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Saha S, Saha T, Rajamma U, Sinha S, Mukhopadhyay K. Analysis of association between components of the folate metabolic pathway and autism spectrum disorder in eastern Indian subjects. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1281-1293. [PMID: 34792727 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate has a pivotal role in maintaining different cellular processes including DNA integrity and neurotransmitter levels. Further, folate deficiency was reported in subjects with neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS AND RESULTS We recruited ASD probands following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-IV/-5. Severity was assessed by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale2-Standard Test (CARS2-ST). Functional SNPs in reduced folate carrier1 (rs1051266), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (rs2236225), methylenetetrahydrofolate methyltransferase (rs1805087), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (rs1801133 and rs1801131), cystathionine-beta- synthase (rs5742905), and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (rs1979277) genes were analyzed in the ASD probands (N = 203), their parents and controls (N = 250) by PCR/TaqMan based methods. Plasma homocysteine and vitamin B12 levels were examined by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. Statistical analysis revealed higher frequencies of rs1051266 and rs1805087 "A" alleles (P = 8.233e-005 and P = 0.010 respectively) and rs1051266 "AA" genotype (P = 0.02) in the ASD probands. Gender based stratified analysis revealed higher frequency of rs1051266 "AA" in the male probands (P = 0.001) while frequencies of rs1805087 "A" (P = 0.001) and "AA" (P < 0.05), and rs2236225 "CC" (P = 0.03) were higher in the females. The case-control analysis also exhibited a significant difference in the occurrence of biallelic and triallelic haplotypes. rs1051266 "A", rs1979277 "T" and rs5742905 "C" alleles showed biased parental transmission (P = 0.02). CARS2-ST scores were higher in the presence of rs5742905 "T" while scores were lower in the presence of rs1979277 "T" and rs1051266 "A". ASD probands showed vitamin B12 deficiency. CONCLUSION Based on these observations, we infer that components needed for proper folate metabolism may influence ASD severity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Saha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India
| | - Tanusree Saha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA
| | - Usha Rajamma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India.,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Swagata Sinha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India
| | - Kanchan Mukhopadhyay
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India.
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Zhu S, Ni G, Sui L, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Dai Q, Chen A, Lin W, Li Y, Huang M, Zhou L. Genetic Polymorphisms in Enzymes Involved in One-Carbon Metabolism and Anti-epileptic Drug Monotherapy on Homocysteine Metabolism in Patients With Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:683275. [PMID: 34177787 PMCID: PMC8220895 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.683275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of one-carbon metabolism (OCM) related enzymes and anti-epileptic drug (AED) monotherapy on homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism in patients with epilepsy, and to further explore specific SNPs that may increase patients' susceptibility to the effects of AEDs on the Hcy imbalance. Method: This case-control study analyzed 279 patients with epilepsy, including patients receiving monotherapy with valproate (VPA) (n = 53), oxcarbazepine (OXC) (n = 71), lamotrigine (LTG) (n = 55), or levetiracetam (LEV) (n = 35) and patients who had not taken any AEDs (controls, n = 65) for at least 6 months. Serum levels of vitamin B12 (vit B12), folate (FA) and Hcy were measured, and 23 SNPs in 13 genes of OCM-related enzymes were genotyped in all patients. Results: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) rs1801133 was associated with elevated serum Hcy levels in patients with epilepsy (P < 0.001), and patients presenting the TT genotype exhibited higher serum Hcy levels than patients with the CC (P < 0.001) or CT (P < 0.001) genotype. A subsequent multiple linear regression analysis showed that AED monotherapy with VPA (vs. control: P = 0.023) or OXC (vs. control: P = 0.041), and genotypes of MTHFR rs1801133 TT (vs. CC: P < 0.001; vs. CT: P < 0.001), transcobalamin 2 (TCN2) rs1801198 CC (vs. GC: P = 0.039) and folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) rs2071010 AA (vs. GA: P = 0.031) were independent risk factors for higher Hcy levels. In the subgroup analysis of patients taking OXC, we found that patients with genotypes of MTHFR rs1801133 TT (vs. CC: P = 0.001; vs. CT: P < 0.001) and TCN2 rs1801198 CC (vs. GC: P = 0.021; vs. GG: P = 0.018) exhibited higher serum Hcy levels. Conclusions: VPA, OXC, and genotypes of MTHFR rs1801133 TT, TCN2 rs1801198 CC, and FOLR1 rs2071010 AA are all independent risk factors for elevated Hcy levels in patients with epilepsy. Moreover, genotypes of MTHFR rs1801133 TT and TCN2 rs1801198 CC may increase patients' susceptibility to the effect of OXC on disrupting Hcy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanzhong Ni
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisen Sui
- Department of Epilepsy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilin Dai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aohan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanrong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinchao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Huang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liemin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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A pioneering study indicate role of GABRQ rs3810651 in ASD severity of Indo-Caucasoid female probands. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7010. [PMID: 33772085 PMCID: PMC7997895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter, is speculated to be a potential risk factor for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) due to an altered expression in the brain. Sensory, social, and emotional deficits of subjects with ASD were reported to be caused by an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission as well as GABAergic dysfunction caused by inadequate receptor function. We for the first time studied association between ASD and a missense coding variant rs3810651 (I478F) in the GABRQ gene, encoding for one of the subunits of GABAA receptors. Stratified analysis on families with ASD probands (N = 251) and ethnically matched control subjects (N = 250) revealed marginally higher frequency of “A” allele and “AA” genotype in female ASD probands as compared to gender matched controls. Female probands demonstrated higher severity for Verbal communication (χ2 = 5.75, P = 0.01), Activity level (χ2 = 7.26, P = 0.007), as well as Level and consistency of intellectual response (χ2 = 7.83 P = 0.005) in presence of “A/AA” warranting further in-depth investigation on the role of rs3810651 in ASD.
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Prenatal Folic Acid Supplements and Offspring’s Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:522-539. [PMID: 33743119 PMCID: PMC8813730 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We systematically reviewed the evidence on the association between maternal folic acid supplementation and the risk of offspring’s autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A total of 10 studies with 23 sub-studies (9795 ASD cases) were included. Folic acid supplementation during early pregnancy was associated with a lower risk of offspring’s ASD [OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.41–0.78]. The consumption of a daily amount of at least 400 μg folic acid from dietary sources and supplements, was associated with a reduced risk of offspring ASD [OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36–0.83]. Critical effective maternal folic acid supplementation strategies, such as intake timing and intake dosage, may aid the reduction in the risk of offspring ASD. This meta-analysis provided new insights for the prevention of offspring’s ASD.
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Feng K, Zhao Y, Yu Q, Deng J, Wu J, Liu L. Can probiotic supplements improve the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in children?: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e18621. [PMID: 33725807 PMCID: PMC7969216 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with increasing incidence. The externalizing and internalizing problems among children with ASD often persistent and highly impair functioning of both the child and the family. Children with ASD often develop gut-related comorbidities and dysbiosis can have negative effects on not only the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but also psychological symptoms. Dietary exclusions and probiotic supplements also have been investigated in the management of ASD symptoms. Especially, there is some anecdotal evidence that probiotics supplements are able to alleviate GI symptoms as well as improve behaviors in children with ASD. METHOD AND ANALYSIS This review will report on overall studies that include randomized control trials, randomized cross-over studies and cluster-randomized trials designs that consider curative effect in children with ASD by probiotic supplements. We will search 6 databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science and we will perform a manual search the journal Autism and information of ongoing or unpublished studies. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) will be used to assess quality of articles and the Jadad scale will be used to assess for bias. Assessment of publication bias will be performed using funnel plots generated by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) 3.0 software. Clarifying the evidence in this area will be important for future research directions when reformulating and promoting the therapeutic regime in the field. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION There are no human participants, data, or tissue being directly studied for the purposes of the review; therefore, ethics approval and consent to participate are not applicable. The results of this study will be presented at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. REGISTRATION AND STATUS PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019132754.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing
| | - Ying Zhao
- Chengdu University of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu
| | - Qingyang Yu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing
| | - Jialin Deng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing
| | - Lingjia Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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