C18-Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium anthriscifolium var. majus

C19-diterpene alkaloids from Delphinium turkmenum lipsky

The genus Delphinium is a rich source of diterpene alkaloids. Chemical investigation on an alkaloid rich extract of the whole parts of Delphinium turkmenum resulted in the isolation of three C19-diterpene alkaloids (1-3) and a palmitic acid derivative (4). The chemical structures were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D-NMR and comparison the data with those reported in the literature. Notably, all isolated compounds were reported for the first time from D. turkmenum.

Poisonous Piperidine Plants and the Biodiversity of Norditerpenoid Alkaloids for Leads in Drug Discovery: Experimental Aspects

There are famous examples of simple (e.g., hemlock, Conium maculatum L.) and complex (e.g., opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., Papaveraceae) piperidine-alkaloid-containing plants. Many of these are highly poisonous, whilst pepper is well-known gastronomically, and several substituted piperidine alkaloids are therapeutically beneficial as a function of dose and mode of action. This review covers the taxonomy of the genera Aconitum, Delphinium, and the controversial Consolida. As part of studying the biodiversity of norditerpenoid alkaloids (NDAS), the majority of which possess an N-ethyl group, we also quantified the fragment occurrence count in the SciFinder database for NDA skeletons. The wide range of NDA biodiversity is also captured in a review of over 100 recently reported isolated alkaloids. Ring A substitution at position 1 is important to determine the NDA skeleton conformation. In this overview of naturally occurring highly oxygenated NDAs from traditional Aconitum and Delphinium plants, consideration is given to functional effect and to real functional evidence. Their high potential biological activity makes them useful candidate molecules for further investigation as lead compounds in the development of selective drugs.

Polysubstituted Cyclopentene Benzamides and Dianthramide Alkaloids from Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance

Thirteen new benzamide alkaloids, delphiniumines A-M (1-13), together with one known analogue (14), were isolated from Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance. All of the structures were determined by spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses. Absolute configuration for 1 was established using experimental and calculated ECD data, as well as by X-ray crystallography analysis. Compound 1 possesses a previously undescribed polysubstituted cyclopentene carbon framework. Compound 2 was isolated as an artifact from 1 during the extraction process. Compound 7 is glycosylated with a β-D-glucose unit. Compound 13 bears a chlorine substituent. At a concentration of 10 μM, compounds 6, 8, and 10-12 suppressed LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells with inhibition rates ranging from 40.3% to 78.8%.

The diterpenoid alkaloids

The diterpenoid alkaloids are a family of extremely important natural products that have long been a research hotspot due to their myriad of intricate structures and diverse biological properties. This chapter systematically summarizes the past 11 years (2009-2019) of studies on the diterpenoid alkaloids, including the "so-called" atypical ones, covering the classification and biogenetic relationships, phytochemistry together with 444 new alkaloids covering 32 novel skeletons and the corrected structures, chemical reactions including conversion toward toxoids, synthetic studies, as well as biological activities. It should be noted that the synthetic studies, especially the total syntheses of various diterpenoid alkaloids, are for the first time reviewed in this treatise. This chapter, in combination with our four previous reviews in volumes 42, 59, 67, and 69, will present to the readers a more completed and updated profile of the diterpenoid alkaloids.

C18-diterpenoid alkaloids in tribe Delphineae (Ranunculaceae): phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy, and bioactivities

This review systematically summarizes the C₁₈-diterpenoid alkaloid (DA) compositions isolated from the genera Aconitum and Delphinium in the Delphineae tribe (Ranunculaceae). A total of 117 distinct C₁₈-DA components have been reported, including 58 lappaconitine-type DAs, 54 ranaconitine-type DAs, and five rearranged-type DAs. These components mainly originated from plants from the subgenus Lycoctonum in the genus Aconitum or less frequently from plants within the genus Delphinium. Natural C₁₈-DAs have exhibited a wide range of bioactivities, including analgesic, antiarrhythmic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and insecticidal activities, which are closely related to their chemical structures. The high chemical and biological diversities among the reported C₁₈-DA constituents in Delphineae plants indicated their potential as a vast resource for drug discovery. Additionally, the Delphineae plant C₁₈-DAs exhibited chemotaxonomic values and showed a high regularity of distribution at different taxonomic levels; therefore, the Delphineae plant C₁₈-DAs can serve as good chemical molecular markers in the taxonomic treatment of plants within this tribe, especially in the infrageneric division.

This review systematically summarizes the C₁₈-diterpenoid alkaloid (DA) compositions isolated from the genera Aconitum and Delphinium in the Delphineae tribe (Ranunculaceae).

Structural diversity, bioactivities, and biosynthesis of natural diterpenoid alkaloids

Covering: 2009 to 2018. Diterpenoid alkaloids, originating from the amination of natural tetracyclic diterpenes, are a diverse class of compounds having complex structural features with many stereocenters. The important pharmacological activities and structural complexity of the diterpenoid alkaloids have long interested scientists due to their medicinal uses, infamous toxicity, and unique biosynthesis. Since 2009, 373 diterpenoid alkaloids, assigned to 46 skeletons, have been isolated and identified from plants mostly in the Ranunculaceae family. The names, classes, molecular weight, molecular formula, NMR data, and plant sources of these diterpene alkaloids are collated here. This review will be a detailed update of the naturally occurring diterpene alkaloids reported from the plant kingdom from 2009-2018, providing an in-depth discussion of their diversity, biological activities, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, application, evolution, and biosynthesis.

Classification, Toxicity and Bioactivity of Natural Diterpenoid Alkaloids

Diterpenoid alkaloids are natural compounds having complex structural features with many stereo-centres originating from the amination of natural tetracyclic diterpenes and produced primarily from plants in the Aconitum, Delphinium, Consolida genera. Corals, Xenia, Okinawan/Clavularia, Alcyonacea (soft corals) and marine sponges are rich sources of diterpenoids, despite the difficulty to access them and the lack of availability. Researchers have long been concerned with the potential beneficial or harmful effects of diterpenoid alkaloids due to their structural complexity, which accounts for their use as pharmaceuticals as well as their lousy reputation as toxic substances. Compounds belonging to this unique and fascinating family of natural products exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. Some of these compounds are on the list of clinical drugs, while others act as incredibly potent neurotoxins. Despite numerous attempts to prepare synthetic products, this review only introduces the natural diterpenoid alkaloids, describing 'compounds' structures and classifications and their toxicity and bioactivity. The purpose of the review is to highlight some existing relationships between the presence of substituents in the structure of such molecules and their recognised bioactivity.

Review of Compounds and Pharmacological Effects of Delphinium

Plants of Delphinium are herbal medicine used in the Tibet region with whole grass as a drug, which have the effects of analgesic, antibacterial, antipyretic, and anticancer. The main bioactive compounds are alkaloids, flavonoids, and sterols. This review summarized the compounds and pharmacological effects of Delphinium and provides a reference for further research on Delphinium.

An overview of the chemical constituents from the genus Delphinium reported in the last four decades

Species of the genus Delphinium have been extensively used for different purposes by various civilizations worldwide since antiquity. Phytochemical investigations on Delphinium plants in the last four decades (1980–2019) have afforded a total of 453 new compounds, most of which are diterpenoid alkaloids. These constituents are of great research significance due to their novel structures and broad bioactivities. This review addresses, for the first time, the chemical constituents of Delphinium plants and the biological properties of these compounds to facilitate future research.

Multiple chemical constituents, mainly diterpenoid alkaloids, from Delphinium showed great research significance for their novel structures and broad bioactivities.

Four new C20-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum rotundifolium

Four new C₂₀-diterpenoid alkaloids, rotundifosines D-G (1-4), along with eight known ones (5-12) were isolated from the whole plant of Aconitum rotundifolium Kar. & Kir. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including HR-ESI-MS and 1D, 2D NMR. Rotundifosine F (3) is a rare C₂₀-diterpenoid alkaloid with quaternary ammonium salt. Alkaloids 1-4, 5, 6, 9, and 12 were evaluated for cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2 human cancer cell lines.