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Pu H, Li J, Wang P, Cui L, Wang H. The death of the circulatory system diseases in China: provincial socioeconomic and environmental perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10381-10390. [PMID: 28281057 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the association between circulatory system diseases (CSDs) and provincial socioeconomic and environmental factors from spatial perspective, although large literature have focused on CSD. The numbers of death of hypertension disease (HD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) are investigated, and 14 representative socioeconomic and environmental factors are collected. Stepwise regression model (SRM) and geographically weighted regression model (GWRM) are applied to determine the spatial correlation between the number of death of those diseases and selected factors. The results are the following: (1) diseases exhibit a pattern of zonal distribution. Higher HD is mostly distributed in south district, whereas higher IHD and CVD are observed in the north area. (2) SO2 emission amount (SO2 EA) is significantly positively related with HD, while coal consumption (CC) and PM2.5 are notably positively correlated with IHD and CVD. (3) A 10,000 tons increase in SO2 EA results in three increases in the numbers of death of HD. For every 100 ten thousand tons (TTTs) increase in CC, the death of IHD and CVD increases by 11.1 and 15.7, while for every 1 μg/m3 increase in ambient PM2.5 concentration, the numbers of death of IHD and CVD increase by 34.773 and 43.222, respectively. (4) Our findings show that there exist spatial differences for SO2 EA, CC, and PM2.5 influencing HD, IHD, and CVD. This study is expected to provide a reference for HD, IHD, and CVD control in different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Pu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiatian Li
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Wenchang Road, 121 street, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Pin Wang
- Design and Research Institute of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Committee, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Linlin Cui
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huaxin Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Carll AP, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Hazari MS, Ledbetter AD, Richards JH, Cascio WE, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Cardiomyopathy confers susceptibility to particulate matter-induced oxidative stress, vagal dominance, arrhythmia and pulmonary inflammation in heart failure-prone rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:100-12. [PMID: 25600220 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.995387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is tied to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially among those with prior cardiac injury. The mechanisms and pathophysiological events precipitating these outcomes remain poorly understood but may involve inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia and autonomic nervous system imbalance. Cardiomyopathy results from cardiac injury, is the leading cause of heart failure, and can be induced in heart failure-prone rats through sub-chronic infusion of isoproterenol (ISO). To test whether cardiomyopathy confers susceptibility to inhaled PM2.5 and can elucidate potential mechanisms, we investigated the cardiophysiologic, ventilatory, inflammatory and oxidative effects of a single nose-only inhalation of a metal-rich PM2.5 (580 µg/m(3), 4 h) in ISO-pretreated (35 days × 1.0 mg/kg/day sc) rats. During the 5 days post-treatment, ISO-treated rats had decreased HR and BP and increased pre-ejection period (PEP, an inverse correlate of contractility) relative to saline-treated rats. Before inhalation exposure, ISO-pretreated rats had increased PR and ventricular repolarization time (QT) and heterogeneity (Tp-Te). Relative to clean air, PM2.5 further prolonged PR-interval and decreased systolic BP during inhalation exposure; increased tidal volume, expiratory time, heart rate variability (HRV) parameters of parasympathetic tone and atrioventricular block arrhythmias over the hours post-exposure; increased pulmonary neutrophils, macrophages and total antioxidant status one day post-exposure; and decreased pulmonary glutathione peroxidase 8 weeks after exposure, with all effects occurring exclusively in ISO-pretreated rats but not saline-pretreated rats. Ultimately, our findings indicate that cardiomyopathy confers susceptibility to the oxidative, inflammatory, ventilatory, autonomic and arrhythmogenic effects of acute PM2.5 inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Carll
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
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Farraj AK, Walsh L, Haykal-Coates N, Malik F, McGee J, Winsett D, Duvall R, Kovalcik K, Cascio WE, Higuchi M, Hazari MS. Cardiac effects of seasonal ambient particulate matter and ozone co-exposure in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:12. [PMID: 25944145 PMCID: PMC4419498 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential for seasonal differences in the physicochemical characteristics of ambient particulate matter (PM) to modify interactive effects with gaseous pollutants has not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiac responses in conscious hypertensive rats co-exposed to concentrated ambient particulates (CAPs) and ozone (O3) in Durham, NC during the summer and winter, and to analyze responses based on particle mass and chemistry. Methods Rats were exposed once for 4 hrs by whole-body inhalation to fine CAPs alone (target concentration: 150 μg/m3), O3 (0.2 ppm) alone, CAPs plus O3, or filtered air during summer 2011 and winter 2012. Telemetered electrocardiographic (ECG) data from implanted biosensors were analyzed for heart rate (HR), ECG parameters, heart rate variability (HRV), and spontaneous arrhythmia. The sensitivity to triggering of arrhythmia was measured in a separate cohort one day after exposure using intravenously administered aconitine. PM elemental composition and organic and elemental carbon fractions were analyzed by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and thermo-optical pyrolytic vaporization, respectively. Particulate sources were inferred from elemental analysis using a chemical mass balance model. Results Seasonal differences in CAPs composition were most evident in particle mass concentrations (summer, 171 μg/m3; winter, 85 μg/m3), size (summer, 324 nm; winter, 125 nm), organic:elemental carbon ratios (summer, 16.6; winter, 9.7), and sulfate levels (summer, 49.1 μg/m3; winter, 16.8 μg/m3). Enrichment of metals in winter PM resulted in equivalent summer and winter metal exposure concentrations. Source apportionment analysis showed enrichment for anthropogenic and marine salt sources during winter exposures compared to summer exposures, although only 4% of the total PM mass was attributed to marine salt sources. Single pollutant cardiovascular effects with CAPs and O3 were present during both summer and winter exposures, with evidence for unique effects of co-exposures and associated changes in autonomic tone. Conclusions These findings provide evidence for a pronounced effect of season on PM mass, size, composition, and contributing sources, and exposure-induced cardiovascular responses. Although there was inconsistency in biological responses, some cardiovascular responses were evident only in the co-exposure group during both seasons despite variability in PM physicochemical composition. These findings suggest that a single ambient PM metric alone is not sufficient to predict potential for interactive health effects with other air pollutants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0087-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Leon Walsh
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Najwa Haykal-Coates
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Fatiha Malik
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - John McGee
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Darrell Winsett
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Rachelle Duvall
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Kasey Kovalcik
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Wayne E Cascio
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Mark Higuchi
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
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Farraj AK, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Gilmour MI, King C, Krantz QT, Richards J, Hazari MS. Comparative electrocardiographic, autonomic and systemic inflammatory responses to soy biodiesel and petroleum diesel emissions in rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:564-75. [PMID: 26514784 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1057884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biodiesel fuel represents an alternative to high particulate matter (PM)-emitting petroleum-based diesel fuels, yet uncertainty remains regarding potential biodiesel combustion emission health impacts. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare cardiovascular responses to pure and blended biodiesel fuel emissions relative to petroleum diesel exhaust (DE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed for 4 h per day for four days via whole body inhalation to combustion emissions (based on PM concentrations 50, 150 or 500 μg/m(3) or filtered air) from pure (B100) or blended (B20) soy biodiesel, or to pure petroleum DE (B0). Electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate variability (HRV, an index of autonomic balance) were monitored before, during and after exposure while pulmonary and systemic inflammation were assessed one day after the final exposure. ECG and HRV data and inflammatory data were statistically analyzed using a linear mixed model for repeated measures and an analysis of variance, respectively. RESULTS B100 and B0, but not B20, increased HRV during all exposure days at the highest concentration indicating increased parasympathetic tone. Electrocardiographic data were mixed. B100 and B0, but not B20, caused significant changes in one or more of the following: serum C-reactive protein, total protein, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and fibrinogen. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Although responses to emissions from all fuels were mixed and relatively mild, some findings point to a reduced cardiovascular impact of blended biodiesel fuel emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Farraj
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - N Haykal-Coates
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - D W Winsett
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M I Gilmour
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - C King
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Q T Krantz
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - J Richards
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M S Hazari
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Farraj AK, Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Lamb C, Winsett DW, Ge Y, Ledbetter AD, Carll AP, Bruno M, Ghio A, Costa DL. ST depression, arrhythmia, vagal dominance, and reduced cardiac micro-RNA in particulate-exposed rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:185-96. [PMID: 20378750 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0456oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, investigators demonstrated associations between fine particulate matter (PM)-associated metals and adverse health effects. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA), a waste product of fossil fuel combustion from boilers, is rich in the transition metals Fe, Ni, and V, and when released as a fugitive particle, is an important contributor to ambient fine particulate air pollution. We hypothesized that a single-inhalation exposure to transition metal-rich PM will cause concentration-dependent cardiovascular toxicity in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Rats implanted with telemeters to monitor heart rate and electrocardiogram were exposed once by nose-only inhalation for 4 hours to 3.5 mg/m(3), 1.0 mg/m(3), or 0.45 mg/m(3) of a synthetic PM (dried salt solution), similar in composition to a well-studied ROFA sample consisting of Fe, Ni, and V. Exposure to the highest concentration of PM decreased T-wave amplitude and area, caused ST depression, reduced heart rate (HR), and increased nonconducted P-wave arrhythmias. These changes were accompanied by increased pulmonary inflammation, lung resistance, and vagal tone, as indicated by changes in markers of HR variability (increased root of the mean of squared differences of adjacent RR intervals [RMSSD], low frequency [LF], high frequency [HF], and decreased LF/HF), and attenuated myocardial micro-RNA (RNA segments that suppress translation by targeting messenger RNA) expression. The low and intermediate concentrations of PM had less effect on the inflammatory, HR variability, and micro-RNA endpoints, but still caused significant reductions in HR. In addition, the intermediate concentration caused ST depression and increased QRS area, whereas the low concentration increased the T-wave parameters. Thus, PM-induced cardiac dysfunction is mediated by multiple mechanisms that may be dependent on PM concentration and myocardial vulnerability (this abstract does not reflect the policy of the United States Environmental Protection Agency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Farraj AK, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Hazari MS, Carll AP, Rowan WH, Ledbetter AD, Cascio WE, Costa DL. Increased non-conducted P-wave arrhythmias after a single oil fly ash inhalation exposure in hypertensive rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:709-15. [PMID: 19479011 PMCID: PMC2685831 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to combustion-derived fine particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality especially in individuals with cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. PM inhalation causes several adverse changes in cardiac function that are reflected in the electrocardiogram (ECG), including altered cardiac rhythm, myocardial ischemia, and reduced heart rate variability (HRV). The sensitivity and reliability of ECG-derived parameters as indicators of the cardiovascular toxicity of PM in rats are unclear. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats are more susceptible to the development of PM-induced arrhythmia, altered ECG morphology, and reduced HRV than are Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, a related strain with normal blood pressure. METHODS We exposed rats once by nose-only inhalation for 4 hr to residual oil fly ash (ROFA), an emission source particle rich in transition metals, or to air and then sacrificed them 1 or 48 hr later. RESULTS ROFA-exposed SH rats developed non-conducted P-wave arrhythmias but no changes in ECG morphology or HRV. We found no ECG effects in ROFA-exposed WKY rats. ROFA-exposed SH rats also had greater pulmonary injury, neutrophil infiltration, and serum C-reactive protein than did ROFA-exposed WKY rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cardiac arrhythmias may be an early sensitive indicator of the propensity for PM inhalation to modify cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Kappos AD, Bruckmann P, Eikmann T, Englert N, Heinrich U, Höppe P, Koch E, Krause GHM, Kreyling WG, Rauchfuss K, Rombout P, Schulz-Klemp V, Thiel WR, Wichmann HE. Health effects of particles in ambient air. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004; 207:399-407. [PMID: 15471105 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A summary of a critical review by a working group of the German commission on Air Pollution Prevention of VDI and DIN of the actual data on exposure and health effects (excluding cancer) of fine particulate air pollution is presented. EXPOSURE Typical ambient particle concentrations for PM10 (PM2.5) in Germany are in the range of 10-45 (10-30) microg/m3 as annual mean and 50-200 (40-150) microg/m3 as maximum daily mean. The ratio of PM2.5/PM10 generally amounts between 0.7 and 0.9. HEALTH EFFECTS During the past 10 years many new epidemiological and toxicological studies on health effects of particulate matter (PM) have been published. In summary, long-term exposure against PM for years or decades is associated with elevated total, cardiovascular, and infant mortality. With respect to morbidity, respiratory symptoms, lung growth, and function of the immune system are affected. Short-term studies show consistant associations of exposure to daily concentrations of PM with mortality and morbidity on the same day or the subsequent days. Patients with asthma, COPD, pneumonia, and other respiratory diseases as well as patients with cardio-vascular diseases and diabetes are especially affected. The strongest associations are found for PM2.5 followed by PM10, with no indication of a threshold value for the health effects. The data base for ultra fine particles is too small for final conclusions. The available toxicological data support the epidemiological findings and give hints as to the mechanisms of the effects. CONCLUSION The working group concludes that a further reduction of the limit values proposed for 2005 will substantially reduce health risks due to particulate air pollution. Because of the strong correlation of PM10 with PM2.5 at most German sites there is no specific need for limit values of PM2.5 for Germany in addition to those of PM10.
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