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Xu Q, Tian W, He S, Zhou M, Gao Y, Liu X, Sun C, Ding R, Wang G, Chen H. Apocarotenoids from Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher regulate the lipid metabolism via the activation of the AMPK/ACC/SREBP-1c signaling pathway. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106639. [PMID: 37276680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen undescribed apocarotenoids (1-16), along with 22 known analogues, were isolated from the aerial parts of Equisetum debile. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS, X-ray diffraction analysis, the modified Mosher's method and the quantum-chemical calculation of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compounds 1-9, 11-12 are the first example of C16-apocarotenoids appeared in nature. The plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1-16 was proposed. Moreover, the isolates were evaluated for their lipid-lowering activity, and the results showed that 13, 14, 15, 22, 31, 32 and 33 could remarkably decrease the levels of both TC and TG in FFA induced HepG2 cells at 20 μM. The oil red staining assay further demonstrated the lipid-lowering effects of 13, 14 and 15. The western blot results indicated that compounds 13, 14 and 15 could regulate the lipid metabolism via the activation of the AMPK/ACC/SREBP-1c signaling pathway. A preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of the isolates indicated that the apocarotenoids with 6/5 ring system displayed more potent lipid-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shoulun He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhong Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiling Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Ding
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China.
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Vela F, Anese S, Varela RM, Torres A, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA. Bioactive Diterpenes from the Brazilian Native Plant ( Moquiniastrum pulchrum) and Their Application in Weed Control. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154632. [PMID: 34361785 PMCID: PMC8348793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Even today, weeds continue to be a considerable problem for agriculture. The application of synthetic herbicides produces serious environmental consequences, and crops suffer loss of their activity due to the appearance of new resistant weed biotypes. Our aim is to develop new effective natural herbicides that improve the problem of resistance and do not harm the environment. This work is focused on a bioassay-guided isolation and the characterization of natural products present in Moquiniastrum pulchrum leaves with phytotoxic activity and its preliminary application in weeds. Moquiniastrum pulchrum was selected for two reasons: it is an abundant species in the Cerrado region (the second most important ecosystem in Brazil, after the Amazon)—the explanation behind its being a dominant species is a major focus of interest—and it has traditional employment in folk medicine. Six major compounds were isolated in this plant: one flavone and five diterpenes, two of which are described for the first time in the literature. Four of the six compounds exhibited phytotoxic activity in the bioassays performed. The results confirmed the phytotoxic potential of this plant, which had not been investigated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Vela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui #7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (F.V.); (J.M.G.M.); (F.A.M.)
| | - Simoni Anese
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso—Campus Campo Novo do Parecis, MT 235 Km 12, Campo Novo do Parecis 78360-000, Brazil;
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui #7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (F.V.); (J.M.G.M.); (F.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.V.); (A.T.); Tel.: +34-956-01-27-90 (R.M.V. & A.T.); Fax: +34-956-01-62-88 (R.M.V. & A.T.)
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui #7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (F.V.); (J.M.G.M.); (F.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.V.); (A.T.); Tel.: +34-956-01-27-90 (R.M.V. & A.T.); Fax: +34-956-01-62-88 (R.M.V. & A.T.)
| | - José M. G. Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui #7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (F.V.); (J.M.G.M.); (F.A.M.)
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui #7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (F.V.); (J.M.G.M.); (F.A.M.)
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Yan MR, Welch R, Rush EC, Xiang X, Wang X. A Sustainable Wholesome Foodstuff; Health Effects and Potential Dietotherapy Applications of Yacon. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112632. [PMID: 31684122 PMCID: PMC6893727 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A sustainable food supply is an ever-growing public and planetary health concern influenced by food culture, food practices, and dietary patterns. Globally, the consumption of plant foods that offer physiological and biochemical benefits is increasing. In recent years, products made from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) tubers and leaves, e.g., in the form of syrup, powder, and herbal tea, have steadily emerged with scientific evidence to validate their possible health claims. Yacon was introduced to New Zealand in 1966, and its products can now be produced on a commercial scale. This paper reviews literature published mainly in the last 10 years concerning the health-related properties of yacon as a wholesome foodstuff and its bioactive components, e.g., fructooligosaccharides. Literature was sourced from Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO Health, and Google Scholar up to June 2019. The potential markets for yacon in the field of food technology and new dietotherapy applications are discussed. Furthermore, the unique features of New Zealand-produced yacon syrup are introduced as a case study. The paper explores the scientific foundation in response to the growing public interest in why and how to use yacon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Yan
- AUT Food Network, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
- Community and Social Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland 1025, New Zealand.
| | - Robert Welch
- Yacon New Zealand Ltd., Auckland 1051, New Zealand.
| | - Elaine C Rush
- AUT Food Network, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Xuesong Xiang
- National Institute of Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Zhu HL, Qu W, Zhang J, Guo EY, Du T, Liu WY, Cao WY, Feng F, Xu J. Chemical Constituents from Chloranthus anhuiensis and Their Cytotoxic Activities. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800249. [PMID: 30019425 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three hiherto unknown phenylpropanoid compounds, namely (7S,8R)-1-(1-ethoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxy-3,4-(methylenedioxy)benzene (1), (7S,8S)-1-(1-ethoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxy-3,4-(methylenedioxy)benzene (2), and (7S,8R)-1-(1-methoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxy-3,4-(methylenedioxy)benzene (3), along with 12 known compounds (4 - 15) were obtained from the extract of whole plant of Chloranthus anhuiensis. Among them, 7 and 13 were obtained from nature for the first time. The structures of these natural compounds were characterized by extensive spectroscopic analysis and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Furthermore, their cytotoxic and neuroprotective activities were evaluated using MDA-MB-231, 4T1, HepG2, and PC12 cell lines. Compounds 8 and 13 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against MDA-MB-231 cell line with the IC50 values of 39.7 and 25.8 μm, respectively. And all the isolated compounds have no neuroprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Zhu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Er-Yan Guo
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Tao Du
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yuan Liu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yuan Cao
- School of Continuing Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, 223003, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
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de Oliveira RB, de Paula DAC, Rocha BA, Franco JJ, Gobbo-Neto L, Uyemura SA, dos Santos WF, Da Costa FB. Renal toxicity caused by oral use of medicinal plants: the yacon example. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:434-441. [PMID: 20951787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Yacon [Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson, Asteraceae] is an Andean species that has traditionally been used as an anti-diabetic herb in several countries around the world, including Brazil. Its hypoglycaemic action has recently been demonstrated in normal and diabetic rats. However, studies about the safety of prolonged oral consumption of yacon leaf extracts are lacking. Thus, this work was undertaken to evaluate the repeated-dose toxicity of three extracts from yacon leaves: the aqueous extract (AE) prepared as a tea infusion; the leaf-rinse extract (LRE), which is rich in sesquiterpene lactones (STLs); and a polar extract from leaves without trichomes, or polar extract (PE), which lacks STLs but is rich in chlorogenic acids (CGAs). MATERIALS AND METHODS The major classes of the compounds were confirmed in each extract by IR spectra and HPLC-UV-DAD profiling as well as comparison to standard compounds. The toxicity of each extract was evaluated in a repeated-dose toxicity study in Wistar rats for 90 days. RESULTS The PE was rich in CGAs, but we did not detect any STLs. The AE and LRE showed the presence of STLs. The polar extract caused alterations in some biochemical parameters, but the animals did not show signs of behavioural toxicity or serious lesions in organs. Alterations of specific biochemical parameters in the blood (creatinine 7.0 mg/dL, glucose 212.0 mg/dL, albumin 2.8 g/dL) of rats treated with AE (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and LRE (10 and 100 mg/kg) pointed to renal damage, which was confirmed by histological analysis of the kidneys. CONCLUSIONS The renal damage was associated with increased blood glucose levels after prolonged oral administration of the AE. This observation suggested that the hypoglycaemic effect observed after treatment for 30 days in an earlier study is reversible and was likely the result of renal injury caused by the toxicity of yacon. Because STLs were detected in both AE and LRE, there is strong evidence that these terpenoids are the main toxic compounds in the leaves of the yacon. Based on our results, we do not recommend the oral use of yacon leaves to treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Barbosa de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Mercado MI, Aráoz MVC, Grau A, Catalán CAN. New Acyclic Diterpenic Acids from Yacon (Smallanthus Sonchifolius) Leaves. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000501103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new acyclic diterpenoids, smaditerpenic acid E (1a) and F (2a), along with nineteen melampolide-type sesquiterpene lactones, six of them not previously reported in yacon, were isolated from the methylene chloride leaf rinse extract. Their structures were elucidated from 1D and 2D NMR experiments and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I. Mercado
- INQUIN0A-C0NICET, Instituto de Química 0rgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491, (T4000INI) San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, C.C. 34, (4107) Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María V. Coll Aráoz
- INQUIN0A-C0NICET, Instituto de Química 0rgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491, (T4000INI) San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, C.C. 34, (4107) Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Grau
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, C.C. 34, (4107) Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - César A. N. Catalán
- INQUIN0A-C0NICET, Instituto de Química 0rgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491, (T4000INI) San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Zheng X, Kuo G, De-Qiang D, Gui-Rong C, Ting-Guo K, Yu-Yuan S, Xing-Tai L, Feng D. A new hexenol glycoside from leaves ofSmallanthus sonchifolius. Nat Prod Res 2010; 24:1592-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14786411003752060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baloch IB, Baloch MK. Irritant and co-carcinogenic diterpene esters from the latex of Euphorbia cauducifolia L. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2010; 12:600-613. [PMID: 20628940 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2010.489039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ten (1-10) irritant and mild co-carcinogenic diterpene esters were isolated from the latex of Euphorbia cauducifolia L. using bioassay-guided countercurrent distribution and other chromatographic techniques. The isolated compounds were characterized on the basis of spectroscopic results and mass measurements. As an outcome, the ingenane-type esters were established with the following structures: 3-O-angeloyl-17-O-palmatoylingenol (1), 3-O-palmatoyl-5-O-angeloylingenol (2), 5-O-angeloyl-17-O-palmatoylingenol (3), 3-O-angeloyl-5-O-palmatoylingenol (4), 17-O-(2Z,4E,6Z)-2,4,6-tetradecatrienoyl-20-O-palmatoylingenol (5), 5-O-angeloyl-17-O-benzoylingenol (6), 5-O-angeloyl-17,20-diacetoxyingenol (7), 3-O-angeloyl-17-O-benzoyl-20-acetoxyingenol (8), 3-acetoxy-5-O-angeloyl-17-O-benzoylingenol (9), and 5-O-angeloyl-3,17,20-triacetoxyingenol (10). Their biological screening revealed that they are moderate irritants, and low to moderate tumor promoters compared to TPA, but hardly showed any solitary carcinogenic activity. The isolated esters represent new compounds and were not reported before from any source.
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Zheng X, Fan H, Ting-Guo K, De-Qiang D, Kuo G, Yu-Yuan S, Young-Ho K, Feng D. Anti-diabetes Constituents in Leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of smallanthaditerpenic acids A, B, C and D previously isolated from leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) on α-glucosidase were examined and their IC50 were determined to be 0.48 mg/mL, 0.59 mg/mL, 1.00 mg/mL, and 1.17 mg/mL respectively. In addition, a rapid, reliable RP-HPLC method for the analysis of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and smallanthaditerpenic acids A and C in yacon leaves was established, and the variation in their contents in leaves from plants cultivated in different places and collected at different times of the year were compared. The established analytical method for determining smallanthaditerpenic acids A and C, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid presented good results and could be used as a method for the quality control of S. sonchifolius leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - He Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Kang Ting-Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Dou De-Qiang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Gai Kuo
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Shi Yu-Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Kim Young-Ho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220, Gung-Dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Dong Feng
- Zhen-Ao Group Co. Ltd, DD Port, Dalian 116600, China
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Zheng X, Kuo G, De-Qiang D, Ting-Guo K, Yu-Yuan S, Feng D. New Compounds from Leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900400909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new octadecatrienoic acid and a new benzyl glycoside, along with a known compound, were isolated from the leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius. The structures of the two new compounds were elucidated as 13(R)-hydroxy-octadeca-(9E,11E,15Z)-trienoic acid (1) and benzyl alcohol 7-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1″→2′)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. The known compound was identified as 13(R)-hydroxy-octadeca-(9Z,11E,15Z)-trienoic acid (3) by comparison of its spectral data with that reported. Compound 3 was isolated for the first time from the title plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Gai Kuo
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Dou De-Qiang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Kang Ting-Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Shi Yu-Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Dong Feng
- Zhen-Ao Group Co. Ltd, DD Port, Dalian 116600, China
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