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Chrysargyris A, Petrovic JD, Tomou EM, Kyriakou K, Xylia P, Kotsoni A, Gkretsi V, Miltiadous P, Skaltsa H, Soković MD, Tzortzakis N. Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Plant Extracts from Aromatic Plants Cultivated in Cyprus. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:45. [PMID: 38248476 PMCID: PMC10813336 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Medicinal and aromatic plants' properties, still an interesting research area, are attributed to the presence of various specialized products that possess important pharmacological activities. In the present study, six medicinal/aromatic plants (Sideritis cypria, Origanum dubium, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Thymus capitatus, and Salvia fruticosa) were evaluated for their phytochemical and nutritive composition, as well as their biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties. The results obtained indicate that M. piperita was rich in proteins and minerals such as N and Mg, while S. cypria accumulated more K, Na, P, and Ca. The highest content of phenols and flavonoids was observed in M. piperita, followed by O. dubium and T. capitatus, which eventually influenced their high antioxidant capacity. NMR screening revealed the presence of (i) triterpenoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in M. officinalis; (ii) terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acid derivatives in S. fruticosa; (iii) flavonoids and phenolic acid derivatives in M. piperita; (iv) phenolic monoterpenes in O. dubium and T. capitatus; and (v) terpenoids, flavones, and phenylethanoid glycosides in S. cypria. The results of the antimicrobial activity showed that the tested samples overall had quite good antimicrobial potential. High antibacterial activity was found in O. dubium and T. capitatus, while O. dubium and S. cypria exhibited great antifungal activities. The studied species also had an important effect on the viability of female-derived and colon cancer cells. In particular, in colon cancer cells, the extracts from T. capitatus, M. officinalis, M. piperita, and S. fruticosa exhibited a stronger effect on cell viability in the more metastatic cell line at significantly lower concentrations, indicating an important therapeutic potential in targeting highly metastatic tumors. This finding is worth further investigation. The present study unveiled interesting phytochemical profiles and biological properties of the six medicinal/aromatic plants, which should be further explored, contributing to green chemistry and the possible creation of natural health products for humans' health/nutrition and additives in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Chrysargyris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | - Jovana D. Petrovic
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.D.P.)
| | - Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Kalia Kyriakou
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus; (K.K.)
| | - Panayiota Xylia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | - Andria Kotsoni
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus; (A.K.); (V.G.)
- Cancer Metastasis and Adhesion Group, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center (BTCRC), European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Vasiliki Gkretsi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus; (A.K.); (V.G.)
- Cancer Metastasis and Adhesion Group, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center (BTCRC), European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Panagiota Miltiadous
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus; (K.K.)
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Marina D. Soković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.D.P.)
| | - Nikolaos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
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Çarıkçı S, Kılıç T, Gören AC, Dirmenci T, Alim Toraman GÖ, Topçu G. Chemical profile of the Anatolian Sideritis species with bioactivity studies. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1484-1511. [PMID: 37990887 PMCID: PMC11001281 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2280253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The genus Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae) is represented by 46 species in Turkey with an 79% endemism ratio, 42 of 46 belonging to the section Empodoclia. OBJECTIVE In this review article, Sideritis species growing in Turkey have been evaluated for phytochemical constituents and biological activities. METHODS The data for the isolates, components and extracts of the Anatolian Sideritis species and their bioactivity studies were retrieved from the main databases WoS, Scopus and PubMed from 1975 until 31 December 2022. RESULTS In this review article, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and other secondary metabolites isolated from Turkish Sideritis species were reported. Anatolian Sideritis species, which primarily consist of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, were studied in detail. Sideritis plants are represented by 46 species in Turkey, and 25 of them were investigated for their diterpenoids through isolation or LC-MS studies. Most of the diterpenoids of Turkish Sideritis species have ent-kaurene skeleton, among them linearol, siderol, 7-epicandicandiol and sideridiol were found to be the main compounds. Exceptionally, labdane, pimarane and beyerene diterpenoids were only found in a few species. For phenolics and flavonoids, only 12 species were investigated until now, and they were found to be rich in phenylethanoid glycosides and flavonoid glycosides. In terms of activity, most of the species were tested for antioxidant activity, followed by antimicrobial and anti-ulcer/anti-inflammatory activities. Their cytotoxic, enzyme inhibitory, antinociceptive and antistress activities were less frequently studied. CONCLUSIONS Sideritis species should be considered promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of upper respiratory tract and ulcer/inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Çarıkçı
- Vocational School, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Turgut Kılıç
- Department of Science Education, Necatibey Faculty of Education, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet C. Gören
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Dirmenci
- Department of Biology Education, Necatibey Faculty of Education, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | | | - Gülaçtı Topçu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Drug Application and Research Center (DARC), Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Chrysargyris A, Tomou EM, Goula K, Dimakopoulou K, Tzortzakis N, Skaltsa H. Sideritis L. essential oils: A systematic review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 209:113607. [PMID: 36746369 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils are extensively used in the food, cosmetic, perfume, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries due to their aroma and pharmacological properties. The Lamiaceae family is mainly represented by widely well-known medicinal and aromatic plants that produce essential oil. Over the years, Sideritis L. essential oils have attracted great interest due to their chemical variability among the different taxa and their pharmacological activities. In-depth research of previously published literature was performed on electronic databases with several key search words for the collection of the available data and a total of 128 scientific studies were used since 1983. To date, 155 accepted Sideritis samples have been studied originating from 15 countries and more than 250 compounds have been reported in 87 Sideritis taxa overall. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects have been the most studied pharmacological activities. This review summarizes and critically discusses the research work on the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of essential oil of the genus Sideritis based on the currently valid taxonomy. Additionally, statistical analysis is encompassed to provide a deeper comprehensive understanding of the high chemical polymorphism of Sideritis essential oils. We expect that this review will encourage researchers to investigate unexplored Sideritis taxa and will contribute to revealing uncharted scientific territory and future perspectives on these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Chrysargyris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Katerina Goula
- Section of Ecology and Systematics, Department of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantina Dimakopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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Kaskatepe B, Aslan Erdem S, Ozturk S, Safi Oz Z, Subasi E, Koyuncu M, Vlainić J, Kosalec I. Antifungal and Anti-Virulent Activity of Origanum majorana L. Essential Oil on Candida albicans and In Vivo Toxicity in the Galleria mellonella Larval Model. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030663. [PMID: 35163928 PMCID: PMC8838586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate and compare in detail both the antifungal activity in vitro (with planktonic and biofilm-forming cells) and the essential oil composition (EOs) of naturally growing (OMN) and cultivated (OMC) samples of Origanum majorana L. (marjoram). The essential oil composition was analyzed using GC-MS. The major constituent of both EOs was carvacrol: 75.3% and 84%, respectively. Both essential oils showed high antifungal activity against clinically relevant Candida spp. with IC50 and IC90 less than or equal to 0.5 µg mL−1 and inhibition of biofilm with a concentration of 3.5 µg mL−1 or less. Cultivated marjoram oil showed higher anti-biofilm activity against C. albicans. In addition, OMC showed greater inhibition of germ-tube formation (inhibition by 83% in Spider media), the major virulence factor of C. albicans at a concentration of 0.125 µg mL−1. Both EOs modulated cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), but OMN proved to be more active with a CSH% up to 58.41%. The efficacy of O. majorana EOs was also investigated using Galleria mellonella larvae as a model. It was observed that while the larvae of the control group infected with C. albicans (6.0 × 108 cells) and not receiving treatment died in the controls carried out after 24 h, all larvae in the infected treatment group survived at the end of the 96th hour. When the treatment group and the infected group were evaluated in terms of vital activities, it was found that the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The infection of larvae with C. albicans and the effects of O. majorana EOs on the hemocytes of the model organism and the blastospores of C. albicans were evaluated by light microscopy on slides stained with Giemsa. Cytological examination in the treatment group revealed that C. albicans blastospores were phagocytosed and morphological changes occurred in hemocytes. Our results indicated that the essential oil of both samples showed strong antifungal activities against planktonic and biofilm-forming C. albicans cells and also had an influence on putative virulence factors (germ-tube formation and its length and on CSH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Kaskatepe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey;
| | - Sinem Aslan Erdem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey;
| | - Sukran Ozturk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey;
| | - Zehra Safi Oz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey;
| | - Eldan Subasi
- Microbiology Laboratory of Application and Research Hospital, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey;
| | - Mehmet Koyuncu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyprus International University, Lefkosa 99258, Turkey;
| | | | - Ivan Kosalec
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute for Microbiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1639-4492
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Lytra K, Tomou EM, Chrysargyris A, Christofi MD, Miltiadous P, Tzortzakis N, Skaltsa H. Bio-Guided Investigation of Sideritis cypria Methanol Extract Driven by in Vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Assays. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000966. [PMID: 33594798 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sideritis cypria Post is an endemic and endangered species of Northern Cyprus. The overall aim of the present study was to evaluate the total phenolic content, the antioxidant, the cytotoxic and the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract obtained from the aerial parts of cultivated S. cypria. A bio-guided approach led to the isolation of 27 chemical compounds by using various analytical techniques. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The crude extract exerted strong antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays) which was attributed to its high total phenolic content. Furthermore, groups rich in phenolic content showed highest antioxidant property, whereas groups with phytosterols, diterpenoids and apigenin derivatives exerted cytotoxic effects in MDA-MB231 cancer cell line by the MTT method. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of four isolated apigenin derivatives was evaluated in the same cancer cells. The antimicrobial activity of the extract and groups were measured, demonstrating lack of activity. To the best of our knowledge, this survey is the first report on the biological activities of the methanol extract of S. cypria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystalia Lytra
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chrysargyris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Maria-Dolores Christofi
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Panagiota Miltiadous
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
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Lytra K, Tomou EM, Chrysargyris A, Drouza C, Skaltsa H, Tzortzakis N. Traditionally Used Sideritis cypria Post.: Phytochemistry, Nutritional Content, Bioactive Compounds of Cultivated Populations. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:650. [PMID: 32477129 PMCID: PMC7235332 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sideritis species are recognized as important medicinal plants and their commercial demand is continuously on the rise both in the European and in the global market. Consequently, the cultivation of Sideritis species has been occurred to successfully meet the need for mass production of high-quality plant material. The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the chemical composition of cultivated S. cypria. Infusions of flowers and leaves were prepared separately, according to the European Medicine Agency (EMA) monograph. The infusion of the flowers revealed the presence of four flavones, isoscutellarein-7-O-[6′″-O-acetyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, its 4′-O-methyl-derivative, 4′-O-methyl-hypolaetin-7-O-[6′″-O-acetyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, and isoscutellarein-7-O-[6′″-O-acetyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; four phenylethanoid glucosides, acteoside, leucosceptoside A, lamalboside, and leonoside A; one iridoid, melittoside, and one phenolic acid, chlorogenic acid, while the infusion of the leaves of the same population afforded the same first two flavones; five phenylethanoid glucosides, acteoside, leucosceptoside A, lavandulifolioside, leonoside A, and lamalboside; melittoside and chlorogenic acid. The structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was undertaken by high-field NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the essential oils of the flowers and leaves were studied by GC-MS, separately. In addition, the mineral, bioactive compounds, protein and carbohydrate contents were evaluated for both plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystalia Lytra
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chrysargyris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Chryssoula Drouza
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
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Çelik Í, Atioğlu Z, Aksit H, Demirtas I, Erenler R, Akkurt M. Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-oxo-13-epi-manoyl oxide isolated from Sideritis perfoliata. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2018; 74:713-717. [PMID: 29850098 PMCID: PMC5947494 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989018005807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C20H32O2 (systematic name: 3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-penta-methyl-dodeca-hydro-9H-benzo[f]chromen-9-one), was isolated from Sideritis perfoliata. In the crystal, mol-ecules pack in helical supra-molecular chains along the 21 screw axis running parallel to the a axis, bound by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These chains are efficiently inter-locked in the other two unit-cell directions via van der Waals inter-actions. Hirshfeld surface analysis shows that van der Waals inter-actions constitute the major contribution to the inter-molecular inter-actions, with H⋯H contacts accounting for 86.0% of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ísmail Çelik
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Atioğlu
- İlke Education and Health Foundation, Cappadocia University, Cappadocia Vocational College, The Medical Imaging Techniques Program, 50420 Mustafapaşa, Ürgüp, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Aksit
- Erzincan University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Demirtas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Cankiri Karatekin University, 18100 Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Erenler
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziosmanpasa University, 60240 Tokat, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akkurt
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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