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Haktaniyan M, Sharma R, Bradley M. Size-Controlled Ammonium-Based Homopolymers as Broad-Spectrum Antibacterials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1320. [PMID: 37627740 PMCID: PMC10452032 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonium group containing polymers possess inherent antimicrobial properties, effectively eliminating or preventing infections caused by harmful microorganisms. Here, homopolymers based on monomers containing ammonium groups were synthesized via Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (RAFT) and evaluated as potential antibacterial agents. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive (M. luteus and B. subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and S. typhimurium). Three polymers, poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride), and poly(vinyl benzyl trimethylammonium chloride), were examined to explore the effect of molecular weight (10 kDa, 20 kDa, and 40 kDa) on their antimicrobial activity and toxicity to mammalian cells. The mechanisms of action of the polymers were investigated with dye-based assays, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed collapsed and fused bacterial morphologies due to the interactions between the polymers and components of the bacterial cell envelope, with some polymers proving to be bactericidal and others bacteriostatic, while being non-hemolytic. Among all the homopolymers, the most active, non-Gram-specific polymer was poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride), with a molecular weight of 40 kDa, with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 16 and 64 µg/mL, showing a bactericidal mode of action mediated by disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane. This homopolymer could be useful in biomedical applications such as surface dressings and in areas such as eye infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Haktaniyan
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK; (M.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Richa Sharma
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK; (M.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK; (M.H.); (R.S.)
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel, Empire House, London E1 1HH, UK
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2
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Druvari D, Lainioti GC, Bekiari V, Avramidis P, Kallitsis JK, Bokias G. Development of Antifouling Coatings Based on Quaternary Ammonium Compounds through a Multilayer Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076594. [PMID: 37047567 PMCID: PMC10094943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of polymeric materials as antifouling coatings for aquaculture nets is elaborated in the present work. In this context, cross-linked polymeric systems based on quaternary ammonium compounds (immobilized or releasable) prepared under mild aqueous conditions were introduced as a more environmentally friendly methodology for coating nets on a large scale. To optimize the duration of action of the coatings, a multilayer coating method was applied by combining the antimicrobial organo-soluble copolymer poly(cetyltrimethylammonium 4-styrenesulfonate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) [P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20)] as the first layer with either the water-soluble copolymer poly(vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) [P(VBCTMAM-co-AA20)] or the water-soluble polymers poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(hexamethylene guanidine), PHMG, as the second layer. The above-mentioned approach, followed by thermal cross-linking of the polymeric coatings, resulted in stable materials with controlled release of the biocidal species. The coated nets were studied in terms of their antifouling efficiency under accelerated biofouling conditions as well as under real conditions in an aquaculture field. Resistance to biofouling after three water-nutrient replenishments was observed under laboratory accelerated biofouling conditions. In addition, at the end of the field test (day 23) the uncoated nets were completely covered by marine contaminants, while the coated nets remained intact over most of their extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Druvari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Georgia C. Lainioti
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Patras, GR-30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Vlasoula Bekiari
- Department of Agriculture, University of Patras, GR-30200 Messolonghi, Greece
| | - Pavlos Avramidis
- Department of Geology, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Bokias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
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3
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Takahashi H, Sovadinova I, Yasuhara K, Vemparala S, Caputo GA, Kuroda K. Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers—Design, characterization, antimicrobial, and novel applications. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 15:e1866. [PMID: 36300561 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers have been an area of great interest as the need for novel antimicrobial compounds grows due to the development of resistance. These polymers were designed and developed to mimic naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides in both physicochemical composition and mechanism of action. These antimicrobial peptide mimetic polymers have been extensively investigated using chemical, biophysical, microbiological, and computational approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions that drive function. These studies have helped inform SARs, mechanism of action, and general physicochemical factors that influence the activity and properties of antimicrobial polymers. However, there are still lingering questions in this field regarding 3D structural patterning, bioavailability, and applicability to alternative targets. In this review, we present a perspective on the development and characterization of several antimicrobial polymers and discuss novel applications of these molecules emerging in the field. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan
| | - Iva Sovadinova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology Nara Japan
- Center for Digital Green‐Innovation Nara Institute of Science and Technology Nara Japan
| | - Satyavani Vemparala
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences CIT Campus Chennai India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Training School Complex Mumbai India
| | - Gregory A. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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4
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Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms are considered to a major threat to human health, impinging on multiple sectors including hospitals, dentistry, food storage and packaging, and water contamination. Due to the increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance shown by pathogens, often caused by long-term abuse or overuse of traditional antimicrobial drugs, new approaches and solutions are necessary. In this area, antimicrobial polymers are a viable solution to combat a variety of pathogens in a number of contexts. Indeed, polymers with intrinsic antimicrobial activities have long been an intriguing research area, in part, due to their widespread natural abundance in materials such as chitin, chitosan, carrageen, pectin, and the fact that they can be tethered to surfaces without losing their antimicrobial activities. In addition, since the discovery of the strong antimicrobial activity of some synthetic polymers, much work has focused on revealing the most effective structural elements that give rise to optimal antimicrobial properties. This has often been synthesis targeted, with the generation of either new polymers or the modification of natural antimicrobial polymers with the addition of antimicrobial enhancing modalities such as quaternary ammonium or guanidinium groups. In this review, the growing number of polymers showing intrinsic antimicrobial properties from the past decade are highlighted in terms of synthesis; often based on post-synthesis modification and their utilization. This includes as surface coatings, for example on medical devices, such as intravascular catheters, orthopaedic implants and contact lenses, or directly as antibacterial agents (specifically as eye drops). Surface functionalisation with inherently antimicrobial polymers is highlighted and has been achieved via various techniques, including surface-bound initiators allowing RAFT or ATRP surface-based polymerization, or via physical immobilization such as by layer-by-layer techniques. This article also covers the mechanistic modes of action of intrinsic antimicrobial polymers against bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Haktaniyan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK.
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Leonardi AK, Medhi R, Zhang A, Düzen N, Finlay JA, Clarke JL, Clare AS, Ober CK. Investigation of N-Substituted Morpholine Structures in an Amphiphilic PDMS-Based Antifouling and Fouling-Release Coating. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2697-2712. [PMID: 35486708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofouling is a major disruptive process affecting the fuel efficiency and durability of maritime vessel coatings. Previous research has shown that amphiphilic coatings consisting of a siloxane backbone functionalized with hydrophilic moieties are effective marine antifouling and fouling-release materials. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been the primary hydrophilic component used in such systems. Recently, the morpholine group has emerged as a promising compact alternative in antifouling membranes but is yet to be studied against marine foulants. In this work, the use of morpholine moieties to generate amphiphilicity in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based antifouling and fouling-release coating was explored. Two separate coating sets were investigated. The first set examined the incorporation of an N-substituted morpholine amine, and while these coatings showed promising fouling-release properties for Ulva linza, they had unusually high settlement of spores compared to controls. Based on those results, a second set of materials was synthesized using an N-substituted morpholine amide to probe the source of the high settlement and was found to significantly improve antifouling performance. Both coating sets included PEG controls with varying lengths to compare the viability of the morpholine structures as alternative hydrophilic groups. Surfaces were evaluated through a combination of bubble contact angle goniometry, profilometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and marine bioassays against two soft fouling species, U. linza and Navicula incerta, known to have different adhesion characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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Mushtaq S, Abbas MA, Nasir H, Mahmood A, Iqbal M, Janjua HA, Malik Q, Ahmad NM. Amphiphilic copolymers of dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate with controlled hydrophilicity for antialgal activity. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad Abbas
- Polymer Research Lab, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Habib Nasir
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Azhar Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Hussnain A. Janjua
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta‐Ur‐Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Qamar Malik
- ABBOT Energy and Environment Inc., Alastair Ross Technology Center Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Nasir M. Ahmad
- Polymer Research Lab, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
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7
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Recent advances in development of poly (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) antimicrobial polymers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Antialgal Synergistic Polystyrene Blended with Polyethylene Glycol and Silver Sulfadiazine for Healthcare Applications. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6627736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) was blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and silver sulfadiazine (SS) with different weight proportions to form polymeric blends. These synthesized blends were preliminary characterized in terms of functional groups through the FTIR technique. All compositions were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis for studying thermal transition and were founded thermally stable even at 280°C. The zeta potential and average diameter of algal strains of Dictyosphaerium sp. (DHM1), Dictyosphaerium sp. (DHM2), and Pectinodesmus sp. (PHM3) were measured to be -32.7 mV, -33.0 mV, and -25.7 mV and 179.6 nm, 102.6 nm, and 70.4 nm, respectively. Upon incorporation of PEG and SS into PS blends, contact angles were decreased while hydrophilicity and surface energy were increased. However, increase of surface energy did not led to decrease of antialgal activities. This has indicated that biofilm adhesion is not a major antialgal factor in these blended materials. The synergetic effect of PEG and SS in PS blends has exhibited significant antialgal activity via the agar disk diffusion method. The PSPS10 composition with 10
PEG and 10
SS has exhibited highest inhibition zones 10.8 mm, 10.8 mm, and 11.3 mm against algal strains DHM1, DHM2, and DHM3, respectively. This thermally stable polystyrene blends with improved antialgal properties have potential for a wide range of applications including marine coatings.
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Mushtaq S, Ahmad NM, Mahmood A, Iqbal M. Antibacterial Amphiphilic Copolymers of Dimethylamino Ethyl Methacrylate and Methyl Methacrylate to Control Biofilm Adhesion for Antifouling Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020216. [PMID: 33435345 PMCID: PMC7826986 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic copolymers are recognized as important biomaterials and used as antibacterial agents due to their effective inhibition of bacterial growth. In current study, the amphiphilic copolymers of P(DMAEMA-co-MMA) were synthesized using free radical polymerization by varying the concentrations of hydrophilic monomer 2-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) and hydrophobic monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) having PDI value of 1.65-1.93. The DMAEMA monomer, through ternary amine with antibacterial property optimized copolymers, P(DMAEMA-co-MMA), compositions to control biofilm adhesion. Antibacterial activity of synthesized copolymers was elucidated against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Gram-negative Escherchia coli (ATCC 8739) by disk diffusion method, and zones of inhibition were measured. The desired composition that was PDM1 copolymer had shown good zones of inhibition i.e., 19 ± 0.33 mm and 20 ± 0.33 mm for E. coli and S. aureus respectively. The PDM1 and PDM2 have exhibited significant control over bacterial biofilm adhesion as tested by six well plate method. SEM study of bacterial biofilm formation has illustrated that these copolymers act in a similar fashion like cationic biocide. These compositions viz. PDM1 and PDM2, may be useful in development of bioreactors, sensors, surgical equipment and drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.M.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Nasir M. Ahmad
- Polymer Research Lab, School of Chemical and Material Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-51-9085-5213
| | - Azhar Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.M.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.M.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
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Tsagdi A, Druvari D, Panagiotaras D, Avramidis P, Bekiari V, Kallitsis JK. Polymeric Coatings Based on Water-Soluble Trimethylammonium Copolymers for Antifouling Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071678. [PMID: 32268518 PMCID: PMC7180454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosslinked polymeric materials based on a quaternary trimethylammonium compound were developed and evaluated as potential antifouling coatings. For this purpose, two water-soluble random copolymers, poly(4-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) P(VBCTMAM-co-AAx) and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-glycidylmethacrylate) P(DMAm-co-GMAx), were synthesized via free radical polymerization. A water based approach for the synthesis of P(VBCTMAM-co-AAx) copolymer was used. Coatings of the complementary reactive copolymers in different compositions were obtained by curing at 120 °C for one day and were used to coat aquaculture nets. These nets were evaluated in respect to their release rate using Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN) measurements. Finally, the antifouling efficacy of these newly-composed durable coatings was investigated for 14 days in accelerated conditions. The results showed that this novel polymeric material provides contact-killing antifouling activity for a short time period, whereas it functions efficiently in biofouling removal after high-pressure cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Tsagdi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Greece; (A.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Denisa Druvari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Greece; (A.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Dionisios Panagiotaras
- Department of Environment, Ionian University, M. Minotou-Giannopoulou 26, Zakynthos 29100, Greece;
- Department of Geology, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Pavlos Avramidis
- Department of Geology, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Vlasoula Bekiari
- Department of Animal Production, Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Patras, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece;
| | - Joannis K. Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Greece; (A.T.); (D.D.)
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., Platani, P.O. Box 1414, GR-265 04 Rio-Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: (+302610) 962952; Fax: (+302610) 997122
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11
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Leonardi AK, Ober CK. Polymer-Based Marine Antifouling and Fouling Release Surfaces: Strategies for Synthesis and Modification. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2019; 10:241-264. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060718-030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In marine industries, the accumulation of organic matter and marine organisms on ship hulls and instruments limits performance, requiring frequent maintenance and increasing fuel costs. Current coatings technology to combat this biofouling relies heavily on the use of toxic, biocide-containing paints. These pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and nontarget organisms. Innovation in the design of polymers offers an excellent platform for the development of alternatives, but the creation of a broad-spectrum, nontoxic material still poses quite a hurdle for researchers. Surface chemistry, physical properties, durability, and attachment scheme have been shown to play a vital role in the construction of a successful coating. This review explores why these characteristics are important and how recent research accounts for them in the design and synthesis of new environmentally benign antifouling and fouling release materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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