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Zadeh-Haghighi H, Simon C. Magnetic field effects in biology from the perspective of the radical pair mechanism. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220325. [PMID: 35919980 PMCID: PMC9346374 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain elusive. Remarkably, the magnetic energies implicated in these effects are much smaller than thermal energies. Here, we review these observations, and we suggest an explanation based on the radical pair mechanism, which involves the quantum dynamics of the electron and nuclear spins of transient radical molecules. While the radical pair mechanism has been studied in detail in the context of avian magnetoreception, the studies reviewed here show that magnetosensitivity is widespread throughout biology. We review magnetic field effects on various physiological functions, discussing static, hypomagnetic and oscillating magnetic fields, as well as isotope effects. We then review the radical pair mechanism as a potential unifying model for the described magnetic field effects, and we discuss plausible candidate molecules for the radical pairs. We review recent studies proposing that the radical pair mechanism provides explanations for isotope effects in xenon anaesthesia and lithium treatment of hyperactivity, magnetic field effects on the circadian clock, and hypomagnetic field effects on neurogenesis and microtubule assembly. We conclude by discussing future lines of investigation in this exciting new area of quantum biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Christoph Simon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Schuermann D, Mevissen M. Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress-Biological Effects and Consequences for Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073772. [PMID: 33917298 PMCID: PMC8038719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the ever-expanding use of electrical appliances and mobile communication systems, public and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency and radiofrequency range has become a widely debated environmental risk factor for health. Radiofrequency (RF) EMF and extremely-low-frequency (ELF) MF have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially leading to cellular or systemic oxidative stress, was frequently found to be influenced by EMF exposure in animals and cells. In this review, we summarize key experimental findings on oxidative stress related to EMF exposure from animal and cell studies of the last decade. The observations are discussed in the context of molecular mechanisms and functionalities relevant to health such as neurological function, genome stability, immune response, and reproduction. Most animal and many cell studies showed increased oxidative stress caused by RF-EMF and ELF-MF. In order to estimate the risk for human health by manmade exposure, experimental studies in humans and epidemiological studies need to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schuermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
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Martínez MA, Úbeda A, Trillo MÁ. Role of NADPH oxidase in MAPK signaling activation by a 50 Hz magnetic field in human neuroblastoma cells. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 40:103-116. [PMID: 33345643 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1851250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that intermittent exposure to a 50-Hz, 100-µT sine wave magnetic field (MF) promotes human NB69 cell proliferation, mediated by activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and pathways MAPK-ERK1/2 and p38; being the effects on proliferation and p38 activation blocked by the chelator N-acetylcysteine. The present work investigates the MF effects on free radical (FR) production, and the potential involvement of NADPH oxidase, the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in the MF-induced activation of MAPK pathways. To this end, the field effects on MAPK-ERK1/2, -p38 and -JNK activation in the presence or absence of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), as well as the expression of the p67phox subunit, were analyzed. The results revealed that field exposure increases FR production and induces early, transient expression of the cytosolic component of the NADPH oxidase, p67phox. Also, the MF-induced activation of the MAPK-JNK pathway, but not that of -ERK1/2 or -p38 pathways, was prevented in the presence of the DPI, which has been shown to significantly reduce p67phox expression. These data, together with those from previous studies, identify various, FR-dependent or -independent mechanisms, involved in the MF-induced proliferative response mediated by MAPK signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Úbeda
- Servicio BEM, Dept. Investigación, Hosp, Univ. Ramón Y Cajal- IRYCIS , Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Trillo
- Servicio BEM, Dept. Investigación, Hosp, Univ. Ramón Y Cajal- IRYCIS , Madrid, Spain
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Fei Y, Jin Y, Zhao X, Wang Y, Qian J, Su L, Chen G. The Relative Permittivity Changes of EGF by 50 Hz MF Exposure Neither Affect the Interaction of EGF With EGFR Nor Its Biological Effects. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:241-246. [PMID: 31951053 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The biophysical mechanism of magnetic fields (MFs) acting on living systems is not clear. Previous research showed that, similar to epidermal growth factor (EGF), MF exposure induced EGF receptor (EGFR) clustering and activated EGFR signaling. In this study, we investigated whether MF exposure induced the changes in physical characteristics of EGF and downstream effects of EGF and EGFR interaction. The phase-interrogation surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing analyses showed that 50 Hz MF exposure at 4.0 mT for 1 h induced reversible relative permittivity changes of EGF solution. However, compared with sham-exposed EGF solution, the MF-exposed EGF solution did not affect the binding of EGF to EGFR, nor the cell viability and EGFR clustering in human amniotic epithelial cells (FL cells). Our data suggest that cellular EGFR clustering response to MF exposure might not be a result of changes in relative permittivity of EGF in cell culture solution. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fei
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yumin Jin
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation (Zhejiang University), Centre for Optical and Electromagnetics Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation (Zhejiang University), Centre for Optical and Electromagnetics Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liling Su
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Merla C, Liberti M, Consales C, Denzi A, Apollonio F, Marino C, Benassi B. Evidences of plasma membrane-mediated ROS generation upon ELF exposure in neuroblastoma cells supported by a computational multiscale approach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1446-1457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sun L, Chen L, Bai L, Xia Y, Yang X, Jiang W, Sun W. Reactive oxygen species mediates 50-Hz magnetic field-induced EGF receptor clustering via acid sphingomyelinase activation. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:678-684. [PMID: 29659325 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1466208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) could elicit biological effects including carcinogenesis. However, the detailed mechanisms by which these ELF-EMFs interact with biological system are currently unclear. Previously, we found that a 50-Hz magnetic field (MF) exposure could induce epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) clustering and phosphorylation on cell membranes. In the present experiment, the possible roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MF-induced EGFR clustering were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human amnion epithelial (FL) cells were exposed to a 50-Hz MF with or without N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). EGFR clustering on cellular membrane surface was analyzed using confocal microscopy after indirect immunofluorescence staining. The intracellular ROS level and acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity were detected using an ROS assay kit and an Amplex® Red Sphingomyelinase Assay Kit, respectively. RESULTS Results showed that exposure of FL cells to a 50-Hz MF at 0.4 mT for 15 min significantly enhanced the ROS level, induced EGFR clustering and increased ASMase activity. However, pretreatment with NAC or PDTC, the scavenger of ROS, not only counteracted the effects of a 50-Hz MF on ROS level and AMS activity, but also inhibited the EGFR clustering induced by MF exposure. CONCLUSIONS The present and previous data suggest that ROS mediates the MF-induced EGFR clustering via ASMase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Sun
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China.,b The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Liangjing Chen
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Lina Bai
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yongpeng Xia
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Wei Jiang
- c Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
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Magnetic Fields and Reactive Oxygen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102175. [PMID: 29057846 PMCID: PMC5666856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) ubiquitously exist in mammalian cells to participate in various cellular signaling pathways. The intracellular ROS levels are dependent on the dynamic balance between ROS generation and elimination. In this review, we summarize reported studies about the influences of magnetic fields (MFs) on ROS levels. Although in most cases, MFs increased ROS levels in human, mouse, rat cells, and tissues, there are also studies showing that ROS levels were decreased or not affected by MFs. Multiple factors could cause these discrepancies, including but not limited to MF type/intensity/frequency, exposure time and assay time-point, as well as different biological samples examined. It will be necessary to investigate the influences of different MFs on ROS in various biological samples systematically and mechanistically, which will be helpful for people to get a more complete understanding about MF-induced biological effects. In addition, reviewing the roles of MFs in ROS modulation may open up new scenarios of MF application, which could be further and more widely adopted into clinical applications, particularly in diseases that ROS have documented pathophysiological roles.
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Consales C, Cirotti C, Filomeni G, Panatta M, Butera A, Merla C, Lopresto V, Pinto R, Marino C, Benassi B. Fifty-Hertz Magnetic Field Affects the Epigenetic Modulation of the miR-34b/c in Neuronal Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5698-5714. [PMID: 29039021 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) has been associated to increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are still undefined. Since epigenetic modulation has been recently encountered among the key events leading to neuronal degeneration, we here aimed at assessing if the control of gene expression mediated by miRNAs, namely miRs-34, has any roles in driving neuronal cell response to 50-Hz (1 mT) magnetic field in vitro. We demonstrate that ELF-MFs drive an early reduction of the expression level of miR-34b and miR-34c in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, as well as in mouse primary cortical neurons, by affecting the transcription of the common pri-miR-34. This modulation is not p53 dependent, but attributable to the hyper-methylation of the CpG island mapping within the miR-34b/c promoter. Incubation with N-acetyl-l-cysteine or glutathione ethyl-ester fails to restore miR-34b/c expression, suggesting that miRs-34 are not responsive to ELF-MF-induced oxidative stress. By contrast, we show that miRs-34 control reactive oxygen species production and affect mitochondrial oxidative stress triggered by ELF-MFs, likely by modulating mitochondria-related miR-34 targets identified by in silico analysis. We finally demonstrate that ELF-MFs alter the expression of the α-synuclein, which is specifically stimulated upon ELF-MFs exposure via both direct miR-34 targeting and oxidative stress. Altogether, our data highlight the potential of the ELF-MFs to tune redox homeostasis and epigenetic control of gene expression in vitro and shed light on the possible mechanism(s) producing detrimental effects and predisposing neurons to degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Consales
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Cirotti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filomeni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.,Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martina Panatta
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Butera
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Merla
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy.,Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Vanni Lopresto
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Pinto
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Marino
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Benassi
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy.
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