1
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Zhang Q, Li J. Benchmark computational investigations for the basic model of the salt-water complex: NaCl(H 2O) and its anion NaCl(H 2O) . Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27215-27229. [PMID: 37791409 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The microsolvation of salts in water is a fundamental physicochemical process. In this work, the aqueous salt complex NaCl(H2O) and its anion NaCl(H2O)- were investigated using comprehensive calculations, including the costly and accurate CCSD(T)-F12a and focal point analysis (FPA) methods. For the neutral NaCl(H2O), three isomers exist, two of which are mirror-symmetric with almost identical structures and their corresponding anions are also mirror-symmetric. For the NaCl(H2O)- anion, there are four isomers. Several transition states are found for the first time. The structural rearrangements of neutral NaCl(H2O) and NaCl(H2O)- anions are mainly caused by breaking and forming of the hydrogen bonds and the enhancement and weakening of interactions between Na and O atoms. The distributions of the anion complexes from 15-300 K are computed and compared to recent experimental results. The analysis of the intermolecular weak interactions shows the weak van der Waals interactions between Na and O atoms, as well as hydrogen bonding between H and Cl. Moreover, the theoretically predicted anion photoelectron spectra are assigned and analyzed in detail, and they agree with experimental spectra satisfactorily. The Na-Cl stretching vibrational mode dominates the vibrational structure in both anion spectra with some minor contributions from the intermolecular motions between H2O and NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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2
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Wei Z, Xu H, Xu X, Feng G, Zheng W, Li T. Solvation of magnesium chloride dimer in water: The case of anionic and neutral clusters. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2888211. [PMID: 37140000 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The structures of magnesium chloride dimer-water clusters, (MgCl2)2(H2O)n-/0, were investigated with size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to understand the dissolution of magnesium chloride in water. The most stable structures were confirmed by comparing vertical detachment energies (VDEs) with the experimental measurements. A dramatic drop of VDE at n = 3 has been observed in the experiment, which is in accordance with the structural change of (MgCl2)2(H2O)n-. Compared to the neutral clusters, the excess electron induces two significant phenomena in (MgCl2)2(H2O)n-. First, the planar D2h geometry can be converted into a C3v structure at n = 0, making the Mg-Cl bonds easier to be broken by water molecules. More importantly, a negative charge-transfer-to-solvent process occurs after adding three water molecules (i.e., at n = 3), which leads to an obvious deviation in the evolution of the clusters. Such electron transfer behavior was noticed at n = 1 in monomer MgCl2(H2O)n-, indicating that the dimerization between two MgCl2 molecules can make the cluster more capable of binding electron. In neutral (MgCl2)2(H2O)n, this dimerization provides more sites for the added water molecules, which can stabilize the entire cluster and maintain its initial structure. Specifically, filling the coordination number to be 6 for Mg atoms can be seen as a link between structural preferences in the dissolution of the monomers, dimers, and extended bulk-state of MgCl2. This work represents an important step forward into fully understanding the solvation of MgCl2 crystals and other multivalent salt oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Wei
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongguang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Weijun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
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3
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Ab initio study of hydrated cesium iodide dimer (CsI) 2-/0(H 2O )0-6 and the cation size effect on (MI) 2-/0(H 2O) 0-6 (M = Li, Na, K, Cs). J Mol Model 2022; 28:95. [PMID: 35316847 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The structures of microsolvated (CsI)2-/0(H2O)0-6 clusters were determined using ab initio calculations. Our studies show that one Cs atom at the apex was firstly separated from the pyramid-shaped (CsI)2- unit when the water number reaches 3, whereas CsI distances did not increase significantly from n = 0 to 6 for neutrals. Additionally, the atomic charge and reduced density gradient analyses were carried out; the results reveal that the extra electrons are almost entirely localized on terminal Cs atom and the Cs+-water interactions dominate in (CsI)2-(H2O)0-6. The water-water interactions show up at n = 5. The comparison of (CsI)2-/0(H2O)n with (MI)2-/0(H2O)n (M = Li, Na, K) shows that neutral (CsI)2 is the most difficult to be separated, which matches the law of matching water affinity. As for anions, the most difficult separation occurs in the case of small size (LiI)2- due to the effect of extra electrons, and (MI)2- with larger size cation is more likely to interact with water to form a pyramid structure.
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Gong SY, Wang P, Wei ZY, Xu HG, Xu XL, Zheng WJ. Structures of (NaSCN) 2(H 2O) n -/0 (n = 0-7) and solvation induced ion pair separation: Gas phase anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204301. [PMID: 34241176 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied (NaSCN)2(H2O)n - clusters in the gas phase using size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy. The photoelectron spectra and vertical detachment energies of (NaSCN)2(H2O)n - (n = 0-5) were obtained in the experiment. The structures of (NaSCN)2(H2O)n -/0 up to n = 7 were investigated with density functional theory calculations. Two series of peaks are observed in the spectra, indicating that two types of structures coexist, the high electron binding energy peaks correspond to the chain style structures, and the low electron binding energy peaks correspond to the Na-N-Na-N rhombic structures or their derivatives. For the (NaSCN)2(H2O)n - clusters at n = 3-5, the Na-N-Na-N rhombic structures are the dominant structures, the rhombic four-membered rings start to open at n = 4, and the solvent separated ion pair (SSIP) type of structures start to appear at n = 6. For the neutral (NaSCN)2(H2O)n clusters, the Na-N-Na-N rhombic isomers become the dominant starting at n = 3, and the SSIP type of structures start to appear at n = 5 and become dominant at n = 6. The structural evolution of (NaSCN)2(H2O)n -/0 (n = 0-7) confirms the possible existence of ionic clusters such as Na(SCN)2 - and Na2(SCN)+ in NaSCN aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yan Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-You Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Wei ZY, Yang LJ, Gong SY, Xu HG, Xu XL, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Comparison of the Microsolvation of CaX 2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) in Water: Size-Selected Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3288-3306. [PMID: 33872010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To understand the microsolvation of alkaline-earth dihalides in water and provide information about the dependence of solvation processes on different halides, we investigated CaBr2(H2O)n-, CaI2(H2O)n-, and CaF2(H2O)n- (n = 0-6) clusters using size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and conducted theoretical calculations on these clusters and their neutrals. The results are compared with those of CaCl2(H2O)n-/0 clusters reported previously. It is found that the vertical detachment energies (VDEs) of CaCl2(H2O)n-, CaBr2(H2O)n-, and CaI2(H2O)n- show a similar trend with increasing cluster size, while the VDEs of CaF2(H2O)n- show a different trend. The VDEs of CaF2(H2O)n- are much lower than those of CaCl2(H2O)n-, CaBr2(H2O)n-, and CaI2(H2O)n-. A detailed probing of the structures shows that a significant increase of the Ca-X distance (separation of Ca2+-X- ion pair) in CaCl2(H2O)n-/0, CaBr2(H2O)n-/0, and CaI2(H2O)n-/0 clusters occurred at about n = 5. However, for CaF2(H2O)n-/0, no abrupt change of the Ca-F distance with the increasing cluster size has been observed. In CaCl2(H2O)6-/0, CaBr2(H2O)6-/0, and CaI2(H2O)6-/0, the Ca atom coordinates directly with 5 H2O molecules. However, in CaF2(H2O)n-/0, the Ca atom coordinates directly with only 2 or 3 H2O molecules. The similarity or differences in the structures and coordination numbers are consistent with the fact that CaCl2, CaBr2, and CaI2 have similar solubility, while CaF2 has much lower solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-You Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shi-Yan Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Wei ZY, Yang LJ, Xu HG, Farooq U, Xu XL, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Hydration processes of barium chloride: Size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations of BaCl 2-water clusters. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:134301. [PMID: 33032412 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the hydration processes of BaCl2, we investigated BaCl2(H2O)n - (n = 0-5) clusters using size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The structures of neutral BaCl2(H2O)n clusters up to n = 8 were also investigated by theoretical calculations. It is found that in BaCl2(H2O)n -/0, the Ba-Cl distances increase very slowly with the cluster size. The hydration process is not able to induce the breaking of a Ba-Cl bond in the cluster size range (n = 0-8) studied in this work. In small BaCl2(H2O)n clusters with n ≤ 5, the Ba atom has a coordination number of n + 2; however, in BaCl2(H2O)6-8 clusters, the Ba atom coordinates with two Cl atoms and (n - 1) water molecules, and it has a coordination number of n + 1. Unlike the previously studied MgCl2(H2O)n - and CaCl2(H2O)n -, negative charge-transfer-to-solvent behavior has not been observed for BaCl2(H2O)n -, and the excess electron of BaCl2(H2O)n - is mainly localized on the Ba atom rather on the water molecules. No observation of Ba2+-Cl- separation in current work is consistent with the lower solubility of BaCl2 compared to MgCl2 and CaCl2. Considering the BaCl2/H2O mole ratio in the saturated solution, one would expect that about 20-30 H2O molecules are needed to break the first Ba-Cl bond in BaCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-You Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Jiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi-Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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7
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Gong S, Wang P, Wei Z, Yang B, Xu X, Xu H, Zheng W. Microsolvation of Sodium Thiocyanate in Water: Gas Phase Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7816-7826. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyou Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongguang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Pethes I. The structure of aqueous lithium chloride solutions at high concentrations as revealed by a comparison of classical interatomic potential models. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Hou GL, Liu CW, Li RZ, Xu HG, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Emergence of Solvent-Separated Na +-Cl - Ion Pair in Salt Water: Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:13-20. [PMID: 27935718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Solvation of salts in water is a fundamental physical chemical process, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the contact ion pair (CIP) to solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) transition in NaCl(H2O)n clusters with anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. It is found that the SSIP type of structures show up at n = 2 for NaCl-(H2O)n anions. For neutral NaCl(H2O)n, the CIP structures are dominant at n < 9. At n = 9-12, the CIP structures and SSIP structures of NaCl(H2O)n are nearly degenerate in energy, coincident to the H2O:NaCl molar ratio of NaCl saturated solution and implying that the CIP and SSIP structures can coexist in concentrated solutions. These results are useful for understanding the solvation of salts at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lei Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cheng-Wen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ren-Zhong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Li RZ, Hou GL, Liu CW, Xu HG, Zhao X, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Initial hydration behavior of sodium iodide dimer: photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:557-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05550d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated (NaI)2−(H2O)n (n = 0–6) clusters to examine the initial solvation process of (NaI)2 in water, using negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Zhong Li
- College of Electronics and Information
- Xi'an Polytechnic University
- Xi'an 710048
- China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Cheng-Wen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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11
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Feng G, Hou GL, Xu HG, Zeng Z, Zheng WJ. On the dissolution of lithium sulfate in water: anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5624-31. [PMID: 25623553 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05698a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial dissolution steps of lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) in water were investigated by performing anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations on the Li2SO4(H2O)n(-) (n = 0-5) clusters. The plausible structures of these clusters and the corresponding neutral clusters were obtained using LC-ωPBE/6-311++G(d,p) calculations by comparing the experimental and theoretical vertical electron detachment energies. Two types of structures for bare Li2SO4(-/0) were found: a turtle-shaped structure and a propeller-shaped structure. For Li2SO4(H2O)n(-) cluster anions with n = 1-3, two kinds of isomers derived from the turtle-shaped and propeller-shaped structures of bare Li2SO4(-) were identified. For n = 4-5, these two kinds of isomers present similar structural and energetic features and thus are not distinguishable. For the anionic clusters the water molecules prefer to firstly interact with one Li atom until fully coordinating it. While for the neutral clusters, the water molecules interact with the two Li atoms alternately, therefore, showing a pairwise solvation behavior. The Li-S distance increases smoothly upon addition of water molecules one by one. Addition of five water molecules to Li2SO4 cannot induce the dissociation of one Li(+) ion because the water molecules are shared by two Li(+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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12
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Liu CW, Wang F, Yang L, Li XZ, Zheng WJ, Gao YQ. Stable Salt–Water Cluster Structures Reflect the Delicate Competition between Ion–Water and Water–Water Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:743-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp408439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wen Liu
- Institute
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Lijiang Yang
- Institute
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin-Zheng Li
- School
of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Institute
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Li RZ, Liu CW, Gao YQ, Jiang H, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Microsolvation of LiI and CsI in Water: Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and ab initio Calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5190-9. [PMID: 23432353 DOI: 10.1021/ja4006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Zhong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cheng-Wen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Mizoguchi A, Ohshima Y, Endo Y. The study for the incipient solvation process of NaCl in water: The observation of the NaCl–(H2O)n (n = 1, 2, and 3) complexes using Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:064307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3616047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry has expanded dramatically in recent years both in terms of potential applications and in its relevance to analogous biological systems. The formation and function of supramolecular complexes occur through a multiplicity of often difficult to differentiate noncovalent forces. The aim of this Review is to describe the crucial interaction mechanisms in context, and thus classify the entire subject. In most cases, organic host-guest complexes have been selected as examples, but biologically relevant problems are also considered. An understanding and quantification of intermolecular interactions is of importance both for the rational planning of new supramolecular systems, including intelligent materials, as well as for developing new biologically active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jörg Schneider
- Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Deutschland.
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