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Tsiailanis AD, Vrettos EI, Choleva M, Kiriakidi S, Ganai AM, Patha TK, Karpoormath R, Mavromoustakos T, Fragopoulou E, Tzakos AG. Development of a DHA-Losartan hybrid as a potent inhibitor of multiple pathway-induced platelet aggregation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:13889-13900. [PMID: 34791990 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1996461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the scientific progression in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) they remain the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. The classic treatment involves the simultaneous dosing of two antiplatelet drugs, aspirin and clopidogrel/prasugrel. However, besides drug resistance, severe side effects have been also manifested including acute bleeding and toxicity. Thus, new therapeutic agents with enhanced efficacy and diminished side effects are of importance. Towards this end, omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids have demonstrated potent efficacy against CVDs through inhibiting platelet aggregation that bears a pivotal role in atherothrombosis. Another factor that displays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases is the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and especially the AT1R blocker losartan that has been reported to exert antiplatelet activity mediated by this receptor. Along these lines, we envisaged developing a molecular hybrid consisted of docosahexaenoic acid (ω-3 fatty acid) and losartan, that could exert a notable antiplatelet effect against CVDs. The design and synthesis of the new DHA-losartan hybrid, designated DHA-L, bestowed with the additive properties of the parent compounds, is reported. In silico studies were first exploited to validate the potential of DHA-L to retain losartan's ability to bind AT1R. The antiplatelet activity of DHA-L was evaluated against in vitro platelet aggregation induced by several platelet agonists. Notably, the hybrid illustrated a pleiotropic antiplatelet profile inhibiting platelet aggregation through multiple platelet activation pathways including P2Y12, PAR-1 (Protease-Activated Receptor-1), PAF (Platelet Activating Factor), COX-1 (cyclooxygenase-1) and collagen receptors. The stability of DHA-L in human plasma and in a wide range of pH values was also evaluated over time using an HPLC protocol. The hybridization approach described herein could pave the way for the development of novel potent multitargeted therapeutics with enhanced antiplatelet profile.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis D Tsiailanis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eirinaios I Vrettos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Choleva
- School of Health Science and Education, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Kiriakidi
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ab Majeed Ganai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, South Africa
| | - Tabasum Khan Patha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, South Africa
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Fragopoulou
- School of Health Science and Education, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, Greece
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2
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Cao D, Strainic MG, Counihan D, Sridar S, An F, Hussain W, Schmaier AH, Nieman M, Medof ME. Vascular Endothelial Cells Produce Coagulation Factors That Control Their Growth via Joint Protease-Activated Receptor and C5a Receptor 1 (CD88) Signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:361-378. [PMID: 35144762 PMCID: PMC8908053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As per the classical view of the coagulation system, it functions solely in plasma to maintain hemostasis. An experimental approach modeling vascular reconstitution was used to show that vascular endothelial cells (ECs) endogenously synthesize coagulation factors during angiogenesis. Intracellular thrombin generated from this synthesis promotes the mitotic function of vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF-A). The thrombin concurrently cleaves C5a from EC-synthesized complement component C5 and unmasks the tethered ligand for EC-expressed protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4). The two ligands jointly trigger EC C5a receptor-1 (C5ar1) and PAR4 signaling, which together promote VEGF receptor 2 growth signaling. C5ar1 is functionally associated with PAR4, enabling C5a or thrombin to elicit Gαi and/or Gαq signaling. EC coagulation factor and EC complement component synthesis concurrently down-regulate with contact inhibition. The connection of these processes with VEGF receptor 2 signaling provides new insights into mechanisms underlying angiogenesis. Knowledge of endogenous coagulation factor/complement component synthesis and joint PAR4/C5ar1 signaling could be applied to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Cao
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Daniel Counihan
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shiva Sridar
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fengqi An
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wasim Hussain
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alvin H. Schmaier
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Marvin Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - M. Edward Medof
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,Address correspondence to M. Edward Medof, M.D., Ph.D., Institute of Pathology, 2085 Adelbert, Room 301, Cleveland, OH 44106.
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3
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Lucchesi A, Napolitano R, Bochicchio MT, Giordano G, Napolitano M. Platelets Contribution to Thrombin Generation in Philadelphia-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: The "Circulating Wound" Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111343. [PMID: 34768772 PMCID: PMC8583863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cytoreductive and antithrombotic strategies in MPNs are mostly based on cell counts and on patient's demographic and clinical history. Despite the numerous studies conducted on platelet function and on the role of plasma factors, an accurate and reliable method to dynamically quantify the hypercoagulability states of these conditions is not yet part of clinical practice. Starting from our experience, and after having sifted through the literature, we propose an in-depth narrative report on the contribution of the clonal platelets of MPNs-rich in tissue factor (TF)-in promoting a perpetual procoagulant mechanism. The whole process results in an unbalanced generation of thrombin and is self-maintained by Protease Activated Receptors (PARs). We chose to define this model as a "circulating wound", as it indisputably links the coagulation, inflammation, and fibrotic progression of the disease, in analogy with what happens in some solid tumours. The platelet contribution to thrombin generation results in triggering a vicious circle supported by the PARs/TGF-beta axis. PAR antagonists could therefore be a good option for target therapy, both to contain the risk of vascular events and to slow the progression of the disease towards end-stage forms. Both the new and old strategies, however, will require tools capable of measuring procoagulant or prohaemorrhagic states in a more extensive and dynamic way to favour a less empirical management of MPNs and their potential clinical complications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biological Assay
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Receptors, Fibrinogen/metabolism
- Thrombin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thrombin/biosynthesis
- Thrombophilia/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lucchesi
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Roberta Napolitano
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Teresa Bochicchio
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Giulio Giordano
- Internal Medicine Division, Hematology Service, Regional Hospital “A. Cardarelli”, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Mariasanta Napolitano
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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4
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Antagonism of Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Protects Against Traumatic Brain Injury by Suppressing Neuroinflammation via Inhibition of Tab2/NF-κB Signaling. Neurosci Bull 2020; 37:242-254. [PMID: 33111257 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers the activation of the endogenous coagulation mechanism, and a large amount of thrombin is released to curb uncontrollable bleeding through thrombin receptors, also known as protease-activated receptors (PARs). However, thrombin is one of the most critical factors in secondary brain injury. Thus, the PARs may be effective targets against hemorrhagic brain injury. Since the PAR1 antagonist has an increased bleeding risk in clinical practice, PAR4 blockade has been suggested as a more promising treatment. Here, we explored the expression pattern of PAR4 in the brain of mice after TBI, and explored the effect and possible mechanism of BMS-986120 (BMS), a novel selective and reversible PAR4 antagonist on secondary brain injury. Treatment with BMS protected against TBI in mice. mRNA-seq analysis, Western blot, and qRT-PCR verification in vitro showed that BMS significantly inhibited thrombin-induced inflammation in astrocytes, and suggested that the Tab2/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway plays a key role in this process. Our findings provide reliable evidence that blocking PAR4 is a safe and effective intervention for TBI, and suggest that BMS has a potential clinical application in the management of TBI.
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5
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Papadaki S, Sidiropoulou S, Moschonas IC, Tselepis AD. Factor Xa and thrombin induce endothelial progenitor cell activation. The effect of direct oral anticoagulants. Platelets 2020; 32:807-814. [PMID: 32762584 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1802413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin exert non-hemostatic cellular actions primarily mediated through protease-activated receptors (PARs). We investigated the effect of FXa and thrombin on human late-outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs), a type of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The effect of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), rivaroxaban and dabigatran, was also studied. The membrane expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were used as cell activation markers. FXa and thrombin increase the ICAM-1 expression and the MCP-1 secretion on both cells, being higher on OECs. Vorapaxar, a specific PAR-1 antagonist, completely inhibits FXa-induced activation of both cells and thrombin-induced HUVEC activation, but only partially thrombin-induced OEC activation. Furthermore, thrombin-receptor activating peptide; TRAP-6, only partially activates OECs. OECs do not membrane-express PAR-4, therefore it may not be involved on thrombin-induced OEC activation. Rivaroxaban and dabigatran inhibit OEC and HUVEC activation by FXa and thrombin, respectively. Rivaroxaban enhances thrombin-induced OEC and HUVEC activation, which is completely inhibited by vorapaxar. The inhibition of OEC and HUVEC activation by vorapaxar and DOACs may represent a new pleiotropic effect of these drugs. The pathophysiological and clinical significance of our findings need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Papadaki
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Sofia Sidiropoulou
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Iraklis C Moschonas
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros D Tselepis
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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6
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Thibeault PE, LeSarge JC, Arends D, Fernandes M, Chidiac P, Stathopulos PB, Luyt LG, Ramachandran R. Molecular basis for activation and biased signaling at the thrombin-activated GPCR proteinase activated receptor-4 (PAR4). J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2520-2540. [PMID: 31892516 PMCID: PMC7039573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-4 is a member of the proteolytically-activated PAR family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) that represents an important target in the development of anti-platelet therapeutics. PARs are activated by proteolytic cleavage of their receptor N terminus by enzymes such as thrombin, trypsin, and cathepsin-G. This reveals the receptor-activating motif, termed the tethered ligand that binds intramolecularly to the receptor and triggers signaling. However, PARs are also activated by exogenous application of synthetic peptides derived from the tethered-ligand sequence. To better understand the molecular basis for PAR4-dependent signaling, we examined PAR4-signaling responses to a peptide library derived from the canonical PAR4-agonist peptide, AYPGKF-NH2, and we monitored activation of the Gαq/11-coupled calcium-signaling pathway, β-arrestin recruitment, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation. We identified peptides that are poor activators of PAR4-dependent calcium signaling but were fully competent in recruiting β-arrestin-1 and -2. Peptides that were unable to stimulate PAR4-dependent calcium signaling could not trigger MAPK activation. Using in silico docking and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified Asp230 in the extracellular loop-2 as being critical for PAR4 activation by both agonist peptide and the tethered ligand. Probing the consequence of biased signaling on platelet activation, we found that a peptide that cannot activate calcium signaling fails to cause platelet aggregation, whereas a peptide that is able to stimulate calcium signaling and is more potent for β-arrestin recruitment triggered greater levels of platelet aggregation compared with the canonical PAR4 agonist peptide. These findings uncover molecular determinants critical for agonist binding and biased signaling through PAR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre E Thibeault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Jordan C LeSarge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - D'Arcy Arends
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Michaela Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Peter Chidiac
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Leonard G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C2R5, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada.
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7
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Li S, Tarlac V, Hamilton JR. Using PAR4 Inhibition as an Anti-Thrombotic Approach: Why, How, and When? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225629. [PMID: 31717963 PMCID: PMC6888008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of four GPCRs with a variety of cellular functions, yet the only advanced clinical endeavours to target these receptors for therapeutic gain to date relates to the impairment of platelet function for anti-thrombotic therapy. The only approved PAR antagonist is the PAR1 inhibitor, vorapaxar—the sole anti-platelet drug against a new target approved in the past 20 years. However, there are two PARs on human platelets, PAR1 and PAR4, and more recent efforts have focused on the development of the first PAR4 antagonists, with first-in-class agents recently beginning clinical trial. Here, we review the rationale for this approach, outline the various modes of PAR4 inhibition, and speculate on the specific therapeutic potential of targeting PAR4 for the prevention of thrombotic conditions.
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8
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Developments in inhibiting platelet aggregation based on different design strategies. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1757-1775. [PMID: 31288579 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet aggregation is the central event in hemostasis and thrombosis. Up to now, many agents inhibiting platelet aggregation have been approved for the treatment of thrombotic disorders. In this review, we mainly summarized the progress in the research of platelet aggregation inhibitors based on different design strategies. The advantage and challenge of corresponding targets are also discussed in this article. We hope more platelet aggregation inhibitors with efficacy and safety will be discovered in the future.
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9
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Lu N, Meng F, Yuan J, Liu L, Wang Y, Li L, Zhao T, Xu W, Tang L, Xu Y. Characterizing the interaction modes of PAR4 receptor with agonist and antagonist by molecular simulation approach. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633619500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a promising target for antiplatelet therapy. In this study, homology modeling and molecular docking methods were used to investigate the binding modes of PAR4 agonists and antagonists. The outcomes show that agonists have good docking scores, and they also form more hydrogen bonds with PAR4 than antagonists. To reveal the different conformational changes caused by agonist and antagonist, molecular dynamic simulations were carried out on three selected PAR4 systems. Simulation results show that PAR4 activation involves breaking interactions of 3–7 lock switch (Try157 and Tyr322) and ionic lock switch (Arg188 and Asp173), and formation of transmission switch among Tyr161, Asn300 and Phe296. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that the major change for agonist bound system takes place in the intracellular region while that for antagonist bound system is in the extracellular region. The binding free energy of BMS-986120 is much lower than AYPGKF, suggesting high affinity of antagonist. Moreover, the electronegative aspartic residues Asp230 and Asp235 at ECL2 are important for PAR4 binding to agonist. Clarifying the PAR4 structural characteristics may be helpful to understand the activation mechanism, giving insights into the molecular design and discovery of novel potential PAR4 antagonists in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug, Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Fancui Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Yanshi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Weiren Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lida Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug, Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
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10
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Rwibasira Rudinga G, Khan GJ, Kong Y. Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4): A Promising Target for Antiplatelet Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E573. [PMID: 29443899 PMCID: PMC5855795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are currently among the leading causes of death worldwide. Platelet aggregation is a key cellular component of arterial thrombi and major cause of CVDs. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), including PAR1, PAR2, PAR3 and PAR4, fall within a subfamily of seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Human platelets express PAR1 and PAR4, which contribute to the signaling transduction processes. In association with CVDs, PAR4 not only contributes to platelet activation but also is a modulator of cellular responses that serve as hallmarks of inflammation. Although several antiplatelet drugs are available on the market, they have many side effects that limit their use. Emerging evidence shows that PAR4 targeting is a safer strategy for preventing thrombosis and consequently may improve the overall cardiac safety profile. Our present review summarizes the PAR4 structural characteristics, activation mechanism, role in the pathophysiology of diseases and understanding the association of PAR4 targeting for improved cardiac protection. Conclusively, this review highlights the importance of PAR4 antagonists and its potential utility in different CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamariel Rwibasira Rudinga
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ghulam Jilany Khan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research, Evaluation and Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, China.
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11
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Vrettos EI, Sayyad N, Mavrogiannaki EM, Stylos E, Kostagianni AD, Papas S, Mavromoustakos T, Theodorou V, Tzakos AG. Unveiling and tackling guanidinium peptide coupling reagent side reactions towards the development of peptide-drug conjugates. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of uncharted guanidinium peptide coupling reagent side reactions during peptide-drug conjugates synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirinaios I. Vrettos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Eftychia M. Mavrogiannaki
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Evgenios Stylos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Androniki D. Kostagianni
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Serafim Papas
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Vassiliki Theodorou
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Andreas G. Tzakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
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