Improving the quality of life and psychological well-being of recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients: preliminary evaluation of a group-based cognitive behavioral intervention

Multiple sclerosis and identity: a mixed-methods systematic review

PURPOSE

This systematic review addressed the following topics: (1) psychometric measures used to evaluate the identity/self in MS patients; (2) impact of MS on the identity/self of patients; (3) relationships between the identity/self and the adjustment to MS.

METHOD

Five electronic databases were searched for all peer-reviewed empirical studies published up to April 2024 (PROSPERO CRD42023485972). Studies were eligible if they included MS patients and examined identity/self through quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method study design. MMAT (Mixed Method Appraisal Tool) checklist was used to assess the quality of included studies. After conducting narrative synthesis (quantitative studies) and thematic synthesis (qualitative studies), an integration was undertaken following a convergent segregated approach.

RESULTS

Forty-three studies were included (13 quantitative, 26 qualitative, and four mixed methods). Studies used measures of "self" to refer to specific domains, and of "identity" to highlight the individual's uniqueness and continuity of experience over time. MS causes a loss of various aspects of self (physical, working, family, and social self) and identity discontinuity. Maintaining a positive self-concept and integrating MS into one's identity are associated with better adjustment to MS.

CONCLUSION

Clinicians should consider the centrality of identity redefinition for the promotion of MS patients' adjustment to the illness.

Effectiveness of identity-building interventions on recovery identity and patient-reported health outcomes in chronic diseases: A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of identity-building interventions on recovery identity and patient-reported health outcomes in chronic disease patients. We identified 15 relevant empirical studies (comprising 2261 patients) from 989 records through extensive keyword searches and manual screening conducted between March 2nd and March 13th, 2023. Utilizing the Cochrane tool, meta-regression, and the GRADE approach, we evaluated these studies for their characteristics, findings, and quality. The analysis revealed that identity-building interventions, encompassing recovery-oriented group, interest group, and linguistic approaches, positively influenced identity synthesis and had varying effects on health outcomes. Notably, multiple regression analysis demonstrated that identity synthesis significantly predicted health outcomes. However, the study identified mild heterogeneity, a high attrition bias risk, and insufficient data on selection and detection bias as limitations. Overall, identity-building interventions proved influential in enhancing recovery identity, a vital predictor of patient-reported health outcomes in chronic disease patients.

Effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention on myositis patients' quality of life and well-being: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Myositis is a rare disease associated with impaired health-related quality of life. A study evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention to improve the quality of life and well-being of myositis patients is presented.

METHODS

All myositis patients in a health district were contacted. Thirty-four eligible patients were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 17) or control (n = 17) group. A psychoeducational intervention of 5 100-min sessions focusing on the disease as related to daily life was conducted only in experimental patients. Several reliable tools to measure quality of life and well-being were administered twice, before and after the intervention, to both groups.

RESULTS

In the experimental group, post-test scores were higher than pre-test in quality of life, well-being, and self-efficacy to manage the disease. Improvements were more evident in the experimental group than controls in 70% of the variables studied. Specifically, sedentariness decreased and satisfaction with social relationships increased in the post-test evaluation to a greater degree in the experimental group than in controls.

CONCLUSIONS

This randomized controlled trial on a representative sample of myositis patients in an extensive population provides evidence indicating the effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention for improving HRQoL, well-being, and self-efficacy to manage the disease.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT06300983.

Subjective Well-Being, Positive Affect, Life Satisfaction, and Happiness With Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review of the Literature

PURPOSE

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) may face challenges maintaining their subjective well-being, life satisfaction, happiness, and positive emotions. This scoping review's purpose was to summarize studies on these positive psychological constructs among people with MS.

METHODS

Observational and interventional studies that included measures of subjective well-being, life satisfaction, happiness, or positive affect were identified. Variables associated with these constructs were classified using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).

RESULTS

The review included 22 observational and 10 interventional studies. Variables were categorized into each of the ICF domains. Cognitive behavior therapy was the most common intervention, with content and dosing varying widely.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Subjective well-being, life satisfaction, happiness, and positive affect are crucial components of community and individual health. The findings of this scoping review highlight the complex interplay between function, personal factors, and environmental conditions in influencing positive psychological constructs. Given the limited evidence, rehabilitation nurses should leverage their skills in delivering holistic care and adopt data-driven approaches to integrate positive psychological strategies into care plans.

CONCLUSION

Further research is needed to measure and compare interventions aimed at improving these constructs and to examine the influence of personal and environmental factors among diverse MS populations.

Neuropsychology intervention for managing invisible symptoms of MS (NIMIS-MS) group: A pilot effectiveness and acceptability study

BACKGROUND

People with MS (pwMS) commonly experience a range of hidden symptoms, including cognitive impairment, anxiety and depression, fatigue, pain, and sensory difficulties. These "invisible" symptoms can significantly impact wellbeing, relationships, employment and life goals. We developed a novel bespoke online group neuropsychological intervention combining psychoeducation and cognitive rehabilitation with an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-informed approach for pwMS in an acute tertiary hospital. This 'Neuropsychological Intervention for Managing Invisible Symptoms' in MS (NIMIS-MS) consisted of 6 sessions, each with a psychoeducation and ACT component. The content included psychoeducation around managing cognitive difficulties, fatigue, pain, sleep and other unpleasant sensations in MS with the general approach of understanding, monitoring, and recognising patterns and potential triggers. Specific cognitive rehabilitation and fatigue management strategies were introduced. The ACT-informed component focussed on three core ACT areas of the 'Triflex' of psychological flexibility (Harris, 2019): Being Present, Opening Up, and Doing What Matters.

METHODS

118 pwMS attended the NIMIS-MS group intervention which was delivered 14 times in six-week blocks over an 18-month period. To evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability, participants completed measures of depression and anxiety (HADS), functional impairment (WSAS), Values- Progress (VQ) and Values- Obstruction (VQ), and Acceptance of MS (MSAS) pre and post NIMIs-MS group intervention. Qualitative feedback was obtained during focus groups after the final session and via online feedback questionnaires RESULTS: Pre-post analysis showed that symptoms of depression and anxiety were significantly lower and acceptance of MS was significantly higher following completion of the NIMIS-MS group. Qualitative feedback showed that participants reported that they felt more equipped to manage the "invisible" symptoms of MS following completion of the group, and benefited from using ACT-based strategies and techniques. Participants highly valued the peer support that evolved during the NIMIS-MS groups. The online format was considered more accessible than in-person groups, due to less concerns of travel time, cost, fatigue, and comfort and infection.

CONCLUSION

Evaluation suggests that our novel NIMIS-MS groups is an acceptable, beneficial and feasible approach for providing neuropsychological interventions to individuals with MS.

A systematic review of the impact of therapeutic education programs on the quality of life of people with Multiple Sclerosis

Background

Faced with a deemed mediocre quality of life (QoL) in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), the effectiveness of therapeutic education (TPE) programs is called into question. This systematic review is conducted to examine the impact of the TPE programs on the QoL of pwMS.

Methods

A search was performed in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus) to identify relevant studies published between 2007 and 2022. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Two reviewers independently extracted data on the study and program characteristics. These data were presented in tables for detailed synthesis and descriptive analyses. The selected studies underwent assessment using recommended evaluation tools.

Results

Of the 21 studies included in the review, 13 found a significant improvement in QoL, which was maintained during follow-up testing in 42% of the studies. TPE programs that focused on patients' individual needs and aimed to develop their skills in a personalized manner appeared to promote QoL. Interaction formats (individual, group, remote), session duration [range=1.5-28] and number of sessions [range=1-18] varied between the studies reviewed.

Conclusion

Thoughtful, structured design of educational programs requires a match between the educational aspects specific to each individual and the appropriate choice of content, delivery modalities of the interventions and evaluation protocol, as well as a reasonable follow-up time. The conclusions drawn could serve as guidelines to direct future research towards optimal educational interventions.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO CRD42022338651.

People with newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis benefit from a complex preventative intervention-a single group prospective study with follow up

Background

Newly diagnosed people with multiple sclerosis frequently report fatigue, pain, depression and anxiety. Preventative programmes may be beneficial, but there is limited evidence of their effectiveness, especially long-term follow-up.

Methods

The programme consisted of 6-month face to face intervention (an introductory workshop, psychology-led group sessions and individual physical therapy) followed by 6-month self-guided therapy. Outcome measures were taken at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Primary outcomes measures were self-report questionnaires for fatigue, satisfaction with life and disease acceptance. Secondary outcomes were spirometry, spiroergometric parameters and neuroactive steroid levels.

Results

From 22 participants enrolled, 17 completed the first 6 months and 13 the follow-up. Fatigue measured on the Fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions decreased significantly at 6 months (p = 0.035) and at follow-up (p = 0.007). The Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (p = 0.035) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (p = 0.007) significantly increased at follow-up. Spirometry, spiroergometric parameters, steroid hormones and neuroactive steroids levels did not change significantly.

Conclusion

This programme reduces fatigue and improves satisfaction with life in this patient group with improvements sustained at 12 months. People who participated more frequently showed greater benefit.

Clinical rehabilitation impact

The paper describes the effects of a complex preventative intervention for people with newly diagnosed Multiple Sclerosis. The study found that this programme reduces fatigue and improves satisfaction with life with long-term benefit (at 12-month follow up). The individuals who participated less frequently experienced fewer benefits.

The impact of life stress, psychological resources, and proactive behaviors on quality of life among people living with HIV

OBJECTIVES

Quality of life (QoL) is an important consideration for people living with HIV (PWH). We investigated the relationship between stress, psychological resources, and proactive behaviors, on QoL (conceptualized as life satisfaction, successful aging, and depressive symptoms) by testing the hypotheses: (1) greater life stress (stress and functional impairment) is associated with poorer QoL; (2) resources (mastery, resilience, and social support) are associated with better QoL, beyond the influence of stress; and (3) proactive behaviors (medication management and leisure activities) mediate the relationship between resources and QoL.

METHODS

Secondary analyses were performed (N = 128 PWH). Participants' mean age was 52.3, 83.6% were male, and 53.9 identified as white. Multivariate regressions were performed within the context of path analyses.

RESULTS

In series 1, greater stress was associated with poorer life satisfaction (p < 0.001), lower self-rated successful aging (p < 0.001), and greater depression (p < 0.001). Functional impairment was associated with lower successful aging (p = 0.017) and greater depression (p = 0.001). In series 2, which accounted for mastery, resilience, social support, as well as demographic covariates, mastery was associated with greater life satisfaction (p = 0.038). In series 3, stress, functional impairment, leisure activities, and ART management were added to the model and social support was associated with engagement in leisure activities (p < 0.001), which was associated with better successful aging (p = 0.006). Fit indices suggested adequate relative fit. In bootstrapped analyses of indirect effects, social support was indirectly associated with successful aging through leisure activities (p = 0.020).

CONCLUSIONS

QoL, as captured by self-rated successful aging, is threatened by stress but positively influenced by social support and engaging in leisure activities. Findings support a model of proactive successful aging for PWH.

Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Adults With Multiple Sclerosis

IMPORTANCE

Occupational therapy practitioners play an important role in addressing the occupational performance and participation needs of adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their caregivers.

OBJECTIVE

This Practice Guideline aims to help occupational therapy practitioners, as well as the people who manage, reimburse, or set policy regarding occupational therapy services, understand occupational therapy's role in providing services to adults with MS and their caregivers. This guideline can also serve as a reference for health care professionals, health care managers, educators, regulators, third-party payers, managed care organizations, and researchers.

METHOD

We examined, synthesized, and integrated the results of four systematic reviews into clinical recommendations. Three systematic reviews specified occupational domains as outcomes of interest, and one focused on interventions for caregivers of people with MS.

RESULTS

Twenty-one articles from the systematic reviews with strong or moderate strength of evidence served as the basis for the clinical recommendations.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Four interventions benefited participation in the domains of activities of daily living or sleep. Two interventions improved participation in the domain of instrumental activities of daily living. One intervention improved work participation. Two interventions benefited caregivers and the quality of the relationship between the caregiver and person with MS. Other potentially appropriate interventions or areas to address on the basis of existing or emerging evidence are discussed in the Limitations: Gaps in the Evidence and Conclusions sections. What This Article Adds: This Practice Guideline provides a summary and application of the current evidence supporting occupational therapy intervention for adults with MS. It includes case examples and decision-making algorithms to support occupational therapy practitioners in addressing client goals.

The Possible Direct Correlation between Cognitive Impairment and Fear of Catching COVID-19 among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Objective: The prevalence of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) is significant and it is estimated that 40% to 70% of patients with MS suffer from this impairment. COVID-19 is also a new infectious disease. The symptoms of this disease, which include fever, shortness of breath, and cough, can be mild to severe and can even lead to death. Due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs by Patients with MS, they might be at greater risk of catching COVID-19. Thus, patients with MS may be more afraid of catching the virus. One of the important factors is the relationship between cognitive deficit and the increase in patients' fear of COVID-19. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between fear of catching COVID-19 and cognitive impairment in patients with MS.

Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the MS Clinic, Sina hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Our participants in this project were Patients with MS who were over 18 years old and had no history of other neurological and psychiatric diseases. In addition to obtaining demographic and clinical information, we measured the fear of catching the COVID 2019 via Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), which is 7-item questionnaire. We also used Multiple Sclerosis Neuro Psychological Screening Questionnaire (MSNQ) to assess memory and information processing speed in Patients with MS.

Results: After adjustment for age, gender, disease duration, highest level of education, MS type, and EDSS in linear regression model, as well as the MSNQ total score and fear score of catching coronavirus, the results demonstrated a significant positive correlation with P value of 0.00 and β: 0.024.

Conclusion: The present study showed a direct relationship between cognitive disorder and level of fear regarding COVID-19. Patients with more cognitive disorders were more afraid of COVID-19.

The Effectiveness of Group Hope Therapy Training on the Quality of Life and Meaning of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Their Family Caregivers

Objective: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, progressive neurological disease that, due to its special nature, has various physical and mental influences on the patients and their family's lives, decreasing the quality of life and threatening the meaning of life. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the group hope therapy training on the quality and the meaning of life in patients with multiple sclerosis and their family caregivers.

Method: This quasi-experimental study was performed using pretest-posttest and control group. Thirty patients with multiple sclerosis along with 30 family caregivers who got low to medium scores on the Meaning in Life questionnaire by Steger (MLQ), Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29), and the Iranian Quality of Life questionnaire (IRQOL) for the caregivers were selected purposively. Then, the patients were randomly divided into two groups of 15 individuals in experimental and 15 individuals in control groups. The caregivers were grouped in the same manner. The protocol of group hope therapy training was carried out through eight two-hour sessions in two weeks separately on two experimental groups (the patients and the caregivers), and finally the posttest was given to four experimental and control groups.

Results: The results of the data showed that the meaning of life in both the patient and the caregiver experimental groups increased significantly (P < 0.001), but there was no significant change in the patient and the caregiver control groups.

Conclusion: Group hope therapy training is an effective intervention for improving the meaning of life and the quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Also, any psychological intervention that aims to improve the quality of life in patients in an advanced stage of the disease requires attention to both the physical and the mental issues at the same time. Although group hope therapy training has improved the meaning of life in such patients, it did not have a significant impact on the quality of life. Therefore, paying attention to the stages of multiple sclerosis and the physical condition of the patients during the therapeutic intervention and adopting necessary complementary interventions seems to be essential.

The impact of cognitive rehabilitation on quality of life in multiple sclerosis: A pilot study

Background

Cognitive impairment in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) negatively impacts daily function and quality of life (QoL). Prior studies of cognitive rehabilitation in pwMS have shown limited benefit but many focused on cognitive function scores rather than QoL measures. Studies using QoL metrics primarily evaluated group cognitive rehabilitation, which may be less appropriate due to variable cognitive profiles in pwMS. This study assesses the impact of an individualized cognitive rehabilitation approach on QoL in MS.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of NeuroQoL assessments done by pwMS (n = 12, mean age 47.9 ± 4.0 years, 75% female, 100% White, 75% RRMS) before and after participation in an individualized compensatory cognitive program. We used a comparison group of pwMS who were candidates for the program but did not participate (n = 9, mean age 48.9 ± 4.4 years, 88.9% female, 100% White, 66.7% RRMS).

Results

PwMS who participated in the rehabilitation program saw improvements in Sleep Disturbance (50.5 from 55.5, p = 0.005), Fatigue (52.5 from 57.0, p = 0.024), Anxiety (49.8 from 55.4, p = 0.011), and Cognitive Function (39.3 from 36.7, p = 0.049).

Conclusions

Individualized compensatory cognitive rehabilitation appears effective for improving QoL measures in pwMS with cognitive complaints, supporting the need for further randomized controlled prospective analysis of this intervention.

Salutogenic interventions and health effects: a scoping review of the literature

OBJECTIVE

To explore the typology of implemented salutogenic interventions and the health effects described by the authors.

METHOD

A scoping review of the literature published (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus) over the last ten years (2007-2016) was conducted. Articles that included interventions with assessments of health outcomes were selected for this review. The kappa index (86.4%) was calculated for the classification and extraction of information.

RESULTS

61 papers were selected out of the 676 works identified. These were categorized into individual, grouped, mixed and intersectoral interventions. A total of 85% of the interventions described positive effects. Adverse effects were not reported. Methodological limitations were identified in 75% of the papers. The interventions addressed a large variety of topics, especially in the field of mental health and chronic diseases. Collective actions described more positive effects. Intersectoral actions were the only type of interventions to have approached the impact of mortality reduction.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings support the existence of positive health effects of salutogenic approaches. Important methodological limitations were identified, such as biases in the selection of participants and sample sizes. Studies need to be conducted with improved monitoring and evaluation designs. A more robust theoretical framework and tools to evaluate the salutogenic contents are needed.

Psychological well-being in people with multiple sclerosis and its association with illness perception and self-esteem

BACKGROUND

Illness perception and self-esteem were found to improve adjustment to disease in many chronic conditions. However, so far, little is known about the role of illness-appraisal and self-appraisal factors in psychological well-being in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, we aimed to assess the association between illness perception, self-esteem and psychological well-being in people with MS while controlling for sociodemographic variables, clinical variables, and sleep-related problems.

METHODS

The General Health Questionnaire-28, the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Scale of Self-esteem, the Expanded Disability Status Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory were used. Multiple linear regressions and mediation analyses were utilized to analyse the data.

RESULTS

Positive illness perception (p<0.001) and self-esteem (p<0.05) were significantly associated with psychological well-being in MS. Low income (p<0.05) and sleep-related problems (p<0.001) were significantly associated with lower level of psychological well-being in people with MS. Positive illness perception and self-esteem were able to diminish the association between low income (p>0.05), poor sleep quality (p<0.01), fatigue (p>0.05), and low level of psychological well-being. Self-esteem also mediated the association between illness perception and psychological well-being.

DISCUSSION

People with MS may benefit from psychological support aimed at promoting self-esteem and diminishing negative illness perception.

Psychosocial interventions for adults with newly diagnosed chronic disease: A systematic review

While the need for psychosocial interventions in the early formative period of chronic disease diagnosis is widely acknowledged, little is known about the currently available interventions and what they entail. This review sought to collate existing interventions to synthesize their active ingredients. A systematic search on five electronic databases yielded 2910 records, 12 of which were eligible for this review. Evidence synthesis revealed three broad categories of interventions which used at least two out of eight active techniques. Future studies should adhere to known frameworks for intervention development, and focus on developing core outcome measures to enhance evidence synthesis

The emotional disorders associated with multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with a high prevalence of emotional and mood disorders. Emotional disorders may worsen during illness progression and affect the quality of life of patients and their families. MS is often associated with depression, with an increased risk of suicide, poor adherence to treatment, decreased functional status, and quality of life. The diagnosis and treatment of emotional and mood disorders in these patients is often challenging since several symptoms of these disorders overlap with those of MS. Other prevalent emotional disorders in MS include bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, emotional blunting (apathy), and pseudobulbar affect. Early recognition and treatment of these comorbidities could contribute to the reduction of disability and even to decreased mortality. The aim of this chapter is to provide an up-to-date review of mood and emotional disorders that are often associated with MS, focusing on their epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, assessment, and treatment. The interplay between the psychosocial impact of the chronic disability and the demyelinating structural lesions of the brain in precipitating emotional and mood disorders is discussed, as well as its implications for diagnosis and treatment.

Quality of life in adults with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

In recent years, quality of life (QoL) in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been gaining considerable importance in clinical research and practice. Against this backdrop, this systematic review aimed to provide a broad overview of clinical, sociodemographic and psychosocial risk and protective factors for QoL in adults with MS and analyse psychological interventions for improving QoL.

METHOD

The literature search was conducted in the Scopus, Web of Science and ProQuest electronic databases. Document type was limited to articles written in English, published from January 1, 2014, to January 31, 2019. Information from the selected articles was extracted using a coding sheet and then qualitatively synthesised.

RESULTS

The search identified 4886 records. After duplicate removal and screening, 106 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis and were assessed for study quality. Disability, fatigue, depression, cognitive impairment and unemployment were consistently identified as QoL risk factors, whereas higher self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience and social support proved to be protective. The review analysed a wide spectrum of approaches for QoL psychological intervention, such as mindfulness, cognitive behavioural therapy, self-help groups and self-management. The majority of interventions were successful in improving various aspects of QoL.

CONCLUSION

Adequate biopsychosocial assessment is of vital importance to treat risk and promote protective factors to improve QoL in patients with MS in general care practice.

The Role of Identity Motives on Quality of Life and Depressive Symptoms: A Comparison Between Young Adults With Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Peers

The diagnosis of a chronic illness during young adulthood represents a non-normative life transition influencing the identity definition process, as well as the individual psychological adjustment. The study examined if relationships between identity motives (self-esteem, efficacy, continuity, distinctiveness, belonging, and meaning), health-related quality of life, and depressive symptoms differ between healthy young adults and young adults diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Two hundred one people (101 MS patients and 100 healthy controls), aged 18-35 years, completed a self-report questionnaire. Young adults with MS reported lower health-related quality of life and lower efficacy motive than their healthy peers. Among MS patients, high meaning was related to lower depressive symptoms, whereas high continuity and high belonging were related to higher health-related quality of life than in healthy controls. The study highlights the relevance of identity motives for the adjustment to MS and has implications for psychological interventions with young patients.

Distress and risk perception in people living with multiple sclerosis during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic

Background

People living with MS during COVID-19 are experiencing the disruptions of the pandemic and concerns that their health status may place them at greater risk for worse COVID-19 outcomes.

Objective

This study sought to understand how people living with MS in the United States experienced distress and perceived their COVID-19-related risk during the first surge of the pandemic.

Methods

This was a web-based, self-report survey of people with MS who were living in the United States during the early stage of COVID-19. Primary outcomes were depression, anxiety, and positive-affect and well-being. Participants (N = 491) also provided data on demographics, MS-related factors, COVID-19 factors, and psychological coping.

Results

Psychological distress was associated with age, psychological coping strategies, and having had symptoms consistent with COVID-19, but not with MS disease-related variables and COVID-19 risk factors. Perception of COVID-19-related risk was associated with age, MS disease severity, COVID-19-related factors, and anxiety.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that even during COVID-19, distress and risk perception are primarily driven by psychological factors, experiencing symptoms consistent with COVID-19 and age, with minimal contribution from individual differences in health status, providing an impetus for continued efforts to optimize psychological interventions for people living with MS.

Nordic walking for people with relapsing-remittent multiple sclerosis: A case series study

BACKGROUND

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) show fatigue, impaired gait and decreased functional mobility, which lead to a low quality of life (QoL). Low-cost and easy to perform exercise modalities having a positive impact on the aforementioned symptoms are needed. The performance of Nordic Walking (NW) could be a useful rehabilitation strategy but, to our knowledge, no study has been published in this regard as yet. This case series study aims at providing information regarding the usefulness and impact of a three-month NW program on self-perceived fatigue, functional mobility, physical fitness and QoL on a group of people with mild relapsing-remitting MS.

METHODS

A case series study with multiple assessments was performed. Three data collection points at 1-week intervals for three weeks were done at baseline. The intervention consisted of a 12-weeks NW program with a total of four measurement occasions, one every three weeks. The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the Timed up and Go test (TUG), the 6-Minute Walk test (6MWT) and the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29), were used to assess the outcomes of the program on the participants' self-perceived fatigue, functional mobility, physical fitness and QoL, respectively.

RESULTS

Of the 14 participants who volunteered for the study, five completed at least 80% of the planned sessions and were included in the final analysis. The intervention did not have a clinical significant impact on the participants' fatigue while its impact on their QoL showed mixed results. Positive trends were found for all the participants in their functional mobility and physical fitness. Regarding functional mobility, clinically important changes were observed in three participants. None of the observed changes in physical fitness achieved clinical significance.

CONCLUSION

A 12-week Nordic walking program did not appear to be particularly feasible and had little impact on the functional levels on a group of people with mild relapsing-remitting MS. Given that beneficial effects were seen in some participants, and taken into account the low adherence rate observed, future studies should explore the feasibility of NW programs performed under different environmental conditions (i.e. outdoors) and including motivational strategies aimed at increasing participation.

The effectiveness of emotional wellness programs on mental health outcomes for adults with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a greater prevalence of depression and anxiety than the general population. Emotional wellness programs (any psychological or psychosocial interventions that focus on awareness, acceptance, managing, or challenging thoughts and feelings) could be important for people with MS. However, there have been no reviews on the effectiveness of emotional wellness programs for people with MS. The objective of this review was to determine the effectiveness of emotional wellness programs on mental health outcomes for adults with MS.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental trials evaluating emotional wellness programs for adults with any form of MS were included. Mental health outcomes included were depression, anxiety, quality of life, and stress. The comparator groups were waitlist controls, usual care, or another intervention.

METHODS

This review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42019131082) and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. CINAHL, Cochrane, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Cochrane register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar were searched for English- language publications. Titles and abstracts were initially screened, followed by a screen of full text articles. Studies were critically appraised for methodological quality using the JBI standardised critical appraisal checklists. Data were extracted on intervention details, study outcome measures, behaviour change techniques, and results. Random effects meta-analyses were performed for outcomes assessed in at least five studies, with results reported as the standardised mean difference (SMD).

RESULTS

This review comprised 25 RCTs and four quasi-experimental studies (n participants=2323); 21 were included in meta-analyses. Meta-analyses produced statistically significant results favouring the interventions (SMD (95% CI) for depression -0.55 (-0.87, -0.24); anxiety -0.42 (-0.70, -0.14); quality of life 0.28 (0.14, 0.43); and stress -1.00 (-1.58, -0.43)). The most commonly used behaviour change techniques were behaviour practice/rehearsal, social comparison, and social support.

CONCLUSIONS

This review provides evidence to support the effectiveness of emotional wellness programs for improving mental health outcomes in adults with MS. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution given the high degree of heterogeneity between the studies, and potential for biases in analysis due to missing data and/or incomplete reporting.

The Effectiveness of Group-based Cognitive Hypnotherapy on the Psychological Well-being of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system mainly affecting young adults. In addition to physical problems, the patients suffer from many psychological problems affecting their psychological well-being. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of group-based cognitive hypnotherapy on the psychological well-being of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. This study was designed as a clinical trial with a pretest-posttest control group. From 60 patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis referred to Beheshti hospital in Yasuj, Iran, 45 patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected by the convenience sampling method. The patients were randomly assigned to intervention (23 individuals) and control (22 individuals) groups through stratified random allocation. After completing the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being, the intervention group attended eight sessions of group-based cognitive hypnotherapy on a weekly basis. The control group did not attend any intervention sessions. At the end of the eight intervention sessions, both groups completed the Ryff's Scale of Psychological Well-being again. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS software (Version 23). Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and two-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used in order to compare the groups. The results indicated that cognitive hypnotherapy had a significant effect on the total score of psychological well-being (F (45, 1) = 6.07, p = .018, η2 = 0.12) and the dimension of environmental mastery (p < .05). Therefore, it is recommended to use hypnotherapy to promote the psychological well-being of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis.

Evaluation of cognitive rehabilitation on the cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) can involve cognitive entities, including memory, attention, performance, and information processing. Furthermore, MS causes depression and negatively affects the quality of life (QOL). This study was aimed to assess the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation on cognitive entities of MS patients.

Materials and Methods

This is a clinical trial study conducted on 56 MS patients in 2016-2017. Patients were randomly divided into two Groups of A (cognitive rehabilitation) and B (control group). Patients were evaluated in terms of memory, attention, QOL, and depression. Questionnaires included Abbreviated Mental Test, Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, Everyday Memory Questionnaire, Digit Spam test for attention assessment, QOL-54 questionnaire, and Second version of Beck questionnaire assessing depression. They were filled through an interview before the study initiation, and then, the intervention group underwent ten sessions of cognitive rehabilitation and questionnaires refilled within 3 months after study initiation. Outcomes of the two groups were compared.

Results

Memory, attention, QOL, and depression improved significantly following the intervention in cases (P < 0.05), while no significant change was observed among controls (P > 0.05). Comparison of cases and controls in the second evaluation showed a significant difference between cases and controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Ten sessions of cognitive rehabilitation could significantly improve MS patients' cognitive performance. Moreover, this approach affected their QOL and sense of depression in a decisive trend. It can be concluded that cognitive rehabilitation can successfully affect numerous aspects of MS patients, while numerous medical therapies may be required for treatment of each mere aspect. Further evaluations are strongly recommended.

The Effectiveness of Group-Based Physiotherapy-Led Behavioral Psychological Interventions on Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Group-based physiotherapy-led behavioral psychological interventions (GPBPIs) are an emerging treatment for chronic low back pain, but the efficacy of these interventions is uncertain. A review of relevant randomized controlled trials and a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of GPBPIs on pain relief in adults with chronic low back pain. Literature databases, Google Scholar, bibliographies, and other relevant sources were searched. Thirteen intervention studies (13) published from 1998 to 2013 were included. The meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan software in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. In reviewing the short- (<6 mos), intermediate- (≥6 and <12 mos), and longer-term (≥12 mos) effects of GPBPIs, long-term follow-up evaluations showed large and significant effect sizes (standardized mean difference = -0.25, 95% confidence interval = -0.39 to -0.11, I2 = 38%, P < 0.01). Subgroup analysis indicated that patients from GPBPIs group had the greater short-, intermediate-, and long-term pain reduction than patients on waiting listing or usual care group. Compared with other active treatments, GPBPIs showed a small but significant long-term pain reduction in patients with chronic low back pain (standardized mean difference = -0.18, 95% confidence interval = -0.35 to -0.01, I2 = 32%, P = 0.04). In general, GPBPIs may be an acceptable intervention to relieve pain intensity.

Biopsychosocial model of resilience in young adults with multiple sclerosis (BPS-ARMS): an observational study protocol exploring psychological reactions early after diagnosis

INTRODUCTION

Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common neurological disease causing disability in young adults, is widely recognised as a major stress factor. Studies have shown that the first years after the diagnosis are distressing in terms of adjustment to the disease and that MS negatively affects patients' psychological well-being, quality of life (QoL) and social functioning. However, the links between disease-specific variables at diagnosis, resilience and psychological adjustment of patients with MS remain largely unexplored, especially in adolescents and young adults. This observational study aims to fill the gap of knowledge on biopsychosocial characteristics and resilience of young adults with MS to evaluate the relationship among these variables and to develop a biopsychosocial model of resilience.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

Biological and clinical characteristics of young adults newly diagnosed with MS will be investigated by collecting clinical information, performing neurological examinations, MRI and analysing cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers (eg, measures of inflammation), body composition, gut microbiota and movement/perceptual markers. Psychosocial characteristics (eg, psychological distress, coping strategies), QoL, psychological well-being and resilience will be assessed by self-report questionnaires. Comparative statistics (ie, analysis of variance or unpaired samples t-test, correlation and regression analyses) will be applied to evaluate the relationship among biological, psychological and social factors. The results are expected to allow a comprehensive understanding of the determinants of resilience in young patients with MS and to inform resilience interventions, tailored to young patients' specific needs, aiming to reduce the risk of maladaptive reactions to the disease and to improve psychological well-being and QoL.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study has been approved by the Verona University Hospital Ethics Committee (approval number: 2029CESC). The findings will be disseminated through scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations, social media and specific websites.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03825055).

Adjustment to multiple sclerosis and identity satisfaction among newly diagnosed women: what role does motherhood play?

The present study aimed to describe the levels of depressive symptoms, affective well-being and identity satisfaction in a group of women recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), accounting for differences in age, motherhood, and disease duration. Moreover, the role of identity satisfaction in depressive symptoms and affective well-being was evaluated, examining the moderating effect of motherhood. The study involved 74 women, aged between 19 and 57 years (Mean = 37.7 years, SD = 10.7 years). Thirty-two women (43.2%) had children, aged between 2 and 29 years. All women had relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and mild to moderate disability. Mothers experienced greater depressive symptoms than childless women. Moreover, motherhood moderated the effect of disease duration on adjustment, with mothers reporting greater depressive symptoms, less affective well-being and less identity satisfaction than childless women as time passed since the diagnosis. Finally, greater identity satisfaction was related to less depressive symptoms and greater affective well-being, with a moderating effect of motherhood. The results outline the relevance of the process of identity redefinition for women's adjustment to MS early in the illness. Moreover, the results underscore the need to take into account the additional burden of motherhood when promoting women's adjustment to MS.

Coping with age-related hearing loss: patient-caregiver dyad effects on quality of life

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Patients with age -related hearing loss (ARHL) and their natural caregivers have to confront a disability that produces progressive lifestyle changes. There is an interest in studying the ability of patients and their caregivers to cope with the difficulties that affect quality of life (QoL). In a sample of patient-caregiver dyads in the specific context of ARHL, we examine whether the QoL of patients and caregivers is influenced by the coping processes they use from a specific actor-partner interdependence model (APIM).

METHODS

This cross-sectional study involved dyads with patients having a diagnosis of ARHL. The self-reported data included QoL (WHOQoL-BREF) and coping strategies (BriefCope). The APIM was used to test the dyadic effects of coping strategies on QoL.

RESULTS

A total of 448 dyads were included; the patients and caregivers were love partners for 59% of the dyads. Coping strategies, such as social support, avoidance, problem solving, and positive thinking, exhibited evidence of actor effects (degree to which the individual's coping strategies are associated with their own QoL). Effects on the partner (degree to which the individual's coping strategies are associated with the QoL of the other member of the dyad) were found, i.e., when the patients mobilized their coping strategy based on social support and problem-solving, their caregivers reported higher environmental QoL.

CONCLUSION

This study emphasizes that the QoL for patients and their caregivers was directly related to the coping strategies they used. This finding suggests that targeted interventions should be offered to help patients and their relatives to implement more effective coping strategies.

The Effect of Life Skills Training on the Self-Management of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Training sessions are the most common framework used to provide self-management for patients with multiple sclerosis Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effect of life skills training on the self-management of patients with multiple sclerosis. Findings showed that life skills training had a significant effect on the overall self-management score; thus, self-management of patients increased after training life skills (F = 25.1821, P <0.01). Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 80 subjects with MS in the MS Society in Tehran (Iran) in 2016. The experimental group received four one-hour sessions of life skills training. The control group received routine care. Patients of both groups filled MS self-management (MSSM) scales at baseline and a month after the last training session. Independent t-test was used to compare findings between the two groups; pairwise t-test was used to compare results before and after the test. Covariance test was used to present the research results and data was analyzed by using SPSS21. Findings: Mean and standard deviation of age were 32.22±8.88 and 33.02±10.34 in the control and experimental groups, respectively. Results: Comparison of total self-management showed a significant difference between the control and experimental groups after receiving life skill training (P<0.01). Moreover, there was a significant difference in the mean of total self-management in the experimental group before and after the intervention; self-management increased after intervention (p-value<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed the positive effect of life skills training because its main goal is to prepare and help patients solve problems and deal with difficulties resulting from the disease. Therefore, life skill training is suggested for patients suffering from MS.

Young adults' adjustment to a recent diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: The role of identity satisfaction and self-efficacy

BACKGROUND

Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is often diagnosed during young adulthood (18-30 years), there is a lack of knowledge on the psychological adjustment to the illness among recently diagnosed young adult patients.

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS

The aims of the study were to describe the adjustment to MS (depression, positive and negative affect) in a group of young adult patients and to investigate the role of identity satisfaction and self-efficacy in MS on adjustment. We hypothesized that the relationship between identity satisfaction and adjustment was mediated by self-efficacy (goal setting and symptom management).

METHODS

The cross-sectional study involved 66 patients (63.6% women) with a mean age of 25.2 years (SD = 3.4) who had been diagnosed for no more than three years. Patients completed measures of identity satisfaction (Identity Motives Scale), Self-efficacy in MS (SEMS), Depression (CESD-10), Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS). Data were analyzed through factorial ANOVAs and hierarchical regression analysis.

RESULTS

Thirty-eight percent of patients reported depressive symptoms and negative affect mean score was higher than in the general population. Higher identity satisfaction was directly related to lower depression. Self-efficacy in goal setting partially mediated the relationship between identity satisfaction and positive affect, whereas self-efficacy in symptom management totally mediated the effect of identity satisfaction on negative affect. All results were significant at p < 0.05.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest the usefulness of addressing identity redefinition and self-efficacy in psychological interventions aimed at promoting young adults' adjustment to MS in an early phase of the illness.

Coping strategies and quality of life in Mexican multiple sclerosis patients: Physical, psychological and social factors relationship

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the principal causes of non-traumatic neurological disability among young adults. The unpredictable and progressive evolution of multiple sclerosis is associated with a decline in physical and psychological health, affecting quality of life, which may be influenced by additional physical and psycho-social factors.

OBJECTIVE

The present investigation aims to evaluate the quality of life (QoL), use of coping strategies and their relationship with other physical and psycho-social factors among 26 Mexican persons with MS.

METHODS

Eight questionnaires were administrated for evaluation of the additional psycho-social and physical factors, including quality of life, coping strategies, social support system, family functionality, depression and anxiety prevalence.

RESULTS

Results showed that the use of positive coping strategies (84.6% of our population) improve QoL perception (r = 0.396, p = 0.045) and the following domains: physical health (r = 0.514, p = 0.009), psychological health (r = 0.516, p = 0.008), social relationships (r = 0.654, p = 0.000) and environment (r = 0.600, p = 0.002). Negative correlations were observed between QoL and the presence of symptoms of both depression (r = -0.557, p = 0.003) and anxiety (r = -0.517, p = 0.007). A multiple linear regression model showed that QoL can be explained by physical and psycho-social factor in 54.6% of the cases that were evaluated.

CONCLUSION

The use of positive coping strategies in conjunction with a suitable psycho-social environment and good physical health result in a better perception of QoL in Mexican patients living with MS. Still, the negative factors are ineffectively diagnosed and hence generally under treated in medical MS monitoring. An interdisciplinary evaluation will provide the adequate tools to confront the diagnosis and the uncertainty of multiple sclerosis evolution, benefiting the QoL of Mexican patients with MS.

Health outcomes and adherence to a healthy lifestyle after a multimodal intervention in people with multiple sclerosis: Three year follow-up

BACKGROUND

Modifiable risk factors such as smoking and sedentary lifestyle adversely affect multiple sclerosis (MS) progression. Few multimodal behavioural interventions have been conducted for people with MS, and follow-up beyond 1 year is rare for lifestyle interventions. This study assessed adoption and adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviours and health outcomes 3 years after a lifestyle modification intervention, using generalized estimating equation models to account for within-participant correlation over time.

METHODS

95 people with MS completed baseline surveys before participating in 5-day MS lifestyle risk-factor modification workshops. 76 and 78 participants completed the 1-year and 3-year follow-up surveys respectively. Mean age at 3-year follow-up was 47 years, 72% were female, most (62.8%) had MS for 5 years or less, and 73% had relapsing remitting MS (RRMS).

RESULTS

Compared to baseline, participants reported clinically meaningful increases in physical (mean difference (MD): 8.0, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.2-10.8) and mental health (MD: 9.2, CI: 5.8-12.6) quality of life (QOL) at 1-year, and physical (MD: 8.7, CI: 5.3-12.2) and mental health (MD: 8.0, CI: 4.2-11.8) QOL at 3-year follow-up. There was a small decrease in disability from baseline to 1-year follow-up (MD: 0.9, CI: 0.9,1.0) and to 3-year follow-up (MD: 1.0, CI: 0.9,1.0), which was not clinically meaningful. Of those with RRMS, compared to baseline, fewer had a relapse during the year before 1-year follow-up (OR: 0.1, CI 0.0-0.2) and 3-year follow-up (OR: 0.15, CI 0.06-0.33). Participants' healthy diet score, the proportion meditating ≥1 hours a week, supplementing with ≥ 5000IU vitamin D daily, and supplementing with omega-3 flaxseed oil increased at 1-year follow-up and was sustained, although slightly lower at 3-year follow-up. However, there was no evidence for a change in physical activity and not enough smokers to make meaningful comparisons. Medication use increased at 1-year follow-up and at 3-year follow-up.

CONCLUSION

The results provide evidence that lifestyle risk factor modification is feasible and sustainable over time, in a small self-selected and motivated sample of people with MS. Furthermore, participation in a lifestyle intervention is not associated with a decrease in MS medication use.

Predicting Health Promotion and Quality of Life With Symptom Clusters and Social Supports Among Older Adults With Multiple Sclerosis

Symptoms common among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) may influence health promotion and quality of life, especially among older adults, who often experience multiple chronic conditions. To identify and examine symptom clusters' effect on health promotion and quality of life, data from 215 adults with MS older than 60 (average years with diagnosis = 29) were analyzed. Correlations among symptoms ranged from 0.33 to 0.81. Factor analysis identified two symptom clusters: (a) physical/psychological/cognitive symptoms and (b) pain symptoms. In multiple hierarchical regressions, controlling for demographics and functional limitations, physical/psychological/cognitive symptoms significantly improved prediction on Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II interpersonal relations, stress management, and total scores; pain symptoms predicted nutrition scores. Both symptom clusters predicted spiritual growth and quality of life. Social support was a significant predictor of all outcomes. Symptom clusters, along with social support, should be considered in care and interventions for older adults with MS. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 43(10), 27-36.].

The impact of self-perceived limitations, stigma and sense of coherence on quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients: results of a cross-sectional study

Objective:

To examine the impact of perceived limitations, stigma and sense of coherence on quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting:

Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Subjects:

Multiple sclerosis patients.

Main measures:

World Health Organization Quality of Life – abbreviated version, Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness, Sense of Coherence Scale, background and disease-related questions.

Results:

In total, 185 patients (61% response rate) participated in the study with moderate to severe limitations. Stigma was highly prevalent but low in severity. Patients with a higher sense of coherence experienced a lower level of limitations (B = −0.063, P < 0.01) and less stigma (enacted stigma B = −0.030, P < 0.01; self-stigma B = −0.037, P < 0.01). Patients with a higher level of limitations experienced more stigma (enacted stigma B = 0.044, P < 0.05; self-stigma B = 0.063, P < 0.01). Patients with a higher sense of coherence experienced better quality of life (physical health B = 0.059, P < 0.01; psychological health B = 0.062, P < 0.01; social relationships B = 0.052, P < 0.01; environmental aspects B = 0.030, P < 0.01). Patients with a higher level of limitations experienced poorer quality of life (physical health B= −0.364, P < 0.01; psychological health B = −0.089, P< 0.05) and patients with more stigma also experienced poorer quality of life (self-stigma: physical health B = −0.073, P < 0.01; psychological health B = −0.089, P < 0.01; social relationships B = −0.124, P < 0.01; environmental aspects B = −0.052, P < 0.01, and enacted stigma: physical health B = −0.085, P < 0.10).

Conclusion:

Patients with less perceived limitations and stigma and a higher level of sense of coherence experienced better quality of life. Patients with a higher sense of coherence experienced a lower level of limitations and less stigma.

Exploring change in a group-based psychological intervention for multiple sclerosis patients

PURPOSE

The study is focused on a group-based cognitive behavioral intervention aimed at promoting the quality of life and psychological well-being of multiple sclerosis patients. The study investigates how the group intervention promoted change among participants and fostered their adjustment to the illness.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The intervention involved six groups of patients (a total of 41 patients) and included four consecutive sessions and a 6-month follow-up. To explore change, verbatim transcripts of the intervention sessions were analyzed using a mixed-methods content analysis with qualitative data combined with descriptive statistics. The categories of resistance and openness to change were used to describe the process of change.

RESULTS

Resistance and openness to change coexisted during the intervention. Only in the first session did resistance prevail over openness to change; thereafter, openness to change gradually increased and stabilized over time, and openness to change was then always stronger than resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

The study builds on previous research on the effectiveness of group-based psychological interventions for multiple sclerosis patients and gives methodological and clinical suggestions to health care professionals working with multiple sclerosis patients. Implications for rehabilitation The study suggests that a group-based cognitive behavioral intervention for multiple sclerosis patients focused on the promotion of identity redefinition, a sense of coherence and self-efficacy in dealing with multiple sclerosis fosters the process of change and may be effective in promoting patients' adjustment to their illness. Health care professionals leading group-based psychological interventions for multiple sclerosis patients should be aware that resistance and openness to change coexist in the process of change. The study suggests that the duration of the intervention is a crucial factor: a minimum of three sessions appears to be necessary for group participants to develop greater openness to change and follow-up sessions should be implemented to maintain positive changes among participants. The use of qualitative instruments to evaluate group interventions captures the complexity of processes and gives useful indications to health professionals to improve rehabilitation programs.

Coping strategies and adjustment to multiple sclerosis among recently diagnosed patients: the mediating role of sense of coherence

Objective:

To examine the relationship between coping strategies (problem solving, emotional release, and avoidance) and adjustment (health-related quality of life, depression, and affective well-being) in a group of recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients (up to three years since diagnosis), and to explore the mediating role of sense of coherence between coping strategies and adjustment.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

Multiple Sclerosis Clinic Centre.

Subjects:

A total of 102 patients (61.8% women; age (years): M = 35.8, SD = 11.9; 95% with a relapsing–remitting form of multiple sclerosis; Expanded Disability Status Scale score, between 1 and 4).

Interventions:

Not applicable.

Main measures:

Coping with multiple sclerosis (problem solving, emotional release, and avoidance), sense of coherence, health-related quality of life (SF-12), depression (CES-D), and affective well-being (PANAS).

Results:

Problem solving was linked to higher mental health ( β = 0.28) and higher affective well-being ( β = 0.36), emotional release was related to lower depression ( β = −0.22); avoidance was associated to higher mental health ( β = 0.25), higher affective well-being ( β = 0.24), and lower depression ( β = −0.29 ) (all betas were significant at p < 0.05). Sense of coherence mediated the relationship between emotional release and depression (Sobel z-value = −2.00; p < 0.05) and the relationship between avoidance and all the indicators of adjustment (mental health: Sobel z-value = 1.97; depression: Sobel z-value = −2.02; affective well-being: Sobel z-value= 2.05; p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Emotional and avoidant coping strategies seem to be adaptive among recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients. A mediating role between coping strategies and adjustment is played by sense of coherence.