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Curci A, Battista F, Lanciano T, d'Ovidio FD, Conway MA. The reminiscence bump and the self: evidence from five studies on positive and negative memories. Memory 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38451240 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2325522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
A plethora of studies have shown that people persistently remember public and personal events experienced during adolescence and early adulthood, particularly with a positive valence. In five studies, we investigate the reminiscence bump (RB) for positive and negative memories of public events (Studies 1 and 2), private events (Study 3), music-related events (Study 4), and cross-cultural memory differences (i.e., China and US) (Study 5). Participants retrieved either one positive or one negative memory, indicated their Age of Encoding, and provided secondary measures, i.e., memory vividness and rehearsal (Studies 1 and 3) and emotional intensity (Studies 2 and 4). About 10,000 memories were collected and positive memories appeared generally older than negative recollections, but the RB emerged for both positive and negative memories. Furthermore, the peak was earlier for positive memories of public events (<15 years old) than for negative memories (20-40 years), while no differences were found for private events or music-related experiences (15-25 years). Chinese had their RB later than US respondents. Finally, autobiographical recollections have moderate to low associations with secondary measures of phenomenological features of memory. These findings are consistent with the identity-formation theory, providing additional and important information on the development of the Self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Curci
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabiana Battista
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lanciano
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Martin A Conway
- Department of Psychology, City University of London, London, UK
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2
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Cheriet N, Topçu M, Hirst W, Bastin C, Folville A. A day that America will remember: flashbulb memory, collective memory, and future thinking for the capitol riots. Memory 2023; 31:715-731. [PMID: 36943843 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2190570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis study explores the topics of flashbulb memory, collective identity, future thinking, and shared representations for a public event. We assessed the memories of the Capitol Riots, which happened in Washington DC, on 6 January 2021. Seventy Belgian and seventy-nine American citizens participated in an online study, in which they freely recalled the unfolding of Capitol Riots and answered questions regarding their memory. Inter-subjects similarity of recalled details was analysed using a schematic narrative template (i.e., the event, the causes and the consequences). Results revealed that representations of the event, and its causes were more similar among Belgians compared to Americans, whereas Americans' representations of the consequences showed more similarity than Belgians'. Also, as expected, Americans reported more flashbulb memories (FBMs) than Belgians. The analysis underlined the importance of rehearsal through media and communication in FBM formation. This research revealed a novel relation between FBM and future representations. Regardless of national identity, participants who formed an FBM were more likely to think that the event would be remembered in the future, that the government should memorialise the event, and that a similar attack on the Capitol could happen in the future compared to participants who did not form FBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawël Cheriet
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Meymune Topçu
- New School for Social Research, University of New School, New-York, NY, USA
| | - William Hirst
- New School for Social Research, University of New School, New-York, NY, USA
| | - Christine Bastin
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- F.R.S.-Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Adrien Folville
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- F.R.S.-Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bruxelles, Belgium
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3
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“I remember the attack”: a pilot study investigating flashbulb memory in individuals with schizophrenia. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFlashbulb memories are autobiographical memories for important and emotional events, which have the particularity of being at the intersection of personal and public events. Autobiographical memory impairments are highly prevalent in schizophrenia, a psychiatric condition intrinsically linked to self-disorders. Thus, we aimed to evaluate flashbulb and event memory functioning in individuals with schizophrenia. Twenty-four individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and 25 control participants were tested on a flashbulb memory questionnaire about the July 14th, 2016, Nice (France) terrorist attack, including questions on flashbulb and event memory, certainty, vividness, rehearsal, emotion, novelty, consequentiality, implication, and importance. Participants also underwent cognitive assessments. Analysis showed lower scores for both flashbulb and event memories in patients compared to control participants. Subjective ratings of the phenomenological characteristics of flashbulb memory were similar between the two groups overall. However, individuals with schizophrenia reported having higher levels of emotion when they first learned about the attack compared to the control group. Our results replicate findings of impaired autobiographical memory functioning in schizophrenia and extend these findings to public events. Our findings also indicate that flashbulb memories may lead to substantial contextual recall in schizophrenia patients and that collective memories, such as a terrorist attack, can have a profound emotional impact on patients.
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Ribeiro A, Marques M, Roberto MS, Raposo A. Memory footprint: Predictors of flashbulb and event memories of the 2016 Euro Cup final. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1116747. [PMID: 36895748 PMCID: PMC9990819 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1116747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two years after Portugal won the UEFA European Championship, we examined what the Portuguese remember of this momentous occasion. We investigated if flashbulb memories (FBMs) and event memories (EMs) were determined by distinct factors, and whether EM was a predictor of FBM. Participants responded to an online questionnaire about their FBM, EM and set of predictors. Structural equation modeling revealed that FBM and EM were associated with different pathways. Interest in football predicted importance which triggered emotional intensity which predicted personal rehearsal, a direct determinant of FBMs. On the other pathway, interest determined knowledge about football, the main predictor of EMs. Importantly, EM was a causal determinant of FBM which shows that the memory trace for the original event enhances memory for the reception context. The findings suggests that even though the two types of memories are determined by independent factors, they interact very closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ribeiro
- Research Center for Psychological Science, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Marques
- Research Center for Psychological Science, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Magda S Roberto
- Research Center for Psychological Science, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Raposo
- Research Center for Psychological Science, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Congleton AR, Berntsen D. How suspense and surprise enhance subsequent memory: the case of the 2016 United States Presidential Election. Memory 2021; 30:317-329. [PMID: 34965840 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.2013503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether the retroactive enhancement effect - i.e., improved memory accuracy for event details occurring before a surprising moment - would be present in participants' memory for details in their private lives following a surprising and suspenseful public event. To equate event type across participants, we selected when they first learned the outcome of the 2016 US Presidential Election. Participants self-divided into those who viewed the outcome as positive, negative, or neutral, while we experimentally divided them into those whose memory was assessed 6 or 12 months post-election. We assessed their accuracy for details surrounding the election and their phenomenological experience of learning the outcome, including emotional tension, our operationalisation of suspense. We found participants' memory characteristics were strongly related to their level of tension and shock, irrespective of valence. We also observed uniformly high accuracy regarding details about the weather participants experienced in their ZIP codes on election day. While these results intimated about the presence of retroactive enhancement, Experiment 2 examined the effect more directly by comparing participants' memory for the 2016 Election with two other politically-relevant events that provoked less tense reactions. The results revealed retroactive enhancement is dependent upon experiencing a surprising moment amidst a suspenseful event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Congleton
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Cheriet N, Folville A, Bastin C. Shared event‐memory for a public event in young and older adults. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nawël Cheriet
- GIGA‐CRC In Vivo Imaging University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Adrien Folville
- GIGA‐CRC In Vivo Imaging University of Liège Liège Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit University of Liège Liège Belgium
- F.R.S.‐Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique Brussels Belgium
| | - Christine Bastin
- GIGA‐CRC In Vivo Imaging University of Liège Liège Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit University of Liège Liège Belgium
- F.R.S.‐Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique Brussels Belgium
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7
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Luminet O. Towards a better integration of emotional factors in autobiographical memory. Memory 2021; 30:49-54. [PMID: 33706669 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1896738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While the role of emotion in autobiographical memory (ABM) is acknowledged in some models, its specific effects are blurred by narrow approaches towards emotion that are often limited to a distinction between intensity and valence. After presenting a critical review of the role assigned to emotion for the development of ABM, this paper surveys current perspectives which encourage a broader approach to emotion in the development of ABM. Research on Flashbulb memories provides an important context where the role of emotion has been the most extensively investigated. This paper makes three important recommendations for future research, which are to (1) provide an assessment of emotional responses that includes appraisals, action tendencies, bodily sensations, and emotion intensity; (2) investigate the role of specific emotional states; and (3) adopt systematically a multi-component approach of ABM measurement, which takes accuracy, consistency, vividness, degree of details, and confidence into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Luminet
- Research Institue for Psychological Sciences, UCLouvain and Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS) Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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8
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Cordonnier A, Luminet O. Consistency and social identification: a test-retest study of flashbulb memories collected on the day of the 2016 Brussels bombings. Memory 2021; 29:305-318. [PMID: 33620002 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1891253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Flashbulb memories are consistent and vivid representations of the way people learnt of an important, surprising and consequential event. We had two main aims for this study. Our first aim was to evaluate the consistency of flashbulb memories as accurately as possible (by collecting data on the day and using an interview method at retest) and contrast these findings with other operationalisations such as vividness or confidence but also with event memory. Our second aim was to capitalise on the particular case-study that is Belgium to examine social identification. Within a few hours after the terrorist attacks in Brussels in March 2016, a small sample of students completed a questionnaire on the way they learnt about the event and their knowledge of it. Retest data was obtained fifteen months later, through an in-depth interview. Our results show a relatively high consistency over time as well as high vividness and confidence for their memory of the reception context. We also measured participants' identification at three levels: local (Brussels) - national (Belgium) - supranational (Europe). In the particular context of the Brussels bombings, social identification with Brussels and Europe correlated with measures of flashbulb memory while social identification with Belgium did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cordonnier
- Psychological Scicence Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Psychological Scicence Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
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9
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An S, Mao W, Shang S, Kang L. The effects of post-stimulus elaboration, background valence, and item salience on the emotion-induced memory trade-off. Cogn Emot 2020; 34:1676-1689. [PMID: 32698691 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1797639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of emotion on memory often leads to the trade-off: enhanced memory for emotional items comes at the cost of memory for background information. Although this effect is usually attributed to overt attention during encoding, Steinmetz and Kensinger (2013) proposed that such an effect might also be related to post-stimulus elaboration. Based on previous different viewpoints, we used the directed forgetting paradigm to further explore the effect of post-stimulus elaboration on the memory trade-off. In the meantime, we also tested the roles of background valence and item salience (high salient items were placed in the centre of backgrounds while low salient items were placed in the periphery of backgrounds) in modulating the memory trade-off. Our results showed that there was a memory trade-off when backgrounds were neutral, whereas this was no longer the case when backgrounds were negative. This indicated the memory trade-off might be affected by background valence. Meanwhile, we found post-stimulus elaboration contributed to selective memory enhancement for backgrounds, while item salience enhanced item memory performance in the memory trade-off. These findings suggest the emotion-induced memory trade-off may be a complex memory effect, which can be influenced by different factors to varying degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu An
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Mao
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sida Shang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Kang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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10
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Cassol H, Bonin EAC, Bastin C, Puttaert N, Charland-Verville V, Laureys S, Martial C. Near-Death Experience Memories Include More Episodic Components Than Flashbulb Memories. Front Psychol 2020; 11:888. [PMID: 32528353 PMCID: PMC7247850 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memories of near-death experiences (NDEs) are recalled as "realer" than memories of other real or imagined events. Given their rich phenomenology, emotionality and consequentiality, it was hypothesized that they could meet some aspects of the definition of flashbulb memories. We aimed to identify and compare the episodic and non-episodic information provided in verbal recollections of NDE, flashbulb, and control autobiographical memories. The phenomenological characteristics and centrality of the memories were also compared. Twenty-five participants who had lived a NDE in a life-threatening situation were interviewed and completed the Memory Characteristics Questionnaires as well as the Centrality of Event Scale for their NDE, a flashbulb and another autobiographical memory used as control. Overall, transcribed NDE verbal recollections included a higher overall amount of details and more internal/episodic information than control autobiographical and flashbulb memories. Moreover, flashbulb memories were associated to a lower intensity of feelings while remembering and a lower personal importance, and are less reactivated and less susceptible to be remembered from a first person perspective compared to NDE and control autobiographical memories. Finally, NDE memories are the most central memories to experiencers' identity, followed by control autobiographical and then by flashbulb memories. These findings corroborate previous studies highlighting the impact and uniqueness of NDE memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Cassol
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau2 (Centre Intégré Pluridisciplinaire de l'Étude du Cerveau, de la Cognition et de la Conscience), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Estelle A C Bonin
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau2 (Centre Intégré Pluridisciplinaire de l'Étude du Cerveau, de la Cognition et de la Conscience), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Ninon Puttaert
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Charland-Verville
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau2 (Centre Intégré Pluridisciplinaire de l'Étude du Cerveau, de la Cognition et de la Conscience), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau2 (Centre Intégré Pluridisciplinaire de l'Étude du Cerveau, de la Cognition et de la Conscience), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martial
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau2 (Centre Intégré Pluridisciplinaire de l'Étude du Cerveau, de la Cognition et de la Conscience), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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11
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Metternich B, Spanhel K, Schoendube A, Ofer I, Geiger MJ, Schulze-Bonhage A, Mast H, Wagner K. Flashbulb memory recall in healthy adults - a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Memory 2020; 28:461-472. [PMID: 32290772 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1733022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated neural activations related to flashbulb memory (FM) recall and examined whether the amygdala and hippocampus are involved in FM recall. 20 healthy adults completed a block design with an FM-condition, where the reception events for a number of potential FM events had to be recalled, and a control condition (FMC) comprising reception events lacking FM characteristics. A definition naming task was used as an implicit baseline. The individual emotional reaction to the FM events (EMO) and self-rated retrieval success were included in the SPM model as modulating parameters. The main contrast of interest were FM > FMC and activations associated with EMO. ROI-analyses on mesiotemporal regions were performed. FM > FMC yielded activations in line with the autobiographical memory network, with mostly left sided-activations. EMO was associated with a more bilateral activation pattern. ROI-analysis revealed activations for EMO in the right amygdala and HATA. FM > FMC was associated with right hippocampal activations. The present findings are compatible with previous research into autobiographical memory, but also show activations for FM recall different from ordinary, not highly emotional autobiographical memories, as EMO is associated with a more bilateral network. Moreover, the amygdala seems to be involved in FM recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Metternich
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - K Spanhel
- Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - A Schoendube
- Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - I Ofer
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - M J Geiger
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - A Schulze-Bonhage
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - H Mast
- Clinic for Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - K Wagner
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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12
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Schmidt SR, Qiao L. A comparison of Chinese and American memories for public events. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Schmidt
- Psychology DepartmentMiddle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro Tennessee U.S.A
| | - Lijuan Qiao
- School of Humanities and ManagementZhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
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13
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Language Processing. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Methods of Cognitive Psychology. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Cognitive Psychologists’ Approach to Research. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Visual Imagery. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Index. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Decision Making and Reasoning. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Attention. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Long-Term Memory Structure. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Problem Solving. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Preface. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Sensory and Working Memory. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Memory Retrieval. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Visual Perception. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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References. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Language Structure. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Concepts and Categories. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Long-Term Memory Processes. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Glossary. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Talarico JM, Bohn A, Wessel I. The role of event relevance and congruence to social groups in flashbulb memory formation. Memory 2019; 27:985-997. [PMID: 31081458 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1616097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Flashbulb memories are vivid, confidently held, long-lasting memories for the personal circumstances of learning about an important event. Importance is determined, in part, by social group membership. Events that are relevant to one's social group, and furthermore, are congruent with the prior beliefs of that group, should be more likely to be retained as flashbulb memories. The Fukushima nuclear disaster was relevant to ongoing political conversations in both Germany and the Netherlands, but, while the disaster was congruent with German beliefs about the dangers of nuclear energy, it was incongruent with Dutch support for nuclear power. Danish participants would not have found the disaster to be particularly relevant. Partially consistent with this prediction, across two samples (N = 265 and N = 518), German participants were most likely to have flashbulb memories for the Fukushima disaster. Furthermore, event features thought to be related to flashbulb memory formation (e.g. ratings of importance and consequentiality) also differed as a function of nationality. Spontaneously generated flashbulb memories for events other than Fukushima also suggested that participants reported events that were relevant to national identity (e.g. the Munich attacks for Germans, the Utøya massacre for Danes, and Malaysian Airlines flight MH-17 for Dutch participants).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Bohn
- b Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Ineke Wessel
- c Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Mao WB, An S, Yang XF. The Effects of Goal Relevance and Perceptual Features on Emotional Items and Associative Memory. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1223. [PMID: 28790943 PMCID: PMC5524834 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Showing an emotional item in a neutral background scene often leads to enhanced memory for the emotional item and impaired associative memory for background details. Meanwhile, both top-down goal relevance and bottom-up perceptual features played important roles in memory binding. We conducted two experiments and aimed to further examine the effects of goal relevance and perceptual features on emotional items and associative memory. By manipulating goal relevance (asking participants to categorize only each item image as living or non-living or to categorize each whole composite picture consisted of item image and background scene as natural scene or manufactured scene) and perceptual features (controlling visual contrast and visual familiarity) in two experiments, we found that both high goal relevance and salient perceptual features (high salience of items vs. high familiarity of items) could promote emotional item memory, but they had different effects on associative memory for emotional items and neutral backgrounds. Specifically, high goal relevance and high perceptual-salience of items could jointly impair the associative memory for emotional items and neutral backgrounds, while the effect of item familiarity on associative memory for emotional items would be modulated by goal relevance. High familiarity of items could increase associative memory for negative items and neutral backgrounds only in the low goal relevance condition. These findings suggest the effect of emotion on associative memory is not only related to attentional capture elicited by emotion, but also can be affected by goal relevance and perceptual features of stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei B Mao
- Emotion and Cognition, School of Psychology, Shandong Normal UniversityJinan, China
| | - Shu An
- Emotion and Cognition, School of Psychology, Shandong Normal UniversityJinan, China
| | - Xiao F Yang
- Emotion and Cognition, School of Psychology, Shandong Normal UniversityJinan, China
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Vallet R, Manzanero AL, Aróztegui J, García Zurdo R. Age-related differences in the phenomenal characteristics of long-term memories of March 11, 2004 terrorist attack. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apj.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
In the present study, we examined the relation between memory for a consequential and emotional event and memory for the circumstances in which people learned about that event, known as flashbulb memory. We hypothesized that these two types of memory have different determinants and that event memory is not necessarily a direct causal determinant of flashbulb memory. Italian citizens (N = 352) described their memories of Italy’s victory in the 2006 Football World Cup Championship after a delay of 18 months. Structural equation modeling showed that flashbulb memory and event memory could be clearly differentiated and were determined by two separate pathways. In the first pathway, importance predicted emotional intensity, which, in turn, predicted the frequency of overt and covert rehearsal. Rehearsal was the only direct determinant of vivid and detailed flashbulb memories. In the second pathway, importance predicted rehearsal by media exposure, which enhanced the accuracy and certainty of event memory. Event memory was also enhanced by prior knowledge. These results have important implications for the debate concerning whether the formation of flashbulb memory and event memory involve different processes and for understanding how flashbulb memory can be simultaneously so vivid and so error-prone.
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Stone CB, Luminet O, Takahashi M. Remembering Public, Political Events: A Cross-Cultural and -Sectional Examination of Australian and Japanese Public Memories. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Stone
- Department of Psychology; John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York; New York City USA
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS); Brussels Belgium
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Kraha A, Talarico JM, Boals A. Unexpected Positive Events Do Not Result in Flashbulb Memories. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kraha
- University of North Texas; Department of Psychology; Denton USA
| | | | - Adriel Boals
- University of North Texas; Department of Psychology; Denton USA
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MacKenzie G, Powell TF, Donaldson DI. Positive emotion can protect against source memory impairment. Cogn Emot 2014; 29:236-50. [PMID: 24784151 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.911145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread belief that memory is enhanced by emotion, evidence also suggests that emotion can impair memory. Here we test predictions inspired by object-based binding theory, which states that memory enhancement or impairment depends on the nature of the information to be retrieved. We investigated emotional memory in the context of source retrieval, using images of scenes that were negative, neutral or positive in valence. At study each scene was paired with a colour and during retrieval participants reported the source colour for recognised scenes. Critically, we isolated effects of valence by equating stimulus arousal across conditions. In Experiment 1 colour borders surrounded scenes at study: memory impairment was found for both negative and positive scenes. Experiment 2 used colours superimposed over scenes at study: valence affected source retrieval, with memory impairment for negative scenes only. These findings challenge current theories of emotional memory by showing that emotion can impair memory for both intrinsic and extrinsic source information, even when arousal is equated between emotional and neutral stimuli, and by dissociating the effects of positive and negative emotion on episodic memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham MacKenzie
- a School of Natural Sciences , University of Stirling , Stirling , UK
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Demiray B, Freund AM. Michael Jackson, Bin Laden and I: Functions of positive and negative, public and private flashbulb memories. Memory 2014; 23:487-506. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.907428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stone CB, Mercy A, Licata L, Klein O, Luminet O. Mnemonic differences and similarities across opposing social groups: The linguistic conflict at the University of Leuven as a case study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Curci A, Conway MA. Playing the flashbulb memory game: A comment on Cubelli and Della Sala. Cortex 2013; 49:352-5; discussion 356-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Schaefer EG, Halldorson MK, Dizon-Reynante C. TV or not TV? Does the immediacy of viewing images of a momentous news event affect the quality and stability of flashbulb memories? Memory 2011; 19:251-66. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2011.558512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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