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Wang L, Yu Z, Ren Z, Ma J. Semantic feedback processing mechanism of the enactment effect: Evidence from event-related potentials. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:742-753. [PMID: 34507499 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211047944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The enactment effect refers to a phenomenon in which the memory performance for action phrases is enhanced by performing the described action (e.g., sharpen a pencil) compared with simply reading the action phrase. This produced effect can result in improved motor processing. This study investigated the contribution of semantic integration to the enactment effect by contrasting well-integrated phrases, such as "blow up the balloon," with poorly integrated phrases, such as "sew the toothpick," and analysing the N400 component of event-related potentials (ERPs). The subjects encoded action phrases with different degrees of semantic integration by either pretending to perform or reading action phrases. They then completed a phrase recognition test, while electroencephalographic signals were simultaneously recorded. The behavioural results showed that semantic integration improved memory performance under the motor encoding condition but not under the verbal encoding condition. The ERP results revealed that, regardless of whether it was an old (memorised) or new (distractor) phrase, a larger N400 component was elicited under the motor encoding condition than under the verbal encoding condition. In the motor encoding condition, poorly integrated phrases elicited a larger N400 component than well-integrated phrases; in the verbal encoding condition, this effect was not observed. The N400 effect associated with semantic processing was enhanced by semantic integration under the motor encoding condition rather than the verbal encoding condition. These results supported a deep semantic processing mechanism under the motor encoding condition, and a semantic feedback processing mechanism for the enactment effect was partially supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanyu Yu
- Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhi Ren
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jialin Ma
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Interactions of Emotion and Self-reference in Source Memory: An ERP Study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:172-190. [PMID: 33608840 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The way emotional information is encoded (e.g., deciding whether it is self-related or not) has been found to affect source memory. However, few studies have addressed how the emotional quality and self-referential properties of a stimulus interactively modulate brain responses during stimulus encoding and source memory recognition. In the current study, 22 participants completed five study-test cycles with negative, neutral, and positive words encoded in self-referential versus non-self-referential conditions, while event-related potentials of the electroencephalogram were recorded. An advantage of self-referential processing in source memory performance, reflected in increased recognition accuracy, was shown for neutral and positive words. At the electrophysiological level, self-referential words elicited increased amplitudes in later processing stages during encoding (700-1,200 ms) and were associated with the emergence of old/new effects in the 300-500 ms latency window linked to familiarity effects. In the 500-800 ms latency window, old/new effects emerged for all valence conditions except for negative words studied in the non-self-referential condition. Negative self-referential words also elicited a greater mobilization of post-retrieval monitoring processes, reflected in an enhanced mean amplitude in the 800-1,200 ms latency window. Together, the current findings suggest that valence and self-reference interactively modulate source memory. Specifically, negative self-related information is more likely to interfere with the recollection of source memory features.
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Ma J, Wang L, Chen L, Zhang Y. Imagery processing in action memory–mental imagery is necessary to the subject-performed task effect. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1862129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Ma
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Chen
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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Yamamoto K, Masumoto K. Memory for Rules and Output Monitoring in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:4780-4787. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Visual perspective during remembering: ERP evidence of familiarity-based source monitoring. Cortex 2017; 91:157-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhao MF, Zimmer HD, Zhou X, Fu X. Enactment supports unitisation of action components and enhances the contribution of familiarity to associative recognition. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2016.1229321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sauerland M, Raymaekers LHC, Otgaar H, Memon A, Waltjen TT, Nivo M, Slegers C, Broers NJ, Smeets T. Stress, stress-induced cortisol responses, and eyewitness identification performance. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2016; 34:580-94. [PMID: 27417874 PMCID: PMC5129533 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the eyewitness identification literature, stress and arousal at the time of encoding are considered to adversely influence identification performance. This assumption is in contrast with findings from the neurobiology field of learning and memory, showing that stress and stress hormones are critically involved in forming enduring memories. This discrepancy may be related to methodological differences between the two fields of research, such as the tendency for immediate testing or the use of very short (1-2 hours) retention intervals in eyewitness research, while neurobiology studies insert at least 24 hours. Other differences refer to the extent to which stress-responsive systems (i.e., the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) are stimulated effectively under laboratory conditions. The aim of the current study was to conduct an experiment that accounts for the contemporary state of knowledge in both fields. In all, 123 participants witnessed a live staged theft while being exposed to a laboratory stressor that reliably elicits autonomic and glucocorticoid stress responses or while performing a control task. Salivary cortisol levels were measured to control for the effectiveness of the stress induction. One week later, participants attempted to identify the thief from target-present and target-absent line-ups. According to regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses, stress did not have robust detrimental effects on identification performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2016 The Authors Behavioral Sciences & the Law Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sauerland
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Linsey H C Raymaekers
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
- City University London, UK
| | | | - Thijs T Waltjen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Maud Nivo
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Chiel Slegers
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Nick J Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Smeets
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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Sugimori E, Asai T. Attribution of movement: Potential links between subjective reports of agency and output monitoring. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2015; 68:900-16. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.968175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
According to agency memory theory, individuals decide whether “I did it” based on a memory trace of “I am doing it”. The purpose of this study was to validate the agency memory theory. To this end, several hand actions were individually presented as samples, and participants were asked to perform the sample action, observe the performance of that action by another person, or imagine performing the action. Online feedback received by the participants during the action was manipulated among the different conditions, and output monitoring, in which participants were asked whether they had performed each hand action, was conducted. The rate at which respondents thought that they themselves had performed the action was higher when visual feedback was unaltered than when it was altered (Experiment 1A), and this tendency was observed across all types of altered feedback (Experiment 1B). The observation of an action performed by the hand of another person did not increase the rate at which respondents thought that they themselves had performed the action unless the participants actually did perform the action (Experiments 2A and 2B). In Experiment 3, a relationship was observed between the subjective feeling that “I am the one who is causing an action” and the memory that “I did perform the action”. These experiments support the hypothesis that qualitative information and sense of “self” are tagged in a memory trace and that such tags can be used as cues for judgements when the memory is related to the “self”.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomohisa Asai
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan
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Festini SB, Reuter-Lorenz PA. The short- and long-term consequences of directed forgetting in a working memory task. Memory 2013; 21:763-77. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2012.754900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sugimori E, Asai T, Tanno Y. The potential link between sense of agency and output monitoring over speech. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:360-74. [PMID: 22910578 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Sugimori
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, United States.
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Leynes PA, Kakadia B. Variations in retrieval monitoring during action memory judgments: evidence from event-related potentials (ERPs). Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 87:189-99. [PMID: 23313607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the neuroscience of memory for actions using event-related potentials (ERPs). Actions were performed, initiated but not completed (i.e., interrupted), or watched while the experimenter performed the action during encoding. Memory was assessed in a reality monitoring (RM) test (performed vs. watched actions), as well as in an internal source monitoring (ISM) test (performed vs. interrupted) while ERPs were recorded. Behavioral measures provided evidence of robust old/new recognition for all actions, but the analysis of source errors revealed that interrupted actions were often confused with performed actions. The ERP correlate of recollection, the parietal "old/new" effect (700-900ms), was observed for all actions. The right frontal "old/new" effect (1500-1800ms) that correlates with general memory monitoring was observed in RM but not in ISM. Instead, ISM was associated with the late posterior negativity (LPN) that has been connected to more specific memory monitoring. This pattern of ERP findings suggest that, in this context, general monitoring was used to discriminate self- versus other-performed actions, whereas more specific monitoring was required to support the discrimination of completed and interrupted actions. We argue that the mix of general/specific monitoring processes is shaped by the global retrieval context, which includes the number of memory features that overlap and the combination of sources being considered among other factors.
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Leynes PA. Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for source-monitoring based on the absence of information. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 84:284-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Leynes PA, Grey JA, Crawford JT. Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for sensory-based action memories. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 62:193-202. [PMID: 16766069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Memory for performed and motioned actions was measured on source recognition and source recall tests in order to investigate memory for actions or output monitoring (OM). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during the source recognition test to provide insight into the basis of OM. Source identification and recall of performed actions was greater than motioned actions indicating that sensory characteristics provide unique information for action memories. The ERP data supported this interpretation because the brain activity elicited by performed actions differed from motioned and new actions. Early parietal ERP differences suggest that sensory information leads to selective recollection of performed actions or that more sensory information was activated by performed actions during remembering. A large late posterior negativity (LPN) was also observed in the absence of frontal ERP differences, which are typically observed during source monitoring. This pattern of ERP differences is evidence that frontal ERPs and the LPN reflect distinct source monitoring processes. Based on the available data, we argue that frontal ERPs reflect general decision processes that evaluate diagnostic information, whereas the LPN reflects processes that are engaged when a detailed inspection of information is required by the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Andrew Leynes
- Department of Psychology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628-0718, United States.
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