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Gostin IN, Blidar CF. Glandular Trichomes and Essential Oils Variability in Species of the Genus Phlomis L.: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1338. [PMID: 38794409 PMCID: PMC11125434 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The genus Phlomis is one of the largest genera in the Lamiaceae family and includes species used since ancient times in traditional medicine, as flavoring for food and as fragrance in cosmetics. The secretory structures (represented by glandular trichomes) as well as the essential oils produced by them constitute the subject of this review. While representatives of this genus are not typically regarded as large producers of essential oils compared to other species of the Lamiaceae family, the components identified in their essential oils and their biological properties necessitate more investigation of this genus. A comprehensive analysis of the specialized literature was conducted for each of the 93 currently accepted species to identify all the results obtained by researchers regarding the secretory structures and essential oils of this genus up to the present time. Glandular trichomes, still insufficiently studied, present morphological peculiarities that differentiate this genus within the family: they are of two categories: capitate (with a wide distribution in this genus) and dendroid. The peltate trichomes, characteristic of many species of this family, are absent. The essential oils from the species of the genus Phlomis have been much more widely studied than the secretory structures. They show considerable variability depending on the species and the environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Neta Gostin
- Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, Bdul Carol I, No. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian Felix Blidar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, Street Universităţii No. 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
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Çalış İ, Başer KHC. Review of Studies on Phlomis and Eremostachys Species (Lamiaceae) with Emphasis on Iridoids, Phenylethanoid Glycosides, and Essential Oils. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:1128-1151. [PMID: 34416766 DOI: 10.1055/a-1527-4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the sixth-largest Angiosperm family, Lamiaceae contains more than 245 genera and 7886 species that are distributed worldwide. It is also the third-largest family based on the number of taxa in Turkey where it is represented by 46 genera and 782 taxa with a high endemism ratio (44%). Besides, Lamiaceae are rich in plants with economic and medicinal value containing volatile and nonvolatile compounds. Many aromatic plants of Lamiaceae such as Salvia, Sideritis, Stachys, Phlomis, and Teucrium species are used in traditional herbal medicine throughout Turkey as well as in other Mediterranean countries. Salvia (Sage tea "Adaçayı"), Sideritis (Mountain tea "Dağçayı"), Stachys (Hairy Tea "Tüylü Çay"), and Phlomis (Turkish sage "Çalba or Şalba") are the largest genera that are used as herbal teas. This review focuses on the volatile and nonvolatile compounds of Lamiaceae from the genera Phlomis and Eremostachys of the subfamily Lamioideae with emphasis on iridoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, and essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- İhsan Çalış
- Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Lefkoşa (Nicosia), TRNC
| | - K Hüsnü Can Başer
- Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Lefkoşa (Nicosia), TRNC
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Torky ZA, Moussa AY, Abdelghffar EA, Abdel-Hameed UK, Eldahshan OA. Chemical profiling, antiviral and antiproliferative activities of the essential oil of Phlomis aurea Decne grown in Egypt. Food Funct 2021; 12:4630-4643. [PMID: 33912870 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03417g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the chemical composition of the edible Phlomis aurea oil and its anticancer potential on three human cancer cell lines, as well as its antiviral activity against Herpes simplex-1 (HSV-1). Exploring Phlomis aurea Decne essential oil by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed the presence of four major components: germacrene D (51.56%), trans-β-farnesene (11.36%), α-pinene (22.96%) & limonene (6.26%). An antiproliferative effect, as determined by the MTT assay, against human hepatic, breast and colon cancer cell lines, manifested IC50 values of 10.14, 328.02, & 628.43 μg mL-1, respectively. Cytotoxicity assay of the Phlomis oil against Vero cell lines revealed a safe profile within the range of 50 μg ml-1. Phlomis essential oil induced the apoptosis of HepG2 cells through increasing cell accumulation in sub G1 & G2/M phases, decreasing both S & G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle, triggering both caspases-3 &-9, and inhibiting cyclin dependent kinase-2 (CDK2). The antiviral activity of the oil against HSV-1 was investigated using the plaque reduction assay, which showed 80% of virus inhibition. Moreover, the molecular docking in silico study of the four major chemical constituents of the oil at the CDK2 binding site demonstrated marked interactions with the ATP-binding site residues through alkyl & Pi-alkyl interactions. Cell cycle distribution of HepG2 cells was studied using flow cytometry to highlight the apoptotic mechanistic approaches by measuring caspases-3 &-9 and CDK2 activities. Thus, the edible Phlomis oil can be regarded as a candidate for in vivo studies to prove that it is a promising natural antiviral/anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenab Aly Torky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt
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Karadağ AE, Demirci B, Kültür Ş, Demirci F, Başer KHC. Antimicrobial, anticholinesterase evaluation and chemical characterization of essential oil Phlomis kurdica Rech. fil. Growing in Turkey. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2020.1743786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Esra Karadağ
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Betül Demirci
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Şükran Kültür
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Demirci
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - K. Hüsnü Can Başer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
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El Mokni R, Majdoub S, Chaieb I, Jlassi I, Joshi RK, Hammami S. Chromatographic analysis, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of the essential oil of Phlomis floccosa D. Don. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4603. [PMID: 31116451 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate for the first time the chemical composition and insecticidal and antimicrobial properties of Phlomis floccosa D. Don. essential oil isolated by hydro-distillation of its aerial parts. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential oil on the basis of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/FID and GC/MS) revealed the presence of 59 organic volatiles representing 86.9% of the total constituents. The major compounds were germacrene-D (19.7%) followed by β-caryophyllene (15.5%), caryophyllene oxide (8.3%), hexadecenoic acid (7.9%) and carvacrol (6.1%). The broth microdilution method was conducted to test the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against five pathogens: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and the yeast Candida albicans. The oil of P. floccosa D. Don. shows promising activity against the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and B. subtilis and the yeast C. albicans (minimum inhibitory concentration = 625 μg.mL-1 ). The effectiveness of the essential oil was assessed on both Tribolium confusum and Sitophilus zeamais pest insects and it was more pronounced against T. confusum, showing a moderate mortality of 47.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridha El Mokni
- Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, Bizerta, Tunisia.,Silvo-Pastoral Resources Laboratory, Silvo-Pastoral Institute of Tabarka, University of Jendouba, Tunisia.,Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir BP 207, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Siwar Majdoub
- Research Unit 13ES63, Applied Chemistry and Environment, Monastir University, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ikbal Chaieb
- Regional Centre of Research on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Jlassi
- Transmissible Diseases and biologically active substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rajesh K Joshi
- Department of Phytochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Karnataka, India
| | - Saoussen Hammami
- Research Unit 13ES63, Applied Chemistry and Environment, Monastir University, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
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Sobeh M, Mamadalieva NZ, Mohamed T, Krstin S, Youssef FS, Ashour ML, Azimova SS, Wink M. Chemical profiling of Phlomis thapsoides (Lamiaceae) and in vitro testing of its biological activities. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chemical composition, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activities of the essential oils of three Phlomis species as well as their fatty acid compositions. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:687-693. [PMID: 30263324 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activities of the essential oils of Phlomis armeniaca WILLD., P. nissolii L., and P. pungens WILLD. var. pungens as well as their fatty acid contents. Germacrene D was found as the major compound in the oils (24.7, 15.1, and 7.2%, respectively). Additionally, n-hexadecanoic acid, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, β-caryophyllene, and linalool were the other main compounds in the oils. Among the fatty acids, C18:3 ω3 and C18:2 ω6 were determined in high quantities in P. armeniaca (23.14 and 18.01%, respectively) and P. pungens var. pungens (24.64 and 17.51%, respectively). The essential oils of P. armeniaca and P. pungens var. pungens showed remarkable antioxidant and metal chelating activities as well as great reducing power potentials. These oils also showed a moderate scavenging effect on ABTS radicals. The oils also exhibited various degrees of inhibitory activities on AChE, BChE, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase.
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GC/MS Evaluation and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil and Solvent Extracts of an Endemic Plant Used as Folk Remedy in Turkey: Phlomis bourgaei Boiss. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:293080. [PMID: 23762120 PMCID: PMC3666358 DOI: 10.1155/2013/293080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was outlined to examine the chemical composition of hydrodistilled essential oil and in vitro antioxidant potentials of the essential oil and different solvent extracts of endemic Phlomis bourgaei Boiss. used as folk remedy in Turkey. The chemical composition of the oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and the predominant components in the oil were found to be β-caryophyllene (37.37%), (Z)-β-farnesene (15.88%), and germacrene D (10.97%). Antioxidant potentials of the solvent extracts and the oil were determined by four testing systems including β-carotene/linoleic acid, DPPH, reducing power, and chelating effect. In β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, all extracts showed the inhibition of more than 50% at all concentrations. In DPPH, chelating effect, and reducing power test systems, the water extract with 88.68%, 77.45%, and 1.857 (absorbance at 700 nm), respectively, exhibited more excellent activity potential than other extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) and the essential oil at 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The amount of the total phenolics and flavonoids was the highest in this extract (139.50 ± 3.98 μg gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/mg extract and 22.71 ± 0.05 μg quercetin equivalents (QEs)/mg extract).
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Joshi RK, Pande C. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil ofPhlomis bracteosaRoyle ex Benth. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2010.9700328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Javidnia K, Miri R, Soltani M, Khosravi AR. Essential oil composition of two species of PhlomisL. ( Phlomis aucheriBoiss. and Phlomis ellipticaBenth.) (Lamiaceae) from Iran. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2010.9700334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Olennikov DN, Dudareva LV, Tankhaeva LM. Chemical composition of essential oils from Galeopsis bifida and Phlomoides tuberosa. Chem Nat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-010-9602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Limem-Ben Amor I, Boubaker J, Ben Sgaier M, Skandrani I, Bhouri W, Neffati A, Kilani S, Bouhlel I, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L. Phytochemistry and biological activities of Phlomis species. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 125:183-202. [PMID: 19563875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The genus Phlomis L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family and encompasses 100 species native to Turkey, North Africa, Europe and Asia. It is a popular herbal tea enjoyed for its taste and aroma. Phlomis species are used to treat various conditions such as diabetes, gastric ulcer, hemorrhoids, inflammation, and wounds. This review aims to summarize recent research on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the genus Phlomis, with particular emphasis on its ethnobotanical uses. The essential oil of Phomis is composed of four chemotypes dominated by monoterpenes (alpha-pinene, limonene and linalool), sesquiterpenes (germacrene D and beta-caryophyllene), aliphalic compounds (9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester), fatty acids (hexadecanoic acid) and other components (trans-phytol, 9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol). Flavonoids, iridoids and phenylethyl alcohol constitute the main compounds isolated from Phlomis extracts. The pharmacological activities of some Phlomis species have been investigated. They are described according to antidiabetic, antinociceptive, antiulcerogenic, protection of the vascular system, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilef Limem-Ben Amor
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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Limem-Ben Amor I, Neffati A, Ben Sgaier M, Bhouri W, Boubaker J, Skandrani I, Bouhlel I, Kilani S, Ben Ammar R, Chraief I, Hammami M, Ghoul M, Chekir-Ghedira L, Ghedira K. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Isolated from Phlomis crinita Cav. ssp. mauritanica Munby. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-008-1272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Comparative analysis of essential oil components of three Phlomis species in Qinling Mountains of China. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:213-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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