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Alves Melo ACC, de Jesus RA, Olivera ACDM, Salazar-Banda GR, Andrade HMC, Yerga RMN, Fierro JLG, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN, Ferreira LFR, Figueiredo RT. Effect of non-ionic surfactant in the solvothermal synthesis of anatase TiO 2 nanoplates with a high percentage of exposed {001} facets and its role in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114094. [PMID: 36029840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with controlled morphology and increased {001} facets exposed without the presence of fluorine-derived substances is a challenge. Herein, we report a highly effective approach to fabricate anatase TiO2 nanoplates with exposed {001} facets and their exploitation as robust photocatalytic materials for dye remediation. These materials were synthesized under controlled hydrolysis and condensation reactions, using titanium (IV) n-butoxide in an ethanolic solution, with acetic and sulfuric acids, by a solvothermal method at 190 °C with or without the presence of the non-ionic surfactant Triton® X-100 and then characterized. During TiO2 crystal synthesis, the effect of a non-ionic surfactant on the TiO2 particle growth was investigated. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method can synthesize pure and crystalline anatase TiO2 square nanoplates that form nanostructured spheres with high surface area, uniformly sized mesopores, and exposed {001} facets. The presence of non-ionic surfactant increased the exposed {001} facets percentage of the formed nanoplates from 69 to 80%, decreased the crystallite thickness, but unaffected its crystalline phase and band gap energy. The kinetic constants (Ka e Kb) for the synthesized TiO2 anatase nanoplates are considerably higher than the commercial TiO2 anatase constant (Kc). The synthesized photocatalysts show higher efficiency in the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue (MB) than commercial TiO2 (for t = 120 min).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giancarlo R Salazar-Banda
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering (PEP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil; Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | | | - J L G Fierro
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - ICP/CSI, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering (PEP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil; Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Renan Tavares Figueiredo
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering (PEP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil; Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), 49032-490, Aracaju, Brazil.
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The Influence of Calcination Temperature on Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2-Acetylacetone Charge Transfer Complex towards Degradation of NOx under Visible Light. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The improvement of photocatalytic activity of TiO2-based nanomaterials is widely investigated due to the tentative of their industrialization as environmental photocatalysts and their inherently low solar spectrum sensitivity and rapid recombination of charge carriers. Coupling of oxygen-based bidentate diketone to nanocrystalline TiO2 represents a potential alternative for improving the holdbacks. Formation of TiO2-acetylacetone charge transfer complex (CTC) by sol-gel route results in a hybrid semiconductor material with photodegradation activity against toxic NOx gas. In this research, the influence of the chelating agent acetylacetone (ACAC) content on the CTC photocatalytic efficiency under visible light was evaluated. A high content of ACAC in the CTC is not a decisive factor for efficiency of photocatalytic reactions. In fact, the highest efficiency for NOx degradation (close to 100%, during 1 h of visible light exposure) was reported for the material calcined in air at 300 °C with the content of strongly bonded acetylacetone not higher than 3 wt.%. Higher calcination temperature (400 °C) left TiO2 almost completely depleted in ACAC, while at the highest applied temperature (550 °C) a portion of anatase was transformed into rutile and the sample is free of ACAC. The analyses pointed out that superoxide anion radical (O2−) plays an active role in photo-oxidation of NOx. Our findings indicate that this CTC has both high visible light spectral sensitivity and photocatalytic efficiency.
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