The Association between the Plasma Sugar and Lipid Profile with the Gene Expression of the Regulatory Protein of mTOR (Raptor) in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

CXCL9 and its Receptor CXCR3, an Important Link Between Inflammation and Cardiovascular Risks in RA Patients

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Inflammation has a decisive role in its pathogenesis. CXCL9 contributes to multi aspects of inflammatory reactions associated with the pathogenesis of CVD. In the current study, we evaluated the association of plasma CXCL9 and CXCR3 gene expression with Cardiovascular risk factors in RA patients for the first time. Thirty newly diagnosed, 30 on-treatment RA patients, and 30 healthy subjects were recruited in this study. The plasma concentration of CXCL9 and CXCR3 gene expression were measured using ELISA and Real-Time PCR, respectively. The CVD risk was evaluated using Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). The plasma levels of CXCL9 were significantly higher in the newly diagnosed and on-treatment RA patients compared to the control group (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Also, The CXCR3 gene expression was strongly elevated in newly diagnosed and on-treatment patients (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). The CXCL9 and CXCR3 were significantly associated with RA disease activity (P = 0.0005, r = 0.436; P = 0.0002, r = 0.463, respectively). The FRS was remarkably higher in newly diagnosed and on-treatment patients (P = 0.014 and P = 0.035, respectively). The CXCR3 gene expression significantly correlated with age, systolic blood pressure, FRS, and SCORE (P = 0.020, r = 0.298; P = 0.006, r = 0.346; P = 0.006, r = 0.349; P = 0.007, r = 0.341, respectively). The CXCL9 plasma concentration had a significant negative correlation with plasma HDL and LDL levels (P = 0.033, r = -0.275; P = 0.021, r = -0.296, respectively). CXCL9 and CXCR3 correlates with different variables of CVD in RA.

Mannose: a potential saccharide candidate in disease management

There are a plethora of antibiotic resistance cases and humans are marching towards another big survival test of evolution along with drastic climate change and infectious diseases. Ever since the first antibiotic [penicillin], and the myriad of vaccines, we were privileged to escape many infectious disease threats. The survival technique of pathogens seems rapidly changing and sometimes mimicking our own systems in such a perfect manner that we are left unarmed against them. Apart from searching for natural alternatives, repurposing existing drugs more effectively is becoming a familiar approach to new therapeutic opportunities. The ingenious use of revolutionary artificial intelligence-enabled drug discovery techniques is coping with the speed of such alterations. D-Mannose is a great hope as a nutraceutical in drug discovery, against CDG, diabetes, obesity, lung disease, and autoimmune diseases and recent findings of anti-tumor activity make it interesting along with its role in drug delivery enhancing techniques. A very unique work done in the present investigation is the collection of data from the ChEMBL database and presenting the targetable proteins on pathogens as well as on humans. It shows Mannose has 50 targets and the majority of them are on human beings. The structure and conformation of certain monosaccharides have a decisive role in receptor pathogen interactions and here we attempt to review the multifaceted roles of Mannose sugar, its targets associated with different diseases, as a natural molecule having many success stories as a drug and future hope for disease management.

Graphical abstract

Serum 14-3-3η is a Marker that Complements Current Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of RA: Evidence from a Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To systematically evaluate the diagnostic value of 14-3-3η protein for rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHOD

Searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and China Biology Medicine (CBM) databases comprehensively from inception to May 2020. The evaluation index were the pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnosis odds ratio (DOR), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), as well as the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves. Meta-Disc 1.4 and RevMan 5.3 were used to analyze all statistics. QUADAS-2 tool was applied to evaluate the quality of eligible studies. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to explore the sources of heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Nine articles containing eleven records were eligible for this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity of 14-3-3η was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.60 to 0.66), the pooled specificity was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.88 to 0.91). The pooled PLR and NLR was 6.10 (95% CI: 4.67 to 7.96) and 0.40 (95% CI: 0.33 to 0.48), respectively. The pooled DOR was 15.90 (95% CI: 11.15 to 22.68), and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.8696. Compared with a single indicator (rheumatoid factor or anti-citrullinated protein antibodies), adding 14-3-3η can bring incremental benefits to the diagnosis of RA. The results of subgroup analysis and meta-regression suggested that the two factors (ethnicity, early vs established RA) we analyzed might not be the source of heterogeneity (P value were 0.0979 and 0.4298, respectively) and there was no publication bias among these articles (P = .42).

CONCLUSION

Serum 14-3-3η protein is a supplementary biomarker in the diagnosis of RA.

Nicotinamide: Oversight of Metabolic Dysfunction Through SIRT1, mTOR, and Clock Genes

Metabolic disorders that include diabetes mellitus present significant challenges for maintaining the welfare of the global population. Metabolic diseases impact all systems of the body and despite current therapies that offer some protection through tight serum glucose control, ultimately such treatments cannot block the progression of disability and death realized with metabolic disorders. As a result, novel therapeutic avenues are critical for further development to address these concerns. An innovative strategy involves the vitamin nicotinamide and the pathways associated with the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and clock genes. Nicotinamide maintains an intimate relationship with these pathways to oversee metabolic disease and improve glucose utilization, limit mitochondrial dysfunction, block oxidative stress, potentially function as antiviral therapy, and foster cellular survival through mechanisms involving autophagy. However, the pathways of nicotinamide, SIRT1, mTOR, AMPK, and clock genes are complex and involve feedback pathways as well as trophic factors such as erythropoietin that require a careful balance to ensure metabolic homeostasis. Future work is warranted to gain additional insight into these vital pathways that can oversee both normal metabolic physiology and metabolic disease.