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Sarikhani Y, Najibi SM, Mosallanejad R, Rayatinejad A, Sanjabi MR, Gholami F, Islam S, Bastani P. The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Factors Influencing Iranian Medical Residents' Specialty Selection: A Qualitative Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 49:259-267. [PMID: 38680221 PMCID: PMC11053256 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2023.97637.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Background Medical students' specialty selection influences the composition of the physician workforce and the effectiveness of health systems. Therefore, the identification of factors that influence the choice of specialty is critical for an evidence-based health policy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the determinants of specialty choice among Iranian medical residents. Methods In early 2022, this qualitative study was conducted among Iranian medical residents in seven provinces, including Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Kerman, Kermanshah, and Khuzestan. The participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Data were collected using 74 semi-structured in-depth face-to-face interviews. Finally, a thematic content analysis (conventional content analysis) method was applied for data synthesis. Results The participant's mean age was 28.7±2.5 years, and more than 52% (N=39) were men. Following data synthesis, 10 sub-themes and four main themes were identified, including educational aspects affected by the pandemic, career-related hazards, personal and professional lifestyles affected by the disease, and experiences and beliefs regarding the pandemic. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on medical students' educational, professional, and personal aspects of specialty choices. This study demonstrated how the disease affected the choice of specialty. Therefore, the findings could be used for developing national health policy and planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Sarikhani
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Najibi
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rahil Mosallanejad
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ali Rayatinejad
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - Fereshteh Gholami
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Shahidul Islam
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Peivand Bastani
- Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Díaz-Fernández M, Llorente-Marrón M, Cocina-Díaz V, Asensi V. COVID-19 and Access to Medical Professional Careers: Does Gender Matter? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6477. [PMID: 37569018 PMCID: PMC10418388 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To know to what extent home confinement resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the results of the Medical Intern Resident Program (MIR) exam and whether or not a gender gap has occurred as a consequence. METHOD Econometric modeling of the final result obtained in the MIR exam and identification of the explanatory factors that determine it and its relevance, effect and meaning. RESULTS From the results obtained in the MIR test of the 2019, 2020 and 2021 calls, it can be seen that examinations and academic records together with demographic and calendar factors are determinants to explain the observed behavior of the final result. In relation to the gender factor, the existence of a differential fixed effect in favor of women is shown, although the interaction with the exam shows the opposite result. The nationality variable allows us to visualize a scenario of academic homogeneity. The effect of the calendar directly linked to the COVID-19 pandemic makes it possible to quantify the negative impact exerted on the final result. CONCLUSIONS (1) The work reflects the impact of factors such as sex, nationality or the COVID-19 pandemic on access to specialized health training in Spain. (2) In contrast to previous studies, we found a significant difference in behavior between men and women, favorably linked to the female sex. However, the so-called sprint effect associated with the male sex was detected. (3) The negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the final score are visualized. The existing differential with respect to the control category is quantified and the dominance of the hierarchical position of the temporal component within the set of explanatory factors is visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mar Llorente-Marrón
- Department of Quantitative Economics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | | | - Victor Asensi
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
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3
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Khan S. The impact of gendered experiences on female medical students' specialty choice: A systematic review. Am J Surg 2023; 225:33-39. [PMID: 36435655 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women make up 50% of American medical school graduates, yet are not equally represented in the vast spectrum of medical specialties. Many fields within medicine remain male dominated. This systematic review will explore social factors that affect female medical students' specialty choice. HYPOTHESIS Gendered experiences influence the specialty choice of female medical students, resulting in their concentration in a specific cohort of specialties. METHODS Studies were gathered by searching MEDLINE/Pubmed and EBSCOhost for sociological factors that impact female medical students' specialty choice. RESULTS 34 articles were selected for this systematic review. Factors that contribute to gender segregation within medical specialties include gender discrimination, socialization, lifestyle considerations, negative perceptions of male-dominated medical specialties and lack of female role models. CONCLUSION This systematic review supported the hypothesis that gendered experiences impact women's medical specialty choice, and thus result in their concentration in specialties such as family medicine, pediatrics and obstetrics and gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Khan
- Detroit Medical Center/Wayne State University School of Medicine, United States.
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4
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Sarikhani Y, Ghahramani S, Edirippulige S, Fujisawa Y, Bambling M, Bastani P. What do Iranian physicians value most when choosing a specialty? Evidence from a discrete choice experiment. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 2022; 20:23. [PMID: 35619135 PMCID: PMC9134140 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-022-00358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choosing a specialty by physicians is fundamentally linked to the performance of health systems and public health outcomes. Identifying the determinants of specialty selection is important to health policy for targeting resources and planning the development of services. This study examined preferences of Iranian physicians for medical specialty using a discrete choice experiment (DCE) method. METHODS In this study, the attributes of the DCE were determined using rigorous qualitative approach. Then we applied D-efficiency criteria to design the DCE and validated it at a pilot study. In the final survey, we recruited participants from six Iranian provinces and analyzed data using conditional logit model. We estimated willingness to pay (WTP) for non-monetary attributes. RESULTS The WTP analysis revealed that the most important non-monetary attributes in the selection of a specialty were job burnout, opportunity for procedural activities, and job prestige. The results imply that the attributes that were related to the quality of personal life was more important only for physicians who preferred to choose non-surgical specialties. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that traditional gender patterns of specialty selection are changing and quality of personal life characteristics might be the most important factor when developing policies to recruit physicians into non-surgical specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Sarikhani
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.,Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Almas Building, Alley 29, Qasrodasht Ave, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sulmaz Ghahramani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Matthew Bambling
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peivand Bastani
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Almas Building, Alley 29, Qasrodasht Ave, Shiraz, Iran. .,Oral Health Centre, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Blalock AE, Smith MC, Patterson BR, Greenberg A, Smith BRG, Choi C. "I might not fit that doctor image": Ideal worker norms and women medical students. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 56:339-348. [PMID: 34862660 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing numbers of women students in medical schools, focused attention on their perceptions about medical school and the medical profession remain underexamined. These perceptions are important to understand, particularly since women students are likely burdened with a host of gender norms related to work, family, and their future roles as physicians. Early experiences in medical school offer important insights into the larger student experience and are tied to academic outcomes and feelings of belonging. To examine early experiences of women medical students, this qualitative study used sensemaking theory to describe the current context and "story" of ideal worker norms. Critical qualitative interviews of 38 women students were performed during their first 2 months of medical school and explored both how the students perceived and experienced ideal worker norms, and how they made sense of the "story" of ideal worker norms. The participants described ways they encountered gendering and ideal worker norms through displays of nurturing behaviour, expectations to balance a future family, and whether they looked or acted the part of a doctor. This article highlights the challenges women medical students are already aware they will face, the opportunities they look forward to, and the strengths they anticipate leaning on to navigate their profession. Results from this study have implications for women medical students' learning experiences and transitions into medical school and for faculty, staff, and scholars concerned with challenging gendering norms that shape medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Emiko Blalock
- Office of Medical Education Research and Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - B R Patterson
- Premed, University of North Carolina System, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Greenberg
- Office of Medical Education Research and Development, Office of Academic Affairs, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brandon R G Smith
- Higher Adult and Lifelong Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Christine Choi
- Student Affairs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Creating work environments where people of all genders in gynecologic oncology can thrive: An SGO evidence-based review. Gynecol Oncol 2022; 164:473-480. [PMID: 35000796 PMCID: PMC9465952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Equality, equity, and parity in the workplace are necessary to optimize patient care across all aspects of medicine. Gender-based inequities remain an obstacle to quality of care, including within the now majority women subspecialty of gynecologic oncology. The results of the 2020 SGO State of the Society Survey prompted this evidence-based review. Evidence related to relevant aspects of the clinical care model by which women with malignancies are cared for is summarized. Recommendations are made that include ways to create work environments where all members of a gynecologic oncology clinical care team, regardless of gender, can thrive. These recommendations aim to improve equality and equity within the specialty and, in doing so, elevate the care that our patients receive.
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Gender Equity in Gynecologic Surgery: Lessons from History, Strengthening the Future. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-022-00307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Impact of COVID-19 on residency choice: A survey of New York City medical students. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258088. [PMID: 34614004 PMCID: PMC8494369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted medical student education, particularly in New York City (NYC). We aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students’ residency choices. Methods The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of medical students in all years of study at four NYC medical schools (Columbia, Cornell, NYU, and SUNY Downstate). The survey was fielded from 19 Aug 2020 to 21 Sep 2020. Survey questions included items assessing COVID-19 impact on residency choices, personal impact of COVID-19, residency/specialty choices, and factors influencing these choices. Results A total of 2310 students received the survey, with 547 (23.7%) providing partial responses and 212 (9.2%) providing valid responses for our primary analysis. 59.0% of participants thought that COVID-19 influenced their choice of residency/specialty, with 0.9% saying the influence was to a great extent, 22.2% to some extent, and 35.8% very little. On multivariable analysis, factors that were independently associated with COVID-19 impacting residency choice included low debt ($1 to $99,999: adjOR 2.23, 95%CI 1.02–5.03) compared with no debt and Other race/ethnicity (adjOR 0.26, 95%CI 0.10–0.63) compared with White race/ethnicity. On secondary analysis of all participants answering survey items for logistic regression regardless of survey completion, direct personal impact of COVID-19 was significantly associated with COVID-19 impacting specialty choice (adjOR 1.90, 95%CI 1.04–3.52). Moreover, 24 students (11.6%) reported a change in their top residency choice from before to during/after COVID-19, citing concerns about frontline work, work-life balance, and risk of harm. Conclusions Our study found that 3 in 5 (59.0%) participants felt that COVID-19 impacted their residency choice, with 11.6% of respondents explicitly changing their top specialty choice. Investigating the impact of the pandemic on medical student residency considerations is crucial to understand how medical career outlooks may change in the future.
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Belgrade M, Belgrade A. Why Do Physicians Choose Pain as a Specialty? PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 21:2743-2747. [PMID: 33036031 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous forces shape the practice of pain management: scientific advances, technical advances, societal expectations, public health crises, reimbursement factors, and the parameters of who gets trained and what motivates the trainees. In this observational study, we sought to determine expressed motivations for entering the subspecialty of pain management, and in particular whether applicants were more interested in procedural skills (our hypothesis) or rehabilitative and cognitive practices. METHODS We analyzed the personal statements of 142 applicants to the University of Minnesota's pain medicine fellowship program. In addition to those themes, the personal statements were scrutinized for other themes such as interest in teaching and research. Comprehensive vs interventional/procedural interests were coded by a group of four research assistants who were trained using practice essays until they achieved high interrater reliability (alpha > 0.8). Two of the researchers coded for additional themes on a two-point scale indicating presence or absence of a particular theme. When they did not agree, a third researcher broke the tie. Theme prevalence was compared by specialty and gender. RESULTS Residents expressed interest in interventional and comprehensive pain practice without significant differences; however, there were specialty and gender differences in other themes such as teaching, research, and leadership in program development. CONCLUSIONS If pain specialty training is going to meet the needs of prospective residents, patients, and society, we should do more to attract women and neurology and psychiatry residents. We should include more opportunities for research and the flexibility to educate trainees who may not pursue a procedural practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Belgrade
- Comprehensive Pain Center, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrea Belgrade
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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10
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Has a critical mass of women resulted in gender equity in gynecologic surgery? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223:665-673. [PMID: 32585225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gender equity in medicine and surgery has recently received widespread attention. Unlike surgical specialties that remain predominantly male, the majority of obstetrician-gynecologists have been women for nearly a decade, and women have composed the majority of trainees since the 1990s. Despite a critical mass of women, biases related to gender persist in the field. Professional and behavioral expectations of men and women gynecologists remain different for patients and workplace colleagues. Gender discrimination and sexual harassment are still experienced at high rates by both trainees and obstetrician-gynecologists in practice. In addition, in other surgical fields, women gynecologic surgeons face a gender wage gap that is unexplained by differences in experience, hours worked, or subspecialty training. Academic advancement and the attainment of leadership positions remain a challenge for many women. Policies related to pregnancy and parenting may disproportionately affect the careers of women gynecologists. This article presents peer-reviewed evidence relevant to gender equity in the workplace and suggests proactive interventions to ensure diversity and inclusion for gynecologic surgeons.
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11
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Brown MEL, Hunt GEG, Hughes F, Finn GM. 'Too male, too pale, too stale': a qualitative exploration of student experiences of gender bias within medical education. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039092. [PMID: 32792453 PMCID: PMC7430333 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore medical student perceptions and experiences of gender bias within medical education. SETTING Gender bias-'prejudiced actions or thoughts based on the perception that women are not equal to men'-is a widespread issue. Within medicine, the pay gap, under-representation of women in senior roles and sexual harassment are among the most concerning issues demonstrating its presence and impact. While research investigating experiences of clinicians is gaining traction, investigation of medical students' experiences is lacking. This qualitative study analyses medical students' experiences of gender bias within their education to discern any patterns to this bias. Illuminating the current state of medical education gender bias will hopefully highlight areas in which student experience could be improved. Constructivist thematic analysis was used to analyse data, informed by William's patterns of gender bias, intersectional feminism and communities of practice theory. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-two medical students from multiple UK medical schools participated in individual interviews. Nine faculty members were also interviewed to triangulate data. RESULTS Gender bias has an overt presence during medical student education, manifesting in line with William's patterns of bias, impacting career aspirations. Physical environments serve to manifest organisational values, sending implicit messages regarding who is most welcome-currently, this imagery remains 'too male, too pale…too stale'. Existing gender initiatives require careful scrutiny, as this work identifies the superficial application of positive action, and a failure to affect meaningful change. CONCLUSIONS Despite progress having been made regarding overt gender discrimination, implicit bias persists, with existing positive action inadequate in promoting the advancement of women. Institutions should mandate participation in implicit bias education programmes for all staff and must strive to revise the imagery within physical environments to better represent society. Gender initiatives, like Athena Scientific Women's Academic Network, also require large-scale evaluation regarding their impact, which this work found to be lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E L Brown
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | - George E G Hunt
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | - Ffion Hughes
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | - Gabrielle M Finn
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, York, UK
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12
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Stone L, Phillips C, Douglas KA. With the best will in the world: How benevolent sexism shapes medical careers. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 54:94-97. [PMID: 31965643 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Stone
- Academic Unit of General Practice, ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christine Phillips
- Social Foundations of Medicine, ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kirsty A Douglas
- Academic Unit of General Practice, ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Kersbergen CJ, Bowen CJ, Dykema AG, Koretzky MO, Tang O, Beach MC. Student Perceptions of M.D.-Ph.D. Programs: A Qualitative Identification of Barriers Facing Prospective M.D.-Ph.D. Applicants. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2020; 32:1-10. [PMID: 30983420 PMCID: PMC6995689 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2019.1598414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: Despite a high degree of interest in research among matriculating M.D. students, very few apply to combined M.D.-Ph.D. training programs. Even fewer of those applicants are female, leading to a gender disparity among M.D.-Ph.D. trainees. We used a qualitative approach to understand why students choose not to apply or matriculate to M.D.-Ph.D. programs. Approach: We recruited recently matriculated medical students at a private research university with a self-reported interest in academic medicine and biomedical research to participate in focus groups, in which students discussed their career and life goals, general knowledge and sources of information for M.D.-Ph.D. programs, perceived benefits and downsides, and barriers to applying to such programs. Findings: Twenty-two students participated in focus groups. Participants desired careers combining clinical work, research, and teaching. Students had knowledge of the structure and goals of M.D.-Ph.D. training and received information about dual-degree programs from research mentors, the Internet, and peers. Tuition remission and increased grant access were cited as benefits of M.D.-Ph.D. programs, whereas duration, perceived excessive research training, and early commitment were downsides. Perceived competitiveness, misconceptions about training, a lack of M.D.-Ph.D. program-specific advising, discouragement from applying, and duration of training all served as barriers preventing students from pursuing dual-degree training. Insights: Through this qualitative study, we identified perceptions and misconceptions that recent medical school applicants have about M.D.-Ph.D. programs. These findings suggest targetable barriers to increase applications from interested students, such as improving awareness of programs, increased accessibility of advising and resources, and addressing concerns over training length, with the goal of improving training access for aspiring physician-scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin J. Kersbergen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin J. Bowen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arbor G. Dykema
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maya Overby Koretzky
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olive Tang
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Catherine Beach
- General Internal Medicine and Berman Bioethics Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Chun SE, Lee JH, Lee JE, Lee SMK, Leem J, Kim H. Impact of gender on the career development of female traditional Korean medicine doctors: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030390. [PMID: 31439610 PMCID: PMC6707762 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the impact of gender and expected gender roles on the career development of young female traditional Korean medicine (KM) doctors. DESIGN We conducted semistructured interviews to examine the experiences of study subjects regarding early career choices, employment, job performance and career moves, as well as future career aspirations, from the perspective of gender. The transcription was analysed using the Strauss and Corbin constant comparative analysis method. SETTING The interview was conducted at a quiet and comfortable place selected by the participants in South Korea. PARTICIPANTS Ten female KM doctors in their 30s participated in the study. RESULTS This study reveals that, initially, the participating female KM doctors were unaware of their gender affecting career decisions. However, after graduation and during employment, female doctors experienced direct discrimination or gender segregation while selecting areas of treatment and specialty; they found that they were preferred to work in paediatrics and dermatology departments than in departments treating musculoskeletal health problems. Furthermore, after entering the workforce, female KM doctors found that their gender significantly affects patient-doctor relationships and life events, such as pregnancy and childbirth require temporary career breaks. In addition, female KM doctors assumed stereotypical gender roles both in the workplace and at home, as well as becoming the main nurturer of their children. CONCLUSION Gender and stereotyped gender roles affect the overall career planning, career moves and even patient-doctor relationships of female KM doctors. Female doctors were also more likely to experience specific gender roles in the workplace and at home, including both childbirth and childrearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Chun
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ju Eun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Kathy Lee
- Korean Medicine Science Research Center, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Jungtae Leem
- Chung-Yeon Central Institute, Gwangju, Korea
- Dongshin Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunho Kim
- Chung-Yeon Central Institute, Gwangju, Korea
- Dongshin Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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