulation in the roots and improved enzymatic activity, underscoring the urgency of addressing heavy metal pollution in Sebkha el Kalbia.

HLA-G Gene Variability Is Associated with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Morbidity and the HLA-G Protein Profile

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is an immune checkpoint molecule that is highly expressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The HLA-G gene presents several functional polymorphisms distributed across the coding and regulatory regions (5'URR: 5' upstream regulatory region and 3'UTR: 3' untranslated region) and some of them may impact HLA-G expression and human malignancy. To understand the contribution of the HLA-G genetic background in PTC, we studied the HLA-G gene variability in PTC patients in association with tumor morbidity, HLA-G tissue expression, and plasma soluble (sHLA-G) levels. We evaluated 185 PTC patients and 154 healthy controls. Polymorphic sites defining coding, regulatory and extended haplotypes were characterized by sequencing analyses. HLA-G tissue expression and plasma soluble HLA-G levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively. Compared to the controls, the G0104a(5'URR)G*01:04:04(coding)UTR-03(3'UTR) extended haplotype was underrepresented in the PTC patients, while G0104a(5'URR)G*01:04:01(coding)UTR-03(3'UTR) was less frequent in patients with metastatic and multifocal tumors. Decreased HLA-G tissue expression and undetectable plasma sHLA-G were associated with the G010102a(5'URR)G*01:01:02:01(coding)UTR-02(3'UTR) extended haplotype. We concluded that the HLA-G variability was associated with PTC development and morbidity, as well as the magnitude of the encoded protein expression at local and systemic levels.

HLA-G 14 bp Ins/Del (rs66554220) Variant Is Not Associated with Breast Cancer in Women from Western Mexico

HLA-G is a physiology and pathologic immunomodulator detrimentally related to cancer. Its gene is heavily transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated by variants located in regulator regions like 3'UTR, being the most studied Ins/Del of 14-bp (rs66554220), which is known to influence the effects of endogen cell factors; nevertheless, the reports are discrepant and controversial. Herein, the relationship of the 14-bp Ins/Del variant (rs66554220) with breast cancer (BC) and its clinical characteristics were analyzed in 182 women with non-familial BC and 221 disease-free women as a reference group. Both groups from western Mexico and sex-age-matched (sm-RG). The rs66554220 variant was amplified by SSP-PCR and the fragments were visualized in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The variant rs66554220 was not associated with BC in our population. However, we suggest the Ins allele as a possible risk factor for developing BC at clinical stage IV (OR = 3.05, 95% CI = 1.16-7.96, p = 0.01); nevertheless, given the small stratified sample size (n = 11, statistical power = 41%), this is inconclusive. In conclusion, the 14-bp Ins/Del (rs66554220) variant of HLA-G is not associated with BC in the Mexican population, but might be related to advanced breast tumors. Further studies are required.

Elevated sHLA-G plasma levels post chemotherapy combined with ILT-2 rs10416697C allele status of the sHLA-G-related receptor predict poorest disease outcome in early triple-negative breast cancer patients

Introduction

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) shows an aggressive growing and spreading behavior and has limited treatment options, often leading to inferior disease outcome. Therefore, surrogate markers are urgently needed to identify patients at high risk of recurrence and more importantly, to identify additional therapeutic targets enabling further treatment options. Based on the key role of the non-classical human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) and its related receptor immunoglobulin-like transcript receptor-2 (ILT-2) in immune evasion mechanisms of tumors, members of this ligand-receptor axis appear to be promising tool for both, defining risk groups and potential therapeutic targets.

Materials and methods

To follow this, sHLA-G levels before and after chemotherapy (CT), HLA-G 3' UTR haplotypes, and allele variations rs10416697 at the distal gene promoter region of ILT-2 were defined in healthy female controls and early TNBC patients. The results obtained were associated with clinical status, presence of circulating tumor cell (CTC) subtypes, and disease outcome of patients in terms of progression-free or overall survival.

Results

sHLA-G plasma levels were increased in TNBC patients post-CT compared to levels of patients pre-CT or controls. High post-CT sHLA-G levels were associated with the development of distant metastases, the presence of ERCC1 or PIK3CA-CTC subtypes post-CT, and poorer disease outcome in uni- or multivariate analysis. HLA-G 3' UTR genotypes did not influence disease outcome but ILT-2 rs10416697C allele was associated with AURKA-positive CTC and with adverse disease outcome by uni- and multivariate analysis. The prognostic value of the combined risk factors (high sHLA-G levels post-CT and ILT-2 rs10416697C allele carrier status) was an even better independent indicator for disease outcome in TNBC than the lymph nodal status pre-CT. This combination allowed the identification of patients with high risk of early progression/death with positive nodal status pre-CT or with non-pathological complete therapy response.

Conclusion

The results of this study highlight for the first time that the combination of high levels of sHLA-G post-CT with ILT-2 rs10416697C allele receptor status is a promising tool for the risk assessment of TNBC patients and support the concept to use HLA-G/ILT-2 ligand-receptor axis as therapeutic targets.

Relevance of the MHC region for breast cancer susceptibility in Asians

BACKGROUND

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes play critical roles in immune surveillance, an important defence against tumors. Imputing HLA genotypes from existing single-nucleotide polymorphism datasets is low-cost and efficient. We investigate the relevance of the major histocompatibility complex region in breast cancer susceptibility, using imputed class I and II HLA alleles, in 25,484 women of Asian ancestry.

METHODS

A total of 12,901 breast cancer cases and 12,583 controls from 12 case-control studies were included in our pooled analysis. HLA imputation was performed using SNP2HLA on 10,886 quality-controlled variants within the 15-55 Mb region on chromosome 6. HLA alleles (n = 175) with info scores greater than 0.8 and frequencies greater than 0.01 were included (resolution at two-digit level: 71; four-digit level: 104). We studied the associations between HLA alleles and breast cancer risk using logistic regression, adjusting for population structure and age. Associations between HLA alleles and the risk of subtypes of breast cancer (ER-positive, ER-negative, HER2-positive, HER2-negative, early-stage, and late-stage) were examined.

RESULTS

We did not observe associations between any HLA allele and breast cancer risk at P < 5e-8; the smallest p value was observed for HLA-C*12:03 (OR = 1.29, P = 1.08e-3). Ninety-five percent of the effect sizes (OR) observed were between 0.90 and 1.23. Similar results were observed when different subtypes of breast cancer were studied (95% of ORs were between 0.85 and 1.18).

CONCLUSIONS

No imputed HLA allele was associated with breast cancer risk in our large Asian study. Direct measurement of HLA gene expressions may be required to further explore the associations between HLA genes and breast cancer risk.

3'UTR-HLA-G polymorphisms and circulating sHLA-G are associated with breast cancer: Evidence from a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) gene polymorphisms and circulating sHLA-G have often been linked to the risk of breast cancer (BC). However, the results remain controversial. To resolve this issue, we performed a meta-analysis of HLA-G gene polymorphisms and sHLA-G levels in BC.

METHODS

We performed a meta-analysis on the association of HLA-G 14-bp Insertion/Deletion (Ins/Del) and HLA-G +3142 C/G polymorphisms with BC as well as the relationship between sHLA-G and the disease outcome.

RESULTS

Pooled analysis showed a statistically significant association between the HLA-G 14-bp Ins/Del polymorphism and BC susceptibility for the overall population and for Caucasians. The Del allele and genotypes with at least one copy of the Del allele presented significant risks for BC. For HLA-G +3142 C/G polymorphism, the G allele significantly decreased the risk of BC for the overall population and for Caucasians, indicating that the G allele was a protective factor against BC and that the C allele was a significant risk factor for BC. The meta-analysis revealed a significantly increased level of sHLA-G patients with BC compared to the control group for the overall population, Caucasians and Asians.

CONCLUSION

The present meta-analysis showed a major association of both HLA-G 14-bp Ins/Del and +3142 C/G polymorphisms with BC susceptibility, suggesting Del and C variants as highly significant risk factors for BC. The present study also showed significantly higher sHLA-G levels in patients with BC compared to healthy controls. Our pooled results suggested a critical role of HLA-G in BC, thereby providing evidence to use HLA-G as a biomarker and a therapeutic tool.

Roles of HLA-G/KIR2DL4 in Breast Cancer Immune Microenvironment

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a nonclassical MHC Class I molecule, which was initially reported as a mediator of immune tolerance when expressed in extravillous trophoblast cells at the maternal-fetal interface. HLA-G is the only known ligand of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL4 (KIR2DL4), an atypical family molecule that is widely expressed on the surface of NK cells. Unlike other KIR receptors, KIR2DL4 contains both an arginine-tyrosine activation motif in its transmembrane region and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic tail, suggesting that KIR2DL4 may function as an activating or inhibitory receptor. The immunosuppressive microenvironment exemplified by a rewired cytokine network and upregulated immune checkpoint proteins is a hallmark of advanced and therapy-refractory tumors. Accumulating evidence has shown that HLA-G is an immune checkpoint molecule with specific relevance in cancer immune escape, although the role of HLA-G/KIR2DL4 in antitumor immunity is still uncharacterized. Our previous study had shown that HLA-G was a pivotal mediator of breast cancer resistance to trastuzumab, and blockade of the HLA-G/KIR2DL4 interaction can resensitize breast cancer to trastuzumab treatment. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss the role of HLA-G/KIR2DL4 in the immune microenvironment of breast cancer. A better understanding of HLA-G is beneficial to identifying novel biomarker(s) for breast cancer, which is important for precision diagnosis and prognostic assessment. In addition, it is also necessary to unravel the mechanisms underlying HLA-G/KIR2DL4 regulation of the immune microenvironment in breast cancer, hopefully providing a rationale for combined HLA-G and immune checkpoints targeting for the effective treatment of breast cancer.

Correlation of Human Leukocyte Antigen-E Genomic Polymorphism with Leukemia and Functional Study of Human Leukocyte Antigen-E Different Type Promoters

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E is one of the least polymorphic nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I genes; its nucleotide variability can affect immune response. In this study, we assess the correlation between HLA-E polymorphism and leukemia and further study the transcriptional activity of promoter variation at nucleotide position-26. A total of 142 healthy blood donors and 111 leukemia patients were collected. The genomic sequence of HLA-E was amplified by high-fidelity reaction system and identified by Sanger and cloning sequencing. The dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to detect the transcription activity of promoter variation at nucleotide position-26. In the HLA-E genomic sequence results, a total of 16 alleles and 32 genotypes were detected; the HLA-E*01:01:01:06 allele had a significantly lower frequency in leukemia patients than in healthy participants (p = 0.026 < 0.05). And the HLA-E*01:03:02:01, *01:03:02:01 genotype showed the greatest difference in frequency between the two groups of participants (p = 0.028 < 0.05). Eight HLA-E alleles were first reported worldwide in Chinese individuals. The results of the dual luciferase reporter gene experiment showed that the transcription activity of the mutant-type promoter (HLA-E*01:01:01:06 with "T" allele at nucleotide position-26) was significantly lower compared with the wild-type promoter (HLA-E*01:01:01:01 with "G" allele at nucleotide position-26) (p = 0.0242 < 0.05). HLA-E*01:01:01:06 allele has a protective effect against leukemia through decreasing transcription activity by "T" variation at nucleotide position-26.

Association of HLA-G 3'UTR polymorphisms and haplotypes with colorectal cancer susceptibility and prognosis

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G has been considered as an immune modulator in several types of cancers. Its genetic polymorphisms may potentially affect the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). The overall purpose of this study was to analyze the implication of HLA-G 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) polymorphisms particularly 14 pb insertion/deletion (Ins/Del; rs371194629) and + 3142C/G (rs1063320) in CRC susceptibility and progression. A comparative analysis between patients (N = 233) and controls (N = 241) demonstrated that Del allele (Odds Ratios (OR) = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.091-1.819, p = 0.008), the homozygous Del/Del genotype (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.205-2.664, p = 0.003) and the codominant C/G genotype (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.106-2.272, p = 0.013) were associated to CRC risk. As expected, the DelG haplotype was associated with CRC susceptibility (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.068-2.012, p = 0.018). Assessment of patients' survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the Del allele and the homozygous Del/Del genotype were associated with reduced event free survival (EFS) (Respectively, p = 0.009 and p = 0.05). Interestingly, the Del allele and the homozygous Del/Del genotype have been revealed as independent prognostic factors for poor EFS in patients with CRC. Additionally, haplotypes analysis revealed that DelG haplotype was linked with significant increase in CRC risk (log-rank; EFS: p = 0.02). Inversely, the InsC haplotype was associated with a significant reduced CRC risk (log-rank; Overall survival (OS): p < 10^-6; EFS: p = 0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the InsC haplotype was independently associated with significantly longer EFS (p = 0.021, HR = 0.636, 95% CI = 0.433-0.935). These findings support the implication of HLA-G polymorphisms in the CRC susceptibility suggesting HLA-G as a potent prognostic and predictive indicator for CRC. Insight into mechanisms underlying HLA-G polymorphisms could allow for the development of targeted care for CRC patients according to their genetic profile.

HLA-G and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations with cancer in African populations: Implications in personal medicine

The immune system plays an important role in protecting the body against malignancy. During cancer immunoediting, the immune system can recognize and keep checking the tumor cells by down-expression of some self-molecules or by increasing expression of some novel molecules. However, the microenvironment created in the course of cancer development hampers the immune ability to recognize and destroy the transforming cells. Human Leukocyte Antigen G (HLA-G) is emerging as immune checkpoint molecule produced more by cancer cells to weaken the immune response against them. HLA-G is a non-classical HLA class I molecule which is normally expressed in immune privileged tissues as a soluble or membrane-bound protein. HLA-G locus is highly polymorphic in the non-coding 3′ untranslated region (UTR) and in the 5′ upstream regulatory region (5′ URR). HLA-G expression is controlled by polymorphisms located in these regions, and several association studies between these polymorphic sites and disease predisposition, response to therapy, and/or HLA-G protein expression have been reported. Various polymorphisms are demonstrated to modulate its expression and this is increasingly finding more significance in cancer biology. This review focuses on the relevance of the HLA-G gene and its polymorphisms in cancer development. We highlight population genetics of HLA-G as evidence to espouse the need and importance of exploring potential utility of HLA-G in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and immunotherapy in the currently understudied African population.

Certain haplotypes of the 3'-UTR region of the HLA-G gene are linked to breast cancer

Background: Human leukocyte antigen G belongs to the family of non-classical HLA class I genes, its expression considered an important immune escape mechanism of cancer cells. The polymorphisms in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) region of HLA-G influence the magnitude of the protein by modulating HLA-G mRNA stability. We hypothesised links between any of eight (UTR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their haplotype of the HLA-G gene with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood DNA from 100 patients affected by breast cancer and 100 controls was PCR sequenced for genotyping of 25 HLA-G 3'-UTR regions, including rs371194629 (+2960), rs1707 (+3003), rs1710 (+3010), rs17179101 (+3027), rs1063320 (+3142), rs9380142 (+3187), rs1610696 (+3196), and rs1233331 (+3227). Results: The 14-bp deletion (p = 0.01), and the +3010 (p = 0.021), +3142 (p = 0.006) and +3187 (p = 0.046) variants were significantly more prevalent in patients than in controls. In combining these data, two haplotypes of all eight SNPs and deletion/insertion (UTR-1 and UTR-4) are associated with breast cancer. Conclusion: Certain variants in the 3-UTR, and their combination as a haplotype, of the HLA-G gene are linked to breast cancer.

Genetic polymorphisms of the HLA-DP and HLA-DQ genes could influence Hepatitis B virus infection in Yunnan population

Hepatitis B, caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, is one of the epidemic and infectious hepatitis diseases. The sigle-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified to associate with HBV infection in East Asian population by genome-wide association study (GWAS), but no study in Yunnan HBV population was reported. We recruited 493 HBV patients and 460 general controls to genotype 7 GWAS SNPs, and then, the association study was performed between these SNPs and biochemical features of HBV patients. The results showed that genotype and allele frequencies of SNPs in the HLA-DP (rs3077, 9277535, and 3128917) and HLA-DQ (rs2856718 and 7453920) genes were associated with HBV infection. Significantly different genotyping frequencies were investigated among three HBV subgroups. Genotype AA of rs3130542 (HLA-C) showed significantly higher frequency in subgroup #1 patients than the other two subgroups (#1 vs. #2, p = .02; #1 vs. #3, p = .03). Meanwhile, genotype frequencies of rs3077, rs9277535, and 3128917 (HLA-DP) were significantly different between patients in subgroup #2 and #3. The indirect bilirubin level was significantly lower in patients with genotype CT of rs3077 than patients with genotype CC (p = .009) or TT (p = .016), and it also showed lower level in patients with genotype GT of rs3128917 than patients with genotype GG (p = .015). The direct bilirubin level was higher in patients with genotype TT of rs4821116 (UBE2L3) than patients with genotype CT (p = .010). In summary, we identified the association between GWAS SNPs and HBV infection or biochemical features in Yunnan HBV population.

MICA-129 Met/Val polymorphism could be a genetic biomarker for Familial Breast Cancer in the Tunisian population

Identification of candidate genes associated with susceptibility of breast cancer can have a significant impact at a cancer management national healthcare systems level, making genetic testing more affordable and cost-effective. We have previously shown that the major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A (MICA) was related to breast cancer and plays an important role in modulating immune response mechanisms through NKG2D receptor activation. Compared to our previous study, in this work, we recruited a new cohort composed of 354 unrelated Tunisian women affected by breast cancer and 380 age-matched women as controls, all genotyped for MICA-129 Met/Val (rs 1051792). Subsequently, we exanimated the distribution of this polymorphism in ten families. As a result, an association was found between the Val allele and Val/Val genotype and the risk of breast cancer (p = 2.5 × 10^-15 ; OR = 2.40; p = 6.5 × 10^-13 ; OR = 3.03, respectively). Stratified analysis with age and family history of cancer revealed an association between the Val/Val genotype and younger patients <40 years (p = .003; OR = 2.03). Among those patients having a family history of cancer, 68% had a Val/Val genotype (p = .02; OR = 1.82). In the family study, an analyse of pedigrees revealed that the majority of families showed the development of breast cancer at a young age. Moreover, all patients diagnosed with early-onset breast cancer had a Val/Val genotype. Our results lead us to propose that this polymorphism may be an inherited genetic biomarker contributing to an increased breast cancer risk in Tunisian women.

Indonesians Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Distributions and Correlations with Global Diseases

In Human, Major Histocompatibility Complex known as Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA). The HLA grouped into three subclasses regions: the class I region, the class II region, and the class III region. There are thousands of polymorphic HLAs, many of them are proven to have correlations with diseases. Indonesia consists of diverse ethnicity people and populations. It carries a unique genetic diversity between one and another geographical positions. This paper aims to extract Indonesians HLA allele data, mapping the data, and correlating them with global diseases. From the study, it is found that global diseases, like Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, gelatin allergy, T1D, HIV, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile chronic arthritis, and Mycobacterial disease (tuberculosis and leprosy) suspected associated with the Indonesian HLA profiles.