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Rakotonandrasana SR, Paoli M, Randrianirina MJ, Ihandriharison H, Gibernau M, Bighelli A, Rakotoarisoa MF, Tomi P, Andrianjara C, Tomi F, Rabehaja DJR. Extinction Risk Assessment and Chemical Composition of Aerial Parts Essential Oils from Two Endangered Endemic Malagasy Salvia Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1967. [PMID: 37653884 PMCID: PMC10223310 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven essential oil samples of two endemic species of Malagasy sage, Salvia sessilifolia Baker and Salvia leucodermis Baker, were investigated via GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR spectrometry. In total, 81compounds were identified accounting for 93.5% to 98.7% of the total composition. The main constituents for the both species were (E)-β-caryophyllene (29.2% to 60.1%), myrcene (1.2% to 21.7%), α-humulene (5.2% to 19.7%), (E)-nerolidol (0.8% to 15.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.4% to 10.8%). Ethnobotanical survey of 46 informants revealed that decoctions of leafy twigs and chewed leaves were usually used. Due to the repeated fires, over-harvesting and grazing, the populations of S. sessilifolia and S. leucodermis are drastically fragmented. These risk factors led to threats to the habitats of the target species. Salvia sessilifolia Baker and Salvia leucodermis Baker are proposed to be classified as endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphan R. Rakotonandrasana
- Department of Ethnobotany and Botany, National Center for Applied Pharmaceutical Research, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (S.R.R.); (M.F.R.)
| | - Mathieu Paoli
- Laboratoire Sciences Pour l’Environnement, Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (P.T.)
| | - Mamy J. Randrianirina
- Département Phytochimie et Contrôle Qualité, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées (IMRA), Antananarivo 102, Madagascar (H.I.); (C.A.); (D.J.R.R.)
| | - Harilala Ihandriharison
- Département Phytochimie et Contrôle Qualité, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées (IMRA), Antananarivo 102, Madagascar (H.I.); (C.A.); (D.J.R.R.)
| | - Marc Gibernau
- Laboratoire Sciences Pour l’Environnement, Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (P.T.)
| | - Ange Bighelli
- Laboratoire Sciences Pour l’Environnement, Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (P.T.)
| | - Marrino F. Rakotoarisoa
- Department of Ethnobotany and Botany, National Center for Applied Pharmaceutical Research, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (S.R.R.); (M.F.R.)
| | - Pierre Tomi
- Laboratoire Sciences Pour l’Environnement, Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (P.T.)
| | - Charles Andrianjara
- Département Phytochimie et Contrôle Qualité, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées (IMRA), Antananarivo 102, Madagascar (H.I.); (C.A.); (D.J.R.R.)
| | - Félix Tomi
- Laboratoire Sciences Pour l’Environnement, Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (P.T.)
| | - Delphin J. R. Rabehaja
- Département Phytochimie et Contrôle Qualité, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées (IMRA), Antananarivo 102, Madagascar (H.I.); (C.A.); (D.J.R.R.)
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Rattray RD, Van Wyk BE. The Botanical, Chemical and Ethnobotanical Diversity of Southern African Lamiaceae. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123712. [PMID: 34207006 PMCID: PMC8233991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lamiaceae is undoubtedly an important plant family, having a rich history of use that spans the globe with many species being used in folk medicine and modern industries alike. Their ability to produce aromatic volatile oils has made them valuable sources of materials in the cosmetic, culinary, and pharmaceutical industries. A thorough account of the taxonomic diversity, chemistry and ethnobotany is lacking for southern African Lamiaceae, which feature some of the region’s most notable medicinal and edible plant species. We provide a comprehensive insight into the Lamiaceae flora of southern Africa, comprising 297 species in 42 genera, 105 of which are endemic to the subcontinent. We further explore the medicinal and traditional uses, where all genera with documented uses are covered for the region. A broad review of the chemistry of southern African Lamiaceae is presented, noting that only 101 species (34%) have been investigated chemically (either their volatile oils or phytochemical characterization of secondary metabolites), thus presenting many and varied opportunities for further studies. The main aim of our study was therefore to present an up-to-date account of the botany, chemistry and traditional uses of the family in southern Africa, and to identify obvious knowledge gaps.
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Nkomo MM, Katerere DDR, Vismer HHF, Cruz TT, Balayssac SS, Malet-Martino MM, Makunga NNP. Fusarium inhibition by wild populations of the medicinal plant Salvia africana-lutea L. linked to metabolomic profiling. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:99. [PMID: 24621275 PMCID: PMC4101822 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Salvia africana-lutea L., an important medicinal sage used in the Western Cape (South Africa), can be termed a ‘broad-spectrum remedy’ suggesting the presence of a multiplicity of bioactive metabolites. This study aimed at assessing wild S. africana-lutea populations for chemotypic variation and anti-Fusarium properties. Methods Samples were collected from four wild growing population sites (Yzerfontein, Silwerstroomstrand, Koeberg and Brackenfell) and one garden growing location in Stellenbosch. Their antifungal activities against Fusarium verticillioides (strains: MRC 826 and MRC 8267) and F. proliferatum (strains: MRC 6908 and MRC 7140) that are aggressive mycotoxigenic phytopathogens were compared using an in vitro microdilution assay. To correlate antifungal activity to chemical profiles, three techniques viz. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were employed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the NMR data. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to integrate LC-MS and NMR data sets. All statistics were performed with the SIMCA-P + 12.0 software. Results The dichloromethane:methanol (1:1; v/v) extracts of the plant species collected from Stellenbosch demonstrated the strongest inhibition of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.031 mg ml-1 and 0.063 mg ml-1 respectively. GC-MS showed four compounds which were unique to the Stellenbosch extracts. By integrating LC-MS and 1H NMR analyses, large chemotype differences leading to samples grouping by site when a multivariate analysis was performed, suggested strong plant-environment interactions as factors influencing metabolite composition. Signals distinguishing the Stellenbosch profile were in the aromatic part of the 1H NMR spectra. Conclusions This study shows the potential of chemotypes of Salvia africana-lutea in controlling fungal growth and consequently mycotoxin production. Products for use in the agricultural sector may be developed from such chemotypes.
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Sichilongo KF, Obuseng VC, Okatch H. Applications of Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS): An Examination of Selected African Cases. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kamatou GPP, Makunga NP, Ramogola WPN, Viljoen AM. South African Salvia species: a review of biological activities and phytochemistry. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:664-72. [PMID: 18640254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The genus Salvia (sage) belongs to the Lamiaceae and encompasses 900 species worldwide of which ca. 26 indigenous species are found in southern Africa. Salvia is the largest genus in this family and constitutes almost one quarter of the Lamiaceae. In South Africa, the majority of Salvia species are distributed predominantly in the Cape region. Salvia species are used in many parts of the world to treat various conditions. Many sages, if not all, form an integral part of traditional healing in South Africa particularly in regions where they occur in abundance. Several species are used to treat microbial infections, cancer, malaria, inflammation, loss of memory and to disinfect homes after sickness. Despite the extensive traditional use and the general interest in phytoconstituents of Salvia it remains ironic that research on the South African counterparts has until recently been neglected. The review aims to collate recent research results on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of indigenous species. Bio-active compounds with antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities have been isolated and structurally elucidated from Salvia chamelaegnea, Salvia radula and Salvia verbenaca. The essential oil composition of Salvia showed the dominance of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing monoterpenes and oxygen- containing sesquiterpenes. Salvia runcinata is identified as an alternative source of natural alpha-bisabolol. Many pharmacological activities are summarised (anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive) as a first attempt to provide scientific support for past and present local traditional uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P P Kamatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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van Vuuren SF. Antimicrobial activity of South African medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:462-72. [PMID: 18582553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the antimicrobial research undertaken on South African medicinal plants during the period 1997-2008. Antimicrobial methods (disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), bio-autography) are briefly discussed and an analysis of the publications reviewed indicates that the majority of papers use MIC assays for antimicrobial determination. Antimicrobial investigations on extracts are presented where the most active plants are identified from screening publications. A summary of some bioactive compounds are given with data restricted to papers reporting quantitative antimicrobial activity equivalent to or below 200 microg/ml. Antimicrobial activities on the essential oils of indigenous medicinal aromatic plants are also reviewed. An overview is given on what activities (extracts, compounds and oils) should be considered noteworthy for publication. Studies focusing on geographical ethnobotany, specific pathogenesis, formulation aspects and in vivo investigations are examined. Future recommendations to consider include pathogen selection, interactive studies and dosage administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
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Kamatou GPP, Viljoen AM. Linalool – a Review of a Biologically Active Compound of Commercial Importance. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the earliest times fragrant materials have been used in rituals. Today, a lucrative industry has developed to produce and deliver fragrances and aromatic chemicals with various applications in modern society. Linalool, a much sought after compound in the flavor and fragrance industry is a monoterpene alcohol which occurs naturally in many aromatic plants. Linalool and linalool-rich essential oils are known to exhibit various biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-oxidant properties and several in vivo studies have confirmed various effects of linalool on the central nervous system. The applications of linalool are not confined to simply adding or enhancing a specific scent to domestic products such as soaps, detergents and shampoos. Linalool also plays an import role in nature as a key compound in the complex pollination biology of various plant species to ensure reproduction and survival. Linalool is also a key compound for the industrial production of a variety of fragrance chemicals such as geraniol, nerol, citral and its derivatives, as well as a lead compound in the synthesis of vitamins A and E. The repellent properties of linalool on various crop-destroying insects has been well documented accentuating the application of this molecule in eco-friendly pest management. This review aims to highlight the various biological properties of linalool and to emphasize the value of linalool and linalool-rich essential oils in phytotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy P. P. Kamatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Alvaro M. Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Vuuren SFV, Viljoen AM. Antimicrobial activity of limonene enantiomers and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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