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Ma L, Jiang H, Han T, Shi Y, Wang M, Jiang S, Yang S, Yao L, Jia Q, Shao L. The menstrual cycle regularity and skin: irregular menstrual cycle affects skin physiological properties and skin bacterial microbiome in urban Chinese women. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:292. [PMID: 37259058 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regularity of the menstrual cycle directly affects women's health. Many studies have focused on menstrual health; however, menstrual cycle regularity-related variations in skin physiological characteristics and skin microbiota have been seldom investigated. METHODS To investigate the menstrual cycle regularity-related variations in skin physiological characteristics and skin microbiota of 197 cases of Chinese women aged 18-35 years living in shanghai in 2021. Based on a self-evaluation questionnaire, the volunteers were divided into three groups C1 (those with a regular menstrual cycle), C2 (those with a less regular menstrual cycle) and C3 (those with an irregular menstrual cycle). The physiological parameters of facial skin were measured by non-invasive methods and the skin microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS In the C3 group, the hydration content was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), the TEWL was significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the sebum content was increased (p > 0.05), indicating that the skin barrier integrity weakened with increased menstrual cycle irregularity. Additionally, the melanin level, L value and b value were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the C3 group, but the a value was significantly increased (p < 0.001), which indicated that the skin color became darker. Furthermore, the skin microbiota diversity decreased with increasing cycle irregularity, but the differences were not significant. The skin microbiota composition showed that the proportion of Firmicutes, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium were increased in those with an irregular menstrual cycle, indicating that alterations in the ratio of bacterial phyla and/or genera might disturb skin homeostasis. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between the microbiota and skin physiological parameters. Based on the associations among hormones, skin physiological parameters and skin microbiota, it is possible that the skin physiological parameters, as well as the skin microbial diversity and composition, change with hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSIONS An irregular menstrual cycle can affect skin physiological characteristics and the skin microbiota. Female with an irregular menstrual cycle should strengthen skin care practices and use skin care products with moisturising and soothing effects to protect their skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiji Ma
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
- The Oriental Beauty Valley Research Institute, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
- The Oriental Beauty Valley Research Institute, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Tingting Han
- R&D Innovation Center, Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqin Shi
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
- The Oriental Beauty Valley Research Institute, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Man Wang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- R&D Innovation Center, Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Suzhen Yang
- R&D Innovation Center, Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Lingyun Yao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Qingwen Jia
- R&D Innovation Center, Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250101, Shandong, China.
| | - Li Shao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
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Park M, Jung SJ. Association between menstrual cycle irregularity and suicidal ideation among Korean women: Results from the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (2010-2012). J Affect Disord 2021; 293:279-284. [PMID: 34225207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the association between menstrual cycle irregularity and suicidal ideation in Korean women. METHODS Data on 5,606 women from the 2010-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a population-based cross-sectional study, were included. Menstrual cycle irregularity, suicidal ideation, current occupational status, age at menarche, education level, household income, and marital status were assessed through questionnaires with trained interviewers. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, smoking and drinking status, age at menarche, comorbid diseases, and physical activity. RESULTS In the multivariate-adjusted models, we found significant associations between menstrual cycle irregularity and suicidal ideation (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44 [1.14-1.82]). This association was particularly noticeable in women aged 12 to 29 years (OR [95% CI] = 1.45 [1.04-2.03]), in those who had menarche at a relatively early age (aged 8-13 years) (OR [95% CI] = 1.60 [1.15-2.23]), and in those who were currently employed (OR [95% CI] = 1.46 [1.05-2.04]). LIMITATIONS Suicidal ideation was evaluated based on the participants' self-reports, and were therefore subjective in nature. Additionally, due to the cross-sectional design and use of retrospective data, causal relationships could not be drawn. CONCLUSION Women with irregular menstrual cycles were 1.42 times more likely to have suicidal ideation than those with regular cycles. More attention should be paid to menstrual cycle irregularity when attempting to improve levels of suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseo Park
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kennedy KER, Onyeonwu C, Nowakowski S, Hale L, Branas CC, Killgore WDS, Wills CCA, Grandner MA. Menstrual regularity and bleeding is associated with sleep duration, sleep quality and fatigue in a community sample. J Sleep Res 2021; 31:e13434. [PMID: 34404109 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Female menstrual health and its relationship with sleep is an understudied subject. The aim of this investigation was to determine the association between the two in a community sample. Data were obtained from n = 579 menstruating females who participated in the Sleep and Health Activity, Diet, Environment, and Socialization (SHADES) study, a community-based sample of adults aged 22-60 years. Participants were asked, "How regular is your period?", with response choices of "very regular", "mostly regular", "fairly regular" and "not regular". They were also asked, "How much bleeding do you usually experience during your period?" Response choices were: "very heavy", "heavy", "medium", "light" or "very light". These were evaluated as ordinal outcomes. Sleep-related predictors included sleep duration (in hr; ≤ 6 [short], 7-9 [normal] and ≥ 9 [long]), Insomnia Severity Index score, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score, Epworth Sleepiness Scale score and Fatigue Severity Scale score. Covariates included age, education, income, race/ethnicity and body mass index. Short sleep duration was associated with heavier bleeding (odds ratio = 1.46, p = 0.026) and greater cycle irregularity (odds ratio = 1.44, p = 0.031) as compared with normal sleep. Higher Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score was associated with greater cycle irregularity (odds ratio = 1.05, p = 0.022). Higher Fatigue Severity Scale score was associated with heavier bleeding (odds ratio = 1.02, p = 0.003) and greater cycle irregularity (odds ratio = 1.02, p = 0.008). Long sleep, Insomnia Severity Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were not associated with either outcome. These results demonstrate an association between short sleep duration, poor sleep quality, fatigue, stress and depression with heavier bleeding and menstrual cycle irregularity, highlighting the need for further studies to improve treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E R Kennedy
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chidera Onyeonwu
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sara Nowakowski
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lauren Hale
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Program in Public Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Charles C Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Chloe C A Wills
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael A Grandner
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Komada Y, Ikeda Y, Sato M, Kami A, Masuda C, Shibata S. Social jetlag and menstrual symptoms among female university students. Chronobiol Int 2018; 36:258-264. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1533561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Komada
- Liberal Arts, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Healthcare Business Organization, MTI Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azusa Kami
- Healthcare Business Organization, MTI Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Nam GE, Han K, Lee G. Association between sleep duration and menstrual cycle irregularity in Korean female adolescents. Sleep Med 2017; 35:62-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yu M, Han K, Nam GE. The association between mental health problems and menstrual cycle irregularity among adolescent Korean girls. J Affect Disord 2017; 210:43-48. [PMID: 28012351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menstrual cycle irregularity is common among adolescents and can induce mental health problems such as stress, depression, and suicidal ideation. We examined the association between mental health problems and menstrual cycle irregularity among adolescent Korean girls. METHODS This population-based cross-sectional study was on 808 female adolescents (12-18 years of age) participating in the 2010-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Psychological stress, depressive mood, suicidal ideations, suicide attempts, and psychological counseling were assessed through questionnaires and surveys, and hierarchical multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS The risk of menstrual cycle irregularity tended to increase, as the number of mental health problems increased (P for trend=0.016). High stress levels, depressive mood, and psychological counseling were associated with increased risks of menstrual cycle irregularity (odd ratio [95% confidence interval]=1.88 [1.1-3.21], 2.01 [1.01-4.03], and 2.92 [1.16-7.34], respectively) even after adjusting for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, hemoglobin level, monthly household income, weight loss attempts, age at menarche, and sleep duration. Suicidal ideation was not significantly associated with menstrual cycle irregularity. LIMITATIONS Menstrual irregularity was evaluated based solely on subjects' self-reports, which are subject to their subjective perceptions and appraisal. Cross-sectional design and retrospective data could not draw causal relationship. CONCLUSIONS Positive associations were observed between mental health problems and menstrual cycle irregularity among adolescent Korean girls. More attention should be paid towards mental health, to improve menstrual cycle regularity and help prevent related chronic diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yu
- College of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, Catholic University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Eun Nam
- Department of Family Medicine, Sahmyook Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Liang HY, Lee LW, Kelsen BA, Hsu SC, Liu CY, Chen CY. Attitudes toward menstruation in females with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders in Taiwan. Climacteric 2012. [PMID: 23205628 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2012.753872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this cross-sectional, case-controlled, observational study were to examine attitudes toward menstruation in female patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and in a control group, and to explore the associations between attitudes toward menstruation and psychopathology, menstrual regularity during antipsychotic treatment, and menstrual distress symptoms. METHODS Fifty-eight patients treated with anti-psychotic medications for at least the previous 6 months were placed in irregular (irregular menstrual cycle) (n = 31) and regular (regular menstrual cycle) (n = 27) groups. Sixty-two, age-matched, healthy female participants with regular menstrual cycles were enrolled as a control group. Psychopathology was assessed by psychiatrists using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire (MAQ) was used to assess attitudes toward menstruation, and symptom checklists based on the Moos Menstruation Distress Questionnaire (MMDQ) were used to assess menstrual distress symptoms. RESULTS Patients with psychotic disorders (both irregular and regular groups) had more negative attitudes toward menstruation than the control group. In the Schizophrenia group, there was no association between the severity of psychotic symptoms and their influence on attitudes toward menstruation. Moreover, regular menstrual cycles during antipsychotic treatment and fewer menstrual distress symptoms were the two main predictors for more positive attitudes toward menstruation in the patient group. CONCLUSION This is one of the first studies to explore the relationship between psychotic symptoms and attitudes toward menstruation. The findings provide more support for the assumption that attitudes toward menstruation are derived from a woman's perception of her bodily experience rather than a psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Liang
- * Department of Psychiatry , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linko
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HOSSAIN MDGOLAM, SABIRUZZAMAN MD, ISLAM SAIMA, HISYAM RAJAZYROUL, LESTREL PETEE, KAMARUL TUNKU. Influence of anthropometric measures and socio-demographic factors on menstrual pain and irregular menstrual cycles among university students in Bangladesh. ANTHROPOL SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MD. GOLAM HOSSAIN
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | - MD. SABIRUZZAMAN
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | - SAIMA ISLAM
- Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi
| | - RAJA ZYROUL HISYAM
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | - PETE E. LESTREL
- Sections of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - TUNKU KAMARUL
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
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Barron ML. Light exposure, melatonin secretion, and menstrual cycle parameters: an integrative review. Biol Res Nurs 2007; 9:49-69. [PMID: 17601857 DOI: 10.1177/1099800407303337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in menstrual physiology has pronounced effects on quality of life, involving mood changes, body image, infertility, and pregnancy complications. Light exposure may affect menstrual cycles and symptoms through the influence of melatonin secretion. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the current state of knowledge about the effects of light and melatonin secretion on menstrual phase and cycle alterations. A brief overview of the influence of melatonin on human physiology is included. There is evidence of a relationship between light exposure and melatonin secretion and irregular menstrual cycles, menstrual cycle symptoms, and disordered ovarian function. In women with a psychopathology such as bipolar disorder or an endocrinopathy such as polycystic ovary syndrome, there seems to be greater vulnerability to the influence of light-dark exposure. Research on the complex role of light-dark exposure in menstrual physiology has implications for treatment of menstrual-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lee Barron
- Saint Louis University School of Nursing, 3525 Caroline Mall, St. Louis, MO 63104 [corrected] USA.
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Williams NI, Leidy HJ, Flecker KA, Galucci A. Food attitudes in female athletes: Association with menstrualcycle length. J Sports Sci 2006; 24:979-86. [PMID: 16882632 DOI: 10.1080/02640410500456986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between indicators of risk of disordered eating, body image and varied menstrual cycle lengths. Altogether, 151 female athletes were invited from 16 sports and 70 female non-athletic controls were recruited from a university lecture class. The participants completed several surveys, including demographics, menstrual cycle history, physical activity, Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Selected EDI subscales were summed to reflect eating disorder risk and body image. Menstrual cyclicity was based on self-reported cycle length for the last 6 months (normal cycles = 26-32 days, irregular cycles < or =26 or >32 days). Athletes overall had more irregular cycles (29.1%) than the non-athletes (15.7%) (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in scores for eating disorder risk, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, cognitive restraint (TFEQ) and disinhibition (TFEQ), only when athletes were divided based on menstrual cyclicity (i.e. irregularly cycling athletes had higher scores than athletes with normal menstrual cycle lengths). No differences in these scores were found between non-athletes with normal or irregular menstrual cycle lengths. In conclusion, irregularly short or long menstrual cycle length is associated with subtle indications of higher risk of disordered eating in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy I Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Noll Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Abstract
The goal of an integrative science of women's health is bringing together childbearing with women's health during the lifespan. Enhancing a woman's ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy is influenced by decisions made well before the beginning of a pregnancy. Identifying ovulatory disorders makes it possible to intervene early in a young woman's childbearing years. Gynecologic charting typically used in natural family planning provides information to the woman and to the healthcare provider that is useful for diagnosis. If young women have a better understanding of fertility and menstrual cycle function, they are in a stronger position to make informed decisions about how they wish to manage their reproductive and sexual health. It may be possible to educate the young woman in health habits that will lead to a healthy pregnancy when she chooses and/or to treat the cause of the ovulatory disorder. This article focuses on polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic dysfunction which can cause menstrual cycle abnormalities in which gynecologic charting is useful in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lee Barron
- Family Nurse Practitioner Program, Nursing Center for Fertility Education, Saint Louis University, 3525 Caroline Mall, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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