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Mumford AD, Frelinger III AL, Gachet C, Gresele P, Noris P, Harrison P, Mezzano D. A review of platelet secretion assays for the diagnosis of inherited platelet secretion disorders. Thromb Haemost 2017; 114:14-25. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-11-0999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SummaryMeasurement of platelet granule release to detect inherited platelet secretion disorders (IPSDs) is essential for the evaluation of patients with abnormal bleeding and is necessary to distinguish which granule sub-types are affected and whether there is abnormal granule bio-synthesis or secretion. The radioactive serotonin incorporation and release assay, described before 1970, is still considered the “gold standard” test to assess platelet δ-granule release, although is unsuitable for clinical diagnostic laboratories. Luciferin-based assays, such as lumiaggregometry, are the most widely performed alternatives, although these methods do not distinguish defects in δ-granule biosyn-thesis from defects in secretion. Platelet α-granule release is commonly evaluated using flow cytometry by measuring surface exposure of P-selectin after platelet activation. However, this assay has poor sensitivity for some α-granule disorders. Only few studies have been published with more recently developed assays and no critical reviews on these methods are available. In this review, we describe the rationale for developing robust and accurate laboratory tests of platelet granule release and describe the characteristics of the currently available tests. We identify an unmet need for further systematic evaluation of new assays and for standardisation of methodologies for clinical diagnostic laboratories.
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Izquierdo I, García Á. Platelet proteomics applied to the search for novel antiplatelet therapeutic targets. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:993-1006. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1246188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhang HW, Zhou P, Wang KZ, Liu JB, Huang YS, Tu YT, Deng ZH, Zhu XD, Hang YL. Platelet proteomics in diagnostic differentiation of primary immune thrombocytopenia using SELDI-TOF-MS. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 455:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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García Á. Platelet clinical proteomics: Facts, challenges, and future perspectives. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:767-73. [PMID: 26948058 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, proteomics has been applied to platelet clinical research. Platelets are small enucleated cells that play a fundamental role in hemostasis. In a pathological context, unwanted platelet activation is related to various diseases, primarily thrombosis, but also cancer metastasis, inflammation, immunity, and neurodegenerative diseases. The absence of a nucleus is one of the reasons why proteomics can be considered an ideal analytical tool for platelet research. Indeed, platelet proteomics has allowed the identification of many novel signaling proteins and receptors, several of which are being pursued as potential therapeutic targets. Encouraged by this success, several research groups have recently initiated clinical proteomics studies covering diseases where platelets are involved in some way, such as coronary artery disease, storage pool diseases, uremia, cystic fibrosis, and Alzheimer disease. The goal was to identify platelet biomarkers and drug targets that can help to improve the treatment/diagnosis of the disease and provide further mechanistic evidences of the role platelets play in the pathology. The present article will comment on the recent progress of clinical proteomics in the context of platelet research, challenges, and perspectives for the future ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Yip C, García A. Exploring the potential of platelet proteomics in children. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:807-12. [PMID: 25090967 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is a rapidly evolving ''post-genomic'' science utilizing advanced technologies in protein separation, identification, quantitation and heavily relying on bioinformatics. Proteomic research in pediatrics is important and most of the successes thus far are seen in research that utilize samples that require less invasive procedures and focus on prevailing childhood diseases such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and neuroblastoma. Recent advances in proteomics are helping to elucidate platelet processes that are relevant to bleeding and clotting disorders, as well as other important roles of platelets such as in angiogenesis and inflammation. Nevertheless, most of platelet proteome data obtained to date are derived from the adult population and the potential of platelet proteomic application in children has not yet been explored. As it happens in all research fields, there are additional challenges in studying children such as procuring sufficient biological samples and access to less common disease cohorts as compared to in adults. Furthermore, many of the prevalent platelet-mediated diseases in adults, such as coronary heart disease and atherosclerotic lesions, are believed to have origins during childhood. Hence, platelet proteomic research in children may reveal some important information on how platelet plays a role in the pathogenesis of disease. In this article, we refer to the current knowledge from platelet proteomic research strategies in adults and address the specific concerns in the study of pediatric samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Yip
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Haematology, National University Hospital, Singapore
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Di Michele M, Van Geet C, Freson K. Recent advances in platelet proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 9:451-66. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Reicheltová Z, Májek P, Riedel T, Suttnar J, Dyr JE. Simplified platelet sample preparation for SDS-PAGE-based proteomic studies. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 6:374-81. [PMID: 22641369 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to design an easy and simple protocol for platelet isolation and sample preparation for proteomic studies based on 2DE (IEF-SDS-PAGE) followed by Coomassie blue staining. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Blood was collected by venipuncture into tubes coated with EDTA and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was immediately obtained by centrifugation. PRP was stored refrigerated in closed Falcon tubes for 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days and platelets were isolated by centrifugation. 2DE gels were stained with colloidal Coomassie blue stain and evaluated using the Progenesis SameSpots software. Spots that differed significantly in the gels of fresh and stored platelet samples were excised, digested with trypsin, and further analyzed using nanoLC-MS/MS. RESULTS During the 7-day follow-up period, we found 20 spots that differed significantly (ANOVA p <0.05). During the first 2 days of PRP storage in test tubes, however, only nine spots significantly differed in all donors. In these spots, we identified 14 different proteins. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In conclusion, for proteome investigations, whenever it is not feasible to prepare washed platelets immediately after blood collection, the EDTA-anticoagulated PRP can be stored in test tubes at 4°C for up to 2 days for the platelet proteome investigation.
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Parguiña AF, Rosa I, García Á. Proteomics applied to the study of platelet-related diseases: Aiding the discovery of novel platelet biomarkers and drug targets. J Proteomics 2012; 76 Spec No.:275-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Zufferey A, Fontana P, Reny JL, Nolli S, Sanchez JC. Platelet proteomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:331-351. [PMID: 22009795 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are small cell fragments, produced by megakaryocytes, in the bone marrow. They play an important role in hemostasis and diverse thrombotic disorders. They are therefore primary targets of antithrombotic therapies. They are implicated in several pathophysiological pathways, such as inflammation or wound repair. In blood circulation, platelets are activated by several pathways including subendothelial matrix and thrombin, triggering the formation of the platelet plug. Studying their proteome is a powerful approach to understand their biology and function. However, particular attention must be paid to different experimental parameters, such as platelet quality and purity. Several technologies are involved during the platelet proteome processing, yielding information on protein identification, characterization, localization, and quantification. Recent technical improvements in proteomics combined with inter-disciplinary strategies, such as metabolomic, transcriptomics, and bioinformatics, will help to understand platelets biological mechanisms. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the platelet proteome under different environmental conditions may contribute to elucidate complex processes relevant to platelet function regarding bleeding disorders or platelet hyperreactivity and identify new targets for antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zufferey
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
Platelets pose unique challenges to cell biologists due to their lack of nucleus and low levels of messenger RNA. Platelets cannot be cultured in great abundance or manipulated using common recombinant DNA technologies. As a result, platelet research has lagged behind that of nucleated cells. The advent of mass spectrometry and its application to protein biochemistry brought with it great hopes for the platelet community that are now being realized. This technology is ideally suited for identifying low-abundance proteins, protein-protein interactions, and post-translational modifications in complex protein mixtures. Over the past 10 years, proteomics has delivered in many ways, providing platelet biologists with a comprehensive list of proteins expressed in platelets, information on post-translational modifications, protein interactions and sub-cellular localization. Several novel and important platelet membrane proteins, including CLEC-2, CD148, G6b-B, G6f, and Hsp47, have been identified using proteomics-based approaches. New, more sensitive instrumentation and novel approaches are making it increasingly possible to identify ever lower amounts of proteins. In this chapter we highlight some of the major achievements of platelet proteomics to date, discussing challenges and how they were overcome. We also discuss new frontiers and applications of proteomics to platelets and microparticles in health and disease, as we strive to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the platelet response to vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotis Senis
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Abstract
Atherothrombosis often underlies coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Antiplatelet drugs have come to the forefront of prophylactic treatment of atherothrombotic disease. Dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin plus clopidogrel-the current standard-has benefits, but it also has limitations with regard to pharmacologic properties and adverse effects with often severe bleeding complications. For these reasons, within the last decade or so, the investigation of novel antiplatelet targets has prospered. Target identification can be the result of large-scale genomic or proteomic studies, functional genomics in animal models, the genetic analysis of patients with inherited bleeding disorders, or a combination of these techniques.
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Di Michele M, Thys C, Waelkens E, Overbergh L, D'Hertog W, Mathieu C, De Vos R, Peerlinck K, Van Geet C, Freson K. An integrated proteomics and genomics analysis to unravel a heterogeneous platelet secretion defect. J Proteomics 2011; 74:902-13. [PMID: 21406263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Eight patients with clinical bleeding problems have evidence for platelet storage pool disease as they present with impaired platelet aggregation and secretion with low concentrations of ADP and collagen and an absence of second phase aggregation with epinephrine. Electron microscopy analysis further showed a reduced but not absent amount of platelet dense granules, and CD63 staining was decreased compared to healthy controls. The presence of alpha granules and CD62P expression after platelet activation was normal. This work aimed at identifying differentially expressed proteins in the platelet releasate and its remaining pellet after activation with A23187 and TRAP in patients and controls using DIGE-based proteomic technology. We identified 44 differentially expressed proteins in patients and the altered expression for some of them was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Most of these proteins belong to the class of cytoskeleton-related proteins. In addition, 29 cytoskeleton-related genes showed an altered expression in platelet mRNA from patients using a real-time PCR array. In conclusion, our study shows that the dense granule secretion defect in patients with platelet storage pool disease is highly heterogeneous with evidence of an underlying cytoskeleton defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Di Michele
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University Hospital Leuven, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- A García
- Departamento de Farmacoloxía, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Proteome of platelets in patients with coronary artery disease. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:341-50. [PMID: 20226836 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating the protein patterns of platelets from patients with stable or acute coronary atherosclerosis (CAD), in which platelets play a key role. MATERIALS AND METHODS A proteomic approach was adopted to investigate specific protein patterns in platelets of patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome, stable angina, or of subjects with no history of CAD. RESULTS Six differentially expressed proteins were identified: two involved in energy metabolism (2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase [OGDH], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]); three were associated with cytoskeleton-based processes (gamma-actin, coronin 1B, and pleckstrin); and one involved in protein degradation (proteasome subunit type 8). Expression levels of OGDH and a cleaved form of gamma-actin were significantly higher in the platelets of patients than in controls, whereas that of LDH was higher only in the platelets of patients with acute coronary disease. The increases in protein expression of OGDH and LDH are paralleled by changes in their functional activities. Coronin and proteasome subunit type 8 were less expressed in the platelets of patients, as were the basic isoforms of pleckstrin. CONCLUSION The platelet proteome is altered in CAD patients with stable or acute coronary syndrome possibly because of the ongoing atherosclerotic process. The identified protein changes not previously connected with CAD were an increase in the energy metabolism enzymes and alterations in the proteins associated with cytoskeleton-based processes, both of which indicate platelet activation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The proteome is the pool of proteins expressed at a given time and circumstance. The word 'proteomics' summarizes several technologies for visualization, quantitation and identification of these proteins. Recent advances in these techniques are helping to elucidate platelet processes which are relevant to bleeding and clotting disorders, transfusion medicine and regulation of angiogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Over 1100 platelet proteins have been identified using proteomic techniques. Various subproteomes have been characterized, including platelet releasates (the 'secretome'), alpha and dense granules, membrane and cytoskeletal proteins, platelet-derived microparticles, and the platelet 'phosphoproteome'. Proteomic data about platelets have become increasingly available in integrated databases. SUMMARY Proteomic experiments in resting and activated platelets have identified novel signaling pathways and secreted proteins which may represent therapeutic targets, as well as potential cancer biomarkers.
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Wei AH, Schoenwaelder SM, Andrews RK, Jackson SP. New insights into the haemostatic function of platelets. Br J Haematol 2009; 147:415-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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