1
|
Tan Z, Wei H, Song X, Mai W, Yan J, Ye W, Ling X, Hou L, Zhang S, Yan S, Xu H, Wang L. Positron Emission Tomography in the Neuroimaging of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:806876. [PMID: 35495051 PMCID: PMC9043810 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.806876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a basket term for neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by marked impairments in social interactions, repetitive and stereotypical behaviors, and restricted interests and activities. Subtypes include (A) disorders with known genetic abnormalities including fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis and (B) idiopathic ASD, conditions with unknown etiologies. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technology that can be utilized in vivo for dynamic and quantitative research, and is a valuable tool for exploring pathophysiological mechanisms, evaluating therapeutic efficacy, and accelerating drug development in ASD. Recently, several imaging studies on ASD have been published and physiological changes during ASD progression was disclosed by PET. This paper reviews the specific radioligands for PET imaging of critical biomarkers in ASD, and summarizes and discusses the similar and different discoveries in outcomes of previous studies. It is of great importance to identify general physiological changes in cerebral glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow perfusion, abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems, and inflammation in the central nervous system in ASD, which may provide excellent points for further ASD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Tan
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyi Wei
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiubao Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangxiang Mai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajian Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Ye
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Ling
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Hou
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen Yan
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Xu,
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Lu Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khosla A, Khandnor P, Chand T. A comparative analysis of signal processing and classification methods for different applications based on EEG signals. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
3
|
Batool Syed A, Robert Brašić J. Nuclear neurotransmitter molecular imaging of autism spectrum disorder. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2019.4.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
4
|
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition with onset in early childhood characterized by marked deficits in interpersonal interactions and communication and by a restricted and repetitive range of interests and activities. This review points out key recent findings utilizing molecular imaging including magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and nuclear neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). MRS indicates an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in high-functioning autism. Dysfunction of neurotransmitter and glucose metabolism has been demonstrated by PET and SPECT. Levels of serotonin synthesis in typically developing children are approximately twice those of adults; after the age of 5 years, levels decrease to those of adults. In contrast, levels of serotonin synthesis of children with ASD increase between ages 2 and 15 to 1.5-times adult values. The dopamine transporter is increased in the orbitofrontal cortex of men with ASD. The serotonin transporter is reduced in the brains of children, adolescents, and adults with ASD. Reduced serotonin receptors in the thalamus of adults with ASD are associated with communication difficulties. Glucose metabolism is reduced in the brains of people with ASD. Molecular imaging will provide the preliminary data for promising therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jaeho Hwang
- a Department of Neuroscience , Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Mona Adel Mohamed
- b Division of Neuroradiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - James Robert Brašić
- c Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science , School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanad MH, Farouk N, Fouzy ASM. Radiocomplexation and bioevaluation of 99mTc nitrido-piracetam as a model for brain imaging. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2016-2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the work is to radiolabel a piracetam using [99mTc≡N]2+core in order to give a 99mTcN-labeled piracetam complex, that is expected to concentrate in brain organ by AMPA receptors. The complex was prepared with high radiochemical purity (>98.0) and maintained stability throughout the working period (8 h) using different quality controls. Biodistribution investigation showed that, the maximum uptake of the complex in the brain was 13.5±0.12% at 5 min post injection (p.i.) of the injected dose/g which retained till 2 h post-injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Sanad
- Labeled Compounds Department, Radioisotopes Production and Radioactive Sources Division , Hot Laboratories Center, Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - N. Farouk
- Labeled Compounds Department, Radioisotopes Production and Radioactive Sources Division , Hot Laboratories Center, Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - A. S. M. Fouzy
- Food Toxin and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre , 33, Tahrir St, Dokki , Caro , Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fresneau N, Dumas N, Tournier BB, Fossey C, Ballandonne C, Lesnard A, Millet P, Charnay Y, Cailly T, Bouillon JP, Fabis F. Design of a serotonin 4 receptor radiotracer with decreased lipophilicity for single photon emission computed tomography. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 94:386-96. [PMID: 25778994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With the aim to develop a suitable radiotracer for the brain imaging of the serotonin 4 receptor subtype (5-HT4R) using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), we synthesized and evaluated a library of di- and triazaphenanthridines with lipophilicity values which were in the range expected to favour brain penetration, and which demonstrated specific binding to the target of interest. Adding additional nitrogen atoms to previously described phenanthridine ligands exhibiting a high unspecific binding, we were able to design a radioiodinated compound [(125)I]14. This compound exhibited a binding affinity value of 0.094 nM toward human 5-HT4R and a high selectivity over other serotonin receptor subtypes (5-HTR). In vivo SPECT imaging studies and competition experiments demonstrated that the decreased lipophilicity (in comparison with our previously reported compounds 4 and 5) allowed a more specific labelling of the 5-HT4R brain-containing regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fresneau
- Normandie Univ., COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 Rue Tesnière, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Noé Dumas
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Département de Santé Mentale et de Psychiatrie, Service de Psychiatrie Générale, Unité des Biomarqueurs de Vulnérabilité, Chemin du Petit-Bel-Air, 2, CH-1225 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Département de Santé Mentale et de Psychiatrie, Service de Psychiatrie Générale, Unité des Biomarqueurs de Vulnérabilité, Chemin du Petit-Bel-Air, 2, CH-1225 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Christine Fossey
- Normandie Univ., Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, CERMN (EA 4258, FR CNRS 3038 INC3M, SF 4206 ICORE), UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Bd Becquerel, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Céline Ballandonne
- Normandie Univ., Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, CERMN (EA 4258, FR CNRS 3038 INC3M, SF 4206 ICORE), UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Bd Becquerel, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Aurélien Lesnard
- Normandie Univ., Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, CERMN (EA 4258, FR CNRS 3038 INC3M, SF 4206 ICORE), UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Bd Becquerel, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Philippe Millet
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Département de Santé Mentale et de Psychiatrie, Service de Psychiatrie Générale, Unité des Biomarqueurs de Vulnérabilité, Chemin du Petit-Bel-Air, 2, CH-1225 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Yves Charnay
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Département de Santé Mentale et de Psychiatrie, Service de Psychiatrie Générale, Unité des Biomarqueurs de Vulnérabilité, Chemin du Petit-Bel-Air, 2, CH-1225 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Cailly
- Normandie Univ., Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, CERMN (EA 4258, FR CNRS 3038 INC3M, SF 4206 ICORE), UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Bd Becquerel, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouillon
- Normandie Univ., COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 Rue Tesnière, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Fabis
- Normandie Univ., Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, CERMN (EA 4258, FR CNRS 3038 INC3M, SF 4206 ICORE), UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Bd Becquerel, F-14032 Caen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lohith TG, Xu R, Tsujikawa T, Morse CL, Anderson KB, Gladding RL, Zoghbi SS, Fujita M, Innis RB, Pike VW. Evaluation in monkey of two candidate PET radioligands, [ 11 C]RX-1 and [ 18 F]RX-2, for imaging brain 5-HT 4 receptors. Synapse 2014; 68:613-623. [PMID: 25088028 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin subtype-4 (5-HT4 ) receptor, which is known to be involved physiologically in learning and memory, and pathologically in Alzheimer's disease, anxiety, and other neuropsychiatric disorders-has few radioligands readily available for imaging in vivo. We have previously reported two novel 5-HT4 receptor radioligands, namely [methoxy-11 C](1-butylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl 4-amino-3-methoxybenzoate; [11 C]RX-1), and the [18 F]3-fluoromethoxy analog ([18 F]RX-2), and in this study we evaluated them by PET in rhesus monkey. Brain scans were performed at baseline, receptor preblock or displacement conditions using SB 207710, a 5-HT4 receptor antagonist, on the same day for [11 C]RX-1 and on different days for [18 F]RX-2. Specific-to-nondisplaceable ratio (BPND ) was measured with the simplified reference tissue model from all baseline scans. To determine specific binding, total distribution volume (VT ) was also measured in some monkeys by radiometabolite-corrected arterial input function after ex vivo inhibition of esterases from baseline and blocked scans. Both radioligands showed moderate to high peak brain uptake of radioactivity (2-6 SUV). Regional BPND values were in the rank order of known 5-HT4 receptor distribution with a trend for higher BPND values from [18 F]RX-2. One-tissue compartmental model provided good fits with well identified VT values for both radioligands. In the highest 5-HT4 receptor density region, striatum, 50-60% of total binding was specific. The VT in receptor-poor cerebellum reached stable values by about 60 min for both radioligands indicating little influence of radiometabolites on brain signal. In conclusion, both [11 C]RX-1 and [18 F]RX-2 showed positive attributes for PET imaging of brain 5-HT4 receptors, validating the radioligand design strategy. Synapse 68:613-623, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talakad G Lohith
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Rong Xu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Tetsuya Tsujikawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Cheryl L Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Kacey B Anderson
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Robert L Gladding
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Millichap JG, Millichap JJ. Dopaminergic Mechanisms in Adhd. Pediatr Neurol Briefs 2014. [DOI: 10.15844/pedneurbriefs-28-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
9
|
Fontenelle CQ, Wang Z, Fossey C, Cailly T, Linclau B, Fabis F. Design of fluorinated 5-HT4R antagonists: Influence of the basicity and lipophilicity toward the 5-HT4R binding affinities. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7529-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
10
|
Amin AM, Sanad MH, Abd-Elhaliem SM. Radiochemical and biological characterization of 99m Tc-piracetam for brain imaging. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 55:624-628. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362213060118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
11
|
Use of functional imaging across clinical phases in CNS drug development. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e282. [PMID: 23860483 PMCID: PMC3731782 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of novel brain biomarkers using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging holds potential of making central nervous system (CNS) drug development more efficient. By evaluating changes in brain function in the disease state or drug effects on brain function, the technology opens up the possibility of obtaining objective data on drug effects in the living awake brain. By providing objective data, imaging may improve the probability of success of identifying useful drugs to treat CNS diseases across all clinical phases (I-IV) of drug development. The evolution of functional imaging and the promise it holds to contribute to drug development will require the development of standards (including good imaging practice), but, if well integrated into drug development, functional imaging can define markers of CNS penetration, drug dosing and target engagement (even for drugs that are not amenable to positron emission tomography imaging) in phase I; differentiate objective measures of efficacy and side effects and responders vs non-responders in phase II, evaluate differences between placebo and drug in phase III trials and provide insights into disease modification in phase IV trials.
Collapse
|
12
|
Dubost E, Dumas N, Fossey C, Magnelli R, Butt-Gueulle S, Ballandonne C, Caignard DH, Dulin F, Sopkova de-Oliveira Santos J, Millet P, Charnay Y, Rault S, Cailly T, Fabis F. Synthesis and structure-affinity relationships of selective high-affinity 5-HT(4) receptor antagonists: application to the design of new potential single photon emission computed tomography tracers. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9693-707. [PMID: 23102207 DOI: 10.1021/jm300943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The work described herein aims at finding new potential ligands for the brain imaging of 5-HT(4) receptors (5-HT(4)Rs) using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Starting from the nonsubstituted phenanthridine compound 4a, exhibiting a K(i) value of 51 nM on the 5-HT(4)R, we explored the structure-affinity in this series. We found that substitution in position 4 of the tricycle with a fluorine atom gave the best result. Introduction of an additional nitrogen atom inside the tricyclic framework led to an increase of both the affinity and selectivity for 5-HT(4)R, suggesting the design of the antagonist 4v, exhibiting a high affinity of 0.04 nM. Several iodinated analogues were then synthesized as potential SPECT tracers. The iodinated compound 11d was able to displace the reference radioiodinated 5-HT(4)R antagonist (1-butylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl-8-amino-7-iodo[(123)I]-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine-5-carboxylate {[(123)I]1, [(123)I]SB 207710} both in vitro and in vivo in brain. Compound 11d was radiolabeled with [(125)I]iodine, providing a potential SPECT candidate for brain imaging of 5-HT(4)R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Dubost
- UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4258 CERMN, FR CNRS 3038 INC3M, SF-4206 ICORE, Boulevard Becquerel, F-14032 Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pedregal C, Joshi EM, Toledo MA, Lafuente C, Diaz N, Martinez-Grau MA, Jiménez A, Benito A, Navarro A, Chen Z, Mudra DR, Kahl SD, Rash KS, Statnick MA, Barth VN. Development of LC-MS/MS-Based Receptor Occupancy Tracers and Positron Emission Tomography Radioligands for the Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (NOP) Receptor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4955-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201629q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Pedregal
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Elizabeth M. Joshi
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Miguel A. Toledo
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Lafuente
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Diaz
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Martinez-Grau
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma Jiménez
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Benito
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Navarro
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Zhaogen Chen
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Daniel R. Mudra
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven D. Kahl
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Karen S. Rash
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael A. Statnick
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Vanessa N. Barth
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Recent advances in imaging of dopaminergic neurons for evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:259349. [PMID: 22570524 PMCID: PMC3335602 DOI: 10.1155/2012/259349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is the most intensely studied monoaminergic neurotransmitter. Dopaminergic neurotransmission plays an important role in regulating several aspects of basic brain function, including motor, behavior, motivation, and working memory. To date, there are numerous positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiotracers available for targeting different steps in the process of dopaminergic neurotransmission, which permits us to quantify dopaminergic activity in the living human brain. Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system causes Parkinson's disease (PD) and related Parkinsonism. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that has been classically associated with the reinforcing effects of drug abuse. Abnormalities within the dopamine system in the brain are involved in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dopamine receptors play an important role in schizophrenia and the effect of neuroleptics is through blockage of dopamine D2 receptors. This review will concentrate on the radiotracers that have been developed for imaging dopaminergic neurons, describe the clinical aspects in the assessment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and suggest future directions in the diagnosis and management of such disorders.
Collapse
|
15
|
Brašić JR, Cascella N, Kumar A, Zhou Y, Hilton J, Raymont V, Crabb A, Guevara MR, Horti AG, Wong DF. Positron emission tomography experience with 2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (2-[¹⁸F]FA) in the living human brain of smokers with paranoid schizophrenia. Synapse 2012; 66:352-68. [PMID: 22169936 PMCID: PMC3445266 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing postmortem data (Breese et al. [2000] Neuropsychopharmacology 23:351-364), we hypothesized that the densities of high-affinity neuronal α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain exist in a continuum from highest to lowest as follows: smokers without schizophrenia > smokers with schizophrenia > nonsmokers without schizophrenia > nonsmokers with schizophrenia. Application of the Kruskal-Wallis Test (Statacorp, 2003) to the postmortem data (Breese et al. [2000] Neuropsychopharmacology 23:351-364) confirmed the hypothesized order in the cortex and the hippocampus and attained significance in the caudate and the thalamus. Positron emission tomography (PET) was performed for 60 min at 6 h after the intravenous administration of 444 megabequerels [MBq] (12 mCi) 2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (2-[¹⁸F]FA), a radiotracer for high-affinity neuronal α4β2 nAChRs, as a bolus plus continuous infusion to 10 adults (seven men and three women) (six smokers including five with paranoid schizophrenia and four nonsmokers) ranging in age from 22 to 56 years (mean 40.1, standard deviation 13.6). The thalamic nondisplaceable binding potential (BP(ND) ) was 1.32 ± 0.19 (mean ± standard deviation) for healthy control nonsmokers; 0.50 ± 0.19 for smokers with paranoid schizophrenia; and 0.51 for the single smoker without paranoid schizophrenia. The thalamic BP(ND) s of nonsmokers were significantly higher than those of smokers who smoked cigarettes a few hours before the scans (P = 0.0105) (StataCorp, 2003), which was likely due to occupancy of nAChRs by inhaled nicotine in smokers. Further research is needed to rule out the effects of confounding variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Robert Brašić
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-0807, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
As a consequence of individualized antipsychotic pharmacotherapy, many patients need more than a single drug, since they do not respond sufficiently to monotherapy. Other patients suffer from comorbid diseases and therefore require additional drugs from other pharmacological classes. Drug combinations, however, can give rise to pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interactions with antipsychotic drugs must consider substrate, inhibitor, and inducer properties for the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes of all combined drugs. For consideration of pharmacodynamic interactions, special attention must be given to effects on dopamine D(2), histamine H(1), and acetylcholine M(1) receptors and on cardiac potassium channels. Additive pharmacological actions of combined drugs on these target structures can induce adverse reactions such as extrapyramidal symptoms, drowsiness, metabolic disturbances leading to weight gain and cardiac problems, cognitive impairment, delirium, or ventricular arrhythmia. Measuring plasma concentrations, i.e., therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), is valuable to adjust antipsychotic medication when drug combinations contain inhibitors or inducers that alter plasma concentrations of the antipsychotic drugs. Amalgamating the broad knowledge on drug-drug interactions and using appropriately the option to monitor plasma concentrations in blood will help to apply complex combination therapies with antipsychotic drugs with maximal efficiency and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hiemke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Biomarkers have been receiving increasing attention, especially in the field of psychiatry. In contrast to the availability of potent therapeutic tools including pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and biological therapies, unmet needs remain in terms of onset of action, stability of response, and further improvement of the clinical course. Biomarkers are objectively measured characteristics which serve as indicators of the causes of illnesses, their clinical course, and modification by treatment. There exist a variety of markers: laboratory markers which comprise the determination of genetic and epigenetic markers, neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, neuropeptides, enzymes, and others as single measures; electrophysiological markers which usually comprise electroencephalography (EEG) measures, and in particular sleep EEG and evoked potentials, magnetic encephalography, electrocardiogram, facial electromyography, skin conductance, and others; brain imaging techniques such as cranial computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRl, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography; and behavioral approaches such as cue exposure and challenge tests which can be used to induce especially emotional processes in anxiety and depression. Examples for each of these domains are provided in this review. With a view to developing more individually tailored therapeutic strategies, the characterization of patients and the courses of different types of treatment will become even more important in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Wiedemann
- University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chun JH, Lu S, Pike VW. Rapid and Efficient Radiosyntheses of Meta-substituted [F]Fluoroarenes from [F]Fluoride Ion and Diaryliodonium Tosylates within a Microreactor. European J Org Chem 2011; 2011:4439-4447. [PMID: 22016665 PMCID: PMC3195448 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective methods for the introduction of the short-lived positron-emitter fluorine-18 (t(1/2) = 109.7 min) at high specific radioactivity into fluoroarenes are valuable for the development of radiotracers for molecular imaging with positron emission tomography. Here we have explored the scope of the radiofluorination of diaryliodonium salts with no-carrier-added [(18)F]fluoride ion for the preparation of otherwise difficult to access meta-substituted [(18)F]fluoroarenes. A microfluidic reaction platform was used to establish optimal radiochemical yields. Rapid, high yielding and selective radiofluorinations were achieved in unsymmetrical diaryliodonium tosylates (ArI(+)Ar'TsO(-)) in which Ar carried either a meta electron-withdrawing (CN, NO(2), CF(3)) or a meta electron-donating (Me or MeO) group, and in which the partner aryl group (Ar') was relatively electron-rich, such as Ph, 3-Me-C(6)H(4), 4-MeO-C(6)H(4), 2-thienyl or 5-Me-2-thienyl. The radiofluorination of appropriate diaryliodonium tosylates is therefore a generally useful method for the preparation of simple [(18)F]m-fluoroarenes ([(18)F]ArF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Hyun Chun
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pike VW, Rash KS, Chen Z, Pedregal C, Statnick MA, Kimura Y, Hong J, Zoghbi SS, Fujita M, Toledo MA, Diaz N, Gackenheimer SL, Tauscher JT, Barth VN, Innis RB. Synthesis and evaluation of radioligands for imaging brain nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptors with positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2687-700. [PMID: 21438532 PMCID: PMC3081360 DOI: 10.1021/jm101487v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) coupled to an effective radioligand could provide an important tool for understanding possible links between neuropsychiatric disorders and brain NOP (nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide) receptors. We sought to develop such a PET radioligand. High-affinity NOP ligands were synthesized based on a 3-(2'-fluoro-4',5'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,7'-thieno[2,3-c]pyran]-1-yl)-2(2-halobenzyl)-N-alkylpropanamide scaffold and from experimental screens in rats, with ex vivo LC-MS/MS measures, three ligands were identified for labeling with carbon-11 and evaluation with PET in monkey. Each ligand was labeled by (11)C-methylation of an N-desmethyl precursor and studied in monkey under baseline and NOP receptor-preblock conditions. The three radioligands, [(11)C](S)-10a-c, gave similar results. Baseline scans showed high entry of radioactivity into the brain to give a distribution reflecting that expected for NOP receptors. Preblock experiments showed high early peak levels of brain radioactivity, which rapidly declined to a much lower level than seen in baseline scans, thereby indicating a high level of receptor-specific binding in baseline experiments. Overall, [(11)C](S)-10c showed the most favorable receptor-specific signal and kinetics and is now selected for evaluation in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu R, Hong J, Morse CL, Pike VW. Synthesis, structure-affinity relationships, and radiolabeling of selective high-affinity 5-HT4 receptor ligands as prospective imaging probes for positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7035-47. [PMID: 20812727 DOI: 10.1021/jm100668r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a search for high-affinity receptor ligands that might serve for development as radioligands for the imaging of brain 5-HT(4) receptors in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET), structural modifications were made to the high-affinity 5-HT(4) antagonist (1-butylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl 8-amino-7-iodo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine-5-carboxylate (1, SB 207710). These modifications were made mainly on the aryl side of the ester bond to permit possible rapid labeling of the carboxylic acid component with a positron emitter, either carbon-11 (t(1/2) = 20.4 min) or fluorine-18 (t(1/2) = 109.7 min), and included (i) replacement of the iodine atom with a small substituent such as nitrile, methyl, or fluoro, (ii) methylation of the 8-amino group, (iii) opening of the dioxan ring, and (iv) alteration of the length of the N-alkyl goup. High-affinity ligands were discovered for recombinant human 5-HT(4) receptors with amenability to labeling with a positron emitter and potential for development as imaging probes. The ring-opened radioligand, (([methoxy-(11)C]1-butylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl 4-amino-3-methoxybenzoate; [(11)C]13), showed an especially favorable array of properties for future evaluation as a PET radioligand for brain 5-HT(4) receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tost H, Braus DF, Hakimi S, Ruf M, Vollmert C, Hohn F, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Acute D2 receptor blockade induces rapid, reversible remodeling in human cortical-striatal circuits. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:920-2. [PMID: 20526332 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Structural remodeling has been observed in the human brain over periods of weeks to months, but the molecular mechanisms governing this process remain incompletely characterized. Using multimodal pharmaco-neuroimaging, we found that acute D2 receptor blockade induced reversible striatal volume changes and structural-functional decoupling in motor circuits within hours; these alterations predicted acute extrapyramidal motor symptoms with high precision. Our findings suggest a role for D2 receptors in short-term neural plasticity and identify a potential biomarker for neuroleptic side effects in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nawata H, Ogomori K, Tanaka M, Nishimura R, Urashima H, Yano R, Takano K, Kuwabara Y. Regional cerebral blood flow changes in female to male gender identity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64:157-61. [PMID: 20132527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.02059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Despite a range of research on gender identity disorder (GID), at present there is no scientific consensus on whether the etiology of GID is mental or physical. In particular recent advances in the technology of neuroimaging research have led to an increased understanding of the biological basis of various mental disorders. GID also should be evaluated from this perspective. The aim of the present study was therefore to do the first trial to examine the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in GID. METHODS Persons considered biologically male fulfilling the GID criteria are termed male to female (MTF) and, conversely, persons considered biological female are termed female to male (FTM). We compared 11 FTM subjects and nine age- and handedness-matched female control subjects. None of the subjects was regularly taking medication and none had any kind of physical or psychiatric comorbidity. To evaluate rCBF in GID subjects and control subjects, statistical parametric mapping analysis of (99m)Tc-ethyl-cysteinate dimer single-photon emission computed tomography was used. RESULTS GID subjects had a significant decrease in rCBF in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and a significant increase in the right insula compared to control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The ACC and insula are regions that have been noted as being related to human sexual behavior and consciousness. From these findings, useful insights into the biological basis of GID were suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Nawata
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review progress in understanding pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The focus is on the frontal-striatal-thalamic model of OCD, neurobiological and genetic studies of the disorder, and their influence on recent advances in treatment. METHOD Computerized literature searches were conducted with the key words "obsessive-compulsive disorder" in conjunction with "pediatric," "genetics," and "imaging." RESULTS Neuroimaging studies find evidence to support the frontal-striatal-thalamic model. Genetic and neurochemical studies also implicate glutamate in the pathological finding of OCD. This has led to the application of glutamate-modulating agents to treat OCD. CONCLUSIONS Studies of pediatric OCD have led to a refined frontal-striatal-thalamic model of pathogenesis and are having an evidence-based impact on treatment. Despite this progress, fully explanatory models are still needed that would allow for accurate prognosis and the development of targeted and efficacious treatments.
Collapse
|