1
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Peng Y, Tang L, Li Y, Song J, Liu H, Wang P, Zhong Z, Yang Y, Wang S, Chen L, Zhang J, Zhang S, Wang Z, Li M, Liang L, Liu J. Comprehensive proteomic analysis reveals dynamic phospho-profiling in human early erythropoiesis. Br J Haematol 2022; 199:427-442. [PMID: 35974424 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Normal early erythropoiesis depends on the precise regulation of protein expression and phosphorylation modification. Dysregulation of protein levels or modification contributes to erythroid disorders. To date, the dynamics of protein phosphorylation profiling across human erythroid development is not fully understood. Here, we characterized quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling by tandem mass-tagging technology. We systemically built phospho-expression profiling and expression clusters of 11 414 phosphopeptides for human early erythropoiesis. The standardization methods for multitier integrative analyses revealed multiple functional modules of phosphoproteins (e.g., regulation of the G2/M transition) and active phosphorylated signalling (e.g., cell cycle-related pathways). Our further analysis revealed that CDK family members were the main kinases that phosphorylate substrates in erythroid progenitors and identified that CDK9 played an important role in the proliferation of erythroid progenitors. Collectively, our phosphoproteomic profiling, integrative network analysis and functional studies define landscapes of the phosphoproteome and reveal signalling pathways that are involved in human early erythropoiesis. This study will serve as a valuable resource for further investigations of phosphatase and kinase functions in human erythropoiesis and erythroid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Peng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Tang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhui Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhizhou Zhong
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shihui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lixiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Long Liang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
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2
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Soboleva S, Åkerstrand H, Miharada K. Transcriptomic analysis of functional diversity of human umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in erythroid differentiation. Int J Hematol 2022; 115:481-488. [PMID: 35088351 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) give rise to all types of blood lineages, including red blood cells (RBC). Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) are known to be functionally diverse in terms of their self-renewal potential and lineage output. Consequently, investigation of molecular heterogeneity in the differentiation potential of HSPC is vital to identify novel regulators that affect generation of specific cell types, especially RBC. Here, we compared the erythroid potential of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from 50 different umbilical cord blood (UCB) donors and discovered that those donors gave rise to diverse frequencies of Glycophorin-A+ erythroid cells after in vitro differentiation, despite having similar frequencies of phenotypic HSC initially. RNA sequencing revealed that genes involved in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling were significantly up-regulated in the high-erythroid output donors. When we chemically modified two main signaling elements in this pathway, adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE), we observed that inhibition of PDE led to 10 times higher yield of Glycophorin-A+ cells than activation of AC. Our findings suggest that GPCR signaling, and particularly the cAMP-related pathway, contributes to the diversity of erythroid potential among UCB donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Soboleva
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hugo Åkerstrand
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenichi Miharada
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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3
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Mikdar M, González-Menéndez P, Cai X, Zhang Y, Serra M, Dembele AK, Boschat AC, Sanquer S, Chhuon C, Guerrera IC, Sitbon M, Hermine O, Colin Y, Le Van Kim C, Kinet S, Mohandas N, Xia Y, Peyrard T, Taylor N, Azouzi S. The equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT1 is critical for nucleotide homeostasis and optimal erythropoiesis. Blood 2021; 137:3548-3562. [PMID: 33690842 PMCID: PMC8225918 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight regulation of intracellular nucleotides is critical for the self-renewal and lineage specification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Nucleosides are major metabolite precursors for nucleotide biosynthesis and their availability in HSCs is dependent on their transport through specific membrane transporters. However, the role of nucleoside transporters in the differentiation of HSCs to the erythroid lineage and in red cell biology remains to be fully defined. Here, we show that the absence of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) in human red blood cells with a rare Augustine-null blood type is associated with macrocytosis, anisopoikilocytosis, an abnormal nucleotide metabolome, and deregulated protein phosphorylation. A specific role for ENT1 in human erythropoiesis was demonstrated by a defective erythropoiesis of human CD34+ progenitors following short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of ENT1. Furthermore, genetic deletion of ENT1 in mice was associated with reduced erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow, anemia, and macrocytosis. Mechanistically, we found that ENT1-mediated adenosine transport is critical for cyclic adenosine monophosphate homeostasis and the regulation of erythroid transcription factors. Notably, genetic investigation of 2 ENT1null individuals demonstrated a compensation by a loss-of-function variant in the ABCC4 cyclic nucleotide exporter. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of ABCC4 in Ent1-/- mice rescued erythropoiesis. Overall, our results highlight the importance of ENT1-mediated nucleotide metabolism in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mikdar
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Pedro González-Menéndez
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Xiaoli Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Marion Serra
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Abdoul K Dembele
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvia Sanquer
- INSERM UMR S1124, Université de Paris, Service de Biochimie Métabolomique et Protéomique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Cerina Chhuon
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform 3P5-Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform 3P5-Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Université de Paris, UMR 8147, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Yves Colin
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Le Van Kim
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Sandrina Kinet
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Thierry Peyrard
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Slim Azouzi
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
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4
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Trivedi G, Inoue D, Chen C, Bitner L, Chung YR, Taylor J, Gönen M, Wess J, Abdel-Wahab O, Zhang L. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulates self-renewal of early erythroid progenitors. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/511/eaaw3781. [PMID: 31554738 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem and progenitor cells are uniquely capable of self-renewal, and targeting this process represents a potential therapeutic opportunity. The early erythroid progenitor, burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E), has substantial self-renewal potential and serves as a key cell type for the treatment of anemias. However, our understanding of mechanisms underlying BFU-E self-renewal is extremely limited. Here, we found that the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4 (CHRM4), pathway regulates BFU-E self-renewal and that pharmacological inhibition of CHRM4 corrects anemias of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), aging, and hemolysis. Genetic down-regulation of CHRM4 or pharmacologic inhibition of CHRM4 using the selective antagonist PD102807 promoted BFU-E self-renewal, whereas deletion of Chrm4 increased erythroid cell production under stress conditions in vivo. Moreover, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists corrected anemias in mouse models of MDS, aging, and hemolysis in vivo, extending the survival of mice with MDS relative to that of controls. The effects of muscarinic receptor antagonism on promoting expansion of BFU-Es were mediated by cyclic AMP induction of the transcription factor CREB, whose targets up-regulated key regulators of BFU-E self-renewal. On the basis of these data, we propose a model of hematopoietic progenitor self-renewal through a cholinergic-mediated "hematopoietic reflex" and identify muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists as potential therapies for anemias associated with MDS, aging, and hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang Trivedi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | - Daichi Inoue
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cynthia Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | - Lillian Bitner
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Young Rock Chung
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justin Taylor
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mithat Gönen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lingbo Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
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5
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Lack of the multidrug transporter MRP4/ABCC4 defines the PEL-negative blood group and impairs platelet aggregation. Blood 2020; 135:441-448. [PMID: 31826245 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rare PEL-negative phenotype is one of the last blood groups with an unknown genetic basis. By combining whole-exome sequencing and comparative global proteomic investigations, we found a large deletion in the ABCC4/MRP4 gene encoding an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in PEL-negative individuals. The loss of PEL expression on ABCC4-CRISPR-Cas9 K562 cells and its overexpression in ABCC4-transfected cells provided evidence that ABCC4 is the gene underlying the PEL blood group antigen. Although ABCC4 is an important cyclic nucleotide exporter, red blood cells from ABCC4null/PEL-negative individuals exhibited a normal guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate level, suggesting a compensatory mechanism by other erythroid ABC transporters. Interestingly, PEL-negative individuals showed an impaired platelet aggregation, confirming a role for ABCC4 in platelet function. Finally, we showed that loss-of-function mutations in the ABCC4 gene, associated with leukemia outcome, altered the expression of the PEL antigen. In addition to ABCC4 genotyping, PEL phenotyping could open a new way toward drug dose adjustment for leukemia treatment.
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6
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Chung J, Wittig JG, Ghamari A, Maeda M, Dailey TA, Bergonia H, Kafina MD, Coughlin EE, Minogue CE, Hebert AS, Li L, Kaplan J, Lodish HF, Bauer DE, Orkin SH, Cantor AB, Maeda T, Phillips JD, Coon JJ, Pagliarini DJ, Dailey HA, Paw BH. Erythropoietin signaling regulates heme biosynthesis. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28553927 PMCID: PMC5478267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is required for survival of all cells, and in most eukaryotes, is produced through a series of eight enzymatic reactions. Although heme production is critical for many cellular processes, how it is coupled to cellular differentiation is unknown. Here, using zebrafish, murine, and human models, we show that erythropoietin (EPO) signaling, together with the GATA1 transcriptional target, AKAP10, regulates heme biosynthesis during erythropoiesis at the outer mitochondrial membrane. This integrated pathway culminates with the direct phosphorylation of the crucial heme biosynthetic enzyme, ferrochelatase (FECH) by protein kinase A (PKA). Biochemical, pharmacological, and genetic inhibition of this signaling pathway result in a block in hemoglobin production and concomitant intracellular accumulation of protoporphyrin intermediates. Broadly, our results implicate aberrant PKA signaling in the pathogenesis of hematologic diseases. We propose a unifying model in which the erythroid transcriptional program works in concert with post-translational mechanisms to regulate heme metabolism during normal development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24767.001 Heme is an iron-containing compound that is important for all living things, from bacteria to humans. Our red blood cells use heme to carry oxygen and deliver it throughout the body. The amount of heme that is produced must be tightly regulated. Too little or too much heme in a person’s red blood cells can lead to blood-related diseases such as anemia and porphyria. Yet, while scientists knew the enzymes needed to make heme, they did not know how these enzymes were controlled. Now, Chung et al. show that an important signaling molecule called erythropoietin controls how much heme is produced when red blood cells are made. The experiments used a combination of red blood cells from humans and mice as well as zebrafish, which are useful model organisms because their blood develops in a similar way to humans. When Chung et al. inhibited components of erythropoietin signaling, heme production was blocked too and the red blood cells could not work properly. These new findings pave the way to look at human patients with blood-related disorders to determine if they have defects in the erythropoietin signaling cascade. In the future, this avenue of research might lead to better treatments for a variety of blood diseases in humans. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24767.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Chung
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Johannes G Wittig
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Alireza Ghamari
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Manami Maeda
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Tamara A Dailey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Hector Bergonia
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Martin D Kafina
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Catherine E Minogue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | | | - Liangtao Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Jerry Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Harvey F Lodish
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Alan B Cantor
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - John D Phillips
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Harry A Dailey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Barry H Paw
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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7
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Kuvardina ON, Herkt S, Meyer A, Schneider L, Yillah J, Kohrs N, Bonig H, Seifried E, Müller-Tidow C, Lausen J. Hematopoietic transcription factors and differential cofactor binding regulate PRKACB isoform expression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71685-71698. [PMID: 29069738 PMCID: PMC5641081 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic differentiation is controlled by key transcription factors, which regulate stem cell functions and differentiation. TAL1 is a central transcription factor for hematopoietic stem cell development in the embryo and for gene regulation during erythroid/megakaryocytic differentiation. Knowledge of the target genes controlled by a given transcription factor is important to understand its contribution to normal development and disease. To uncover direct target genes of TAL1 we used high affinity streptavidin/biotin-based chromatin precipitation (Strep-CP) followed by Strep-CP on ChIP analysis using ChIP promoter arrays. We identified 451 TAL1 target genes in K562 cells. Furthermore, we analysed the regulation of one of these genes, the catalytic subunit beta of protein kinase A (PRKACB), during megakaryopoiesis of K562 and primary human CD34+ stem cell/progenitor cells. We found that TAL1 together with hematopoietic transcription factors RUNX1 and GATA1 binds to the promoter of the isoform 3 of PRKACB (Cβ3). During megakaryocytic differentiation a coactivator complex on the Cβ3 promoter, which includes WDR5 and p300, is replaced with a corepressor complex. In this manner, activating chromatin modifications are removed and expression of the PRKACB-Cβ3 isoform during megakaryocytic differentiation is reduced. Our data uncover a role of the TAL1 complex in controlling differential isoform expression of PRKACB. These results reveal a novel function of TAL1, RUNX1 and GATA1 in the transcriptional control of protein kinase A activity, with implications for cellular signalling control during differentiation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Kuvardina
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and German Red Cross Blood Service, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Herkt
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and German Red Cross Blood Service, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annekarin Meyer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and German Red Cross Blood Service, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lucas Schneider
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and German Red Cross Blood Service, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin Yillah
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicole Kohrs
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and German Red Cross Blood Service, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Erhard Seifried
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and German Red Cross Blood Service, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörn Lausen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and German Red Cross Blood Service, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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8
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Tetzner A, Gebolys K, Meinert C, Klein S, Uhlich A, Trebicka J, Villacañas Ó, Walther T. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor MrgD Is a Receptor for Angiotensin-(1-7) Involving Adenylyl Cyclase, cAMP, and Phosphokinase A. Hypertension 2016; 68:185-94. [PMID: 27217404 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) has cardiovascular protective effects and is the opponent of the often detrimental Ang II within the renin-angiotensin system. Although it is well accepted that the G-protein-coupled receptor Mas is a receptor for the heptapeptide, the lack in knowing initial signaling molecules stimulated by Ang-(1-7) prevented definitive characterization of ligand/receptor pharmacology as well as identification of further hypothesized receptors for the heptapeptide. The study aimed to identify a second messenger stimulated by Ang-(1-7) allowing confirmation as well as discovery of the heptapeptide's receptors. Ang-(1-7) elevates cAMP concentration in primary cells, such as endothelial or mesangial cells. Using cAMP as readout in receptor-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, we provided pharmacological proof that Mas is a functional receptor for Ang-(1-7). Moreover, we identified the G-protein-coupled receptor MrgD as a second receptor for Ang-(1-7). Consequently, the heptapeptide failed to increase cAMP concentration in primary mesangial cells with genetic deficiency in both Mas and MrgD Mice deficient in MrgD showed an impaired hemodynamic response after Ang-(1-7) administration. Furthermore, we excluded the Ang II type 2 receptor as a receptor for the heptapeptide but discovered that the Ang II type 2 blocker PD123319 can also block Mas and MrgD receptors. Our results lead to an expansion and partial revision of the renin-angiotensin system, by identifying a second receptor for Ang-(1-7), by excluding Ang II type 2 as a receptor for the heptapeptide, and by enforcing the revisit of such publications which concluded Ang II type 2 function by only using PD123319.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Tetzner
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland (A.T., K.G., C.M., A.U., T.W.); Departments Obstetrics (A.T., T.W.) and Pediatric Surgery (A.T., T.W.), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (S.K., J.T.); and Computational Chemistry Department, Intelligent Pharma S.L., Barcelona, Spain (Ó.V.)
| | - Kinga Gebolys
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland (A.T., K.G., C.M., A.U., T.W.); Departments Obstetrics (A.T., T.W.) and Pediatric Surgery (A.T., T.W.), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (S.K., J.T.); and Computational Chemistry Department, Intelligent Pharma S.L., Barcelona, Spain (Ó.V.)
| | - Christian Meinert
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland (A.T., K.G., C.M., A.U., T.W.); Departments Obstetrics (A.T., T.W.) and Pediatric Surgery (A.T., T.W.), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (S.K., J.T.); and Computational Chemistry Department, Intelligent Pharma S.L., Barcelona, Spain (Ó.V.)
| | - Sabine Klein
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland (A.T., K.G., C.M., A.U., T.W.); Departments Obstetrics (A.T., T.W.) and Pediatric Surgery (A.T., T.W.), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (S.K., J.T.); and Computational Chemistry Department, Intelligent Pharma S.L., Barcelona, Spain (Ó.V.)
| | - Anja Uhlich
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland (A.T., K.G., C.M., A.U., T.W.); Departments Obstetrics (A.T., T.W.) and Pediatric Surgery (A.T., T.W.), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (S.K., J.T.); and Computational Chemistry Department, Intelligent Pharma S.L., Barcelona, Spain (Ó.V.)
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland (A.T., K.G., C.M., A.U., T.W.); Departments Obstetrics (A.T., T.W.) and Pediatric Surgery (A.T., T.W.), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (S.K., J.T.); and Computational Chemistry Department, Intelligent Pharma S.L., Barcelona, Spain (Ó.V.)
| | - Óscar Villacañas
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland (A.T., K.G., C.M., A.U., T.W.); Departments Obstetrics (A.T., T.W.) and Pediatric Surgery (A.T., T.W.), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (S.K., J.T.); and Computational Chemistry Department, Intelligent Pharma S.L., Barcelona, Spain (Ó.V.)
| | - Thomas Walther
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland (A.T., K.G., C.M., A.U., T.W.); Departments Obstetrics (A.T., T.W.) and Pediatric Surgery (A.T., T.W.), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (S.K., J.T.); and Computational Chemistry Department, Intelligent Pharma S.L., Barcelona, Spain (Ó.V.).
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9
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Leecharoenkiat A, Wannatung T, Lithanatudom P, Svasti S, Fucharoen S, Chokchaichamnankit D, Srisomsap C, Smith DR. Increased oxidative metabolism is associated with erythroid precursor expansion in β0-thalassaemia/Hb E disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2011; 47:143-57. [PMID: 21783389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis in β0-thalassaemia/Hb E patients, the most common variant form of β-thalassaemia in Southeast Asia, is characterized by accelerated differentiation and over-expansion of erythroid precursor cells. The mechanism driving this accelerated expansion and differentiation remain unknown. To address this issue a proteomic analysis was undertaken to firstly identify proteins differentially expressed during erythroblast differentiation and a second analysis was undertaken to identify proteins differentially expressed between β0-thalassaemia/Hb E erythroblasts and control erythroblasts. The majority of proteins identified as being differentially expressed between β0-thalassaemia/Hb E and control erythroblasts were constituents of the glycolysis/TCA pathway and levels of oxidative stress correlated with the degree of erythroid expansion. A model was constructed linking these observations with previous studies showing increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in thalassemic erythroblasts which predicted the increased activation of PKA, PKB and PKC which Western analysis confirmed. Inhibition of PKA or PKC reduced β0-thalassaemia/Hb E erythroblast differentiation and/or expansion. We propose that increased expansion and differentiation of β0-thalassaemia/Hb E erythroblasts occur as a result of feedback loops acting through increased oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amporn Leecharoenkiat
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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10
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Duan B, Davis R, Sadat EL, Collins J, Sternweis PC, Yuan D, Jiang LI. Distinct roles of adenylyl cyclase VII in regulating the immune responses in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:335-44. [PMID: 20505140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The second messenger cAMP plays a critical role in regulating immune responses. Although well known for its immunosuppressive effect, cAMP is also required for the development of optimal immune responses. Thus, the regulation of this second messenger needs to be finely tuned and well balanced in a context dependent manner. To further understand the role of cAMP synthesis in the functions of the immune system, we focus on a specific adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoform, AC VII (AC7), which is highly expressed in the immune system. We show that mice deficient of AC7 are hypersensitive to LPS-induced endotoxic shock. Macrophages from AC7-deficient mice produce more of the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, in response to LPS. The inability to generate intracellular cAMP response to serum factors, such as lysophosphatidic acid, is a potential cause for this phenotype. Thus, AC7 functions to control the extent of immune responses toward bacterial infection. However, it is also required for the optimal functions of B and T cells during adaptive immune responses. AC7 is the major isoform that regulates cAMP synthesis in both B and T cells. AC7-deficient mice display compromised Ab responses toward both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent Ags. The generation of memory T cells is also reduced. These results are the first to ascribe specific functions to an AC isoform in the immune system and emphasize the importance of cAMP synthesis by this isoform in shaping the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyan Duan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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11
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Wannatung T, Lithanatudom P, Leecharoenkiat A, Svasti S, Fucharoen S, Smith DR. Increased erythropoiesis of beta-thalassaemia/Hb E proerythroblasts is mediated by high basal levels of ERK1/2 activation. Br J Haematol 2009; 146:557-68. [PMID: 19594742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Beta-thalassaemia is one of the most common inherited anaemias, arising from a partial or complete loss of beta-globin chain synthesis. In severe cases, marked bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia, believed to result from erythropoietin (EPO)-mediated feedback from the anaemic condition is common, however, as yet, no study has investigated EPO-mediated signal transduction in thalassaemic erythroid cells. Using proerythroblasts generated from peripheral blood circulating CD34+ haematopoietic progenitor cells, the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK/ERKs) pathway was examined under conditions of steady state growth, cytokine deprivation and post-EPO stimulation. Levels of cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+ were determined as was the degree of erythroid expansion. A significantly higher basal level of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was observed in beta-thalassaemia/Hb E proerythroblasts as compared to normal controls, which was coupled with significantly higher levels of both cAMP and Ca2+. Modulation of either cAMP or Ca2+ or direct inhibition of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) reduced basal levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, as well as significantly reducing the level of erythroid expansion. These results suggest that, in contrast to current models, hyper proliferation of beta-thalassaemia/Hb E proerythroblasts is an intrinsic process driven by higher basal levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation resulting from deregulation of levels of cAMP and Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirawat Wannatung
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
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12
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Suzuki Y, Takagi R, Kawasaki I, Matsudaira T, Yanagisawa H, Shimizu H. The micronucleus test and erythropoiesis: effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on micronucleus formation. Mutat Res 2008; 655:47-51. [PMID: 18621143 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of the rodent bone marrow micronucleus test in relation to erythropoiesis. We have previously reported that an acceleration of erythropoiesis increases the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE) induced by mutagens. The blood plasma erythropoietin level increased after the injection of N6-2-O-dibutyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate into adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) at a dose of 500 mg/kg. A peak of erythropoietin induction was observed 3 h after the injection of cAMP. cAMP itself did not induce any micronuclei in erythroblasts of BALB/c mice. So, the frequency of MPCE did not increase after injection of cAMP. The highest frequency of MPCE and the dose-response relationship between the cAMP doses and micronucleus frequency were observed 30 h after injection of mitomycin C (MMC) in mice which had been administered cAMP 24 h previously. The highest effect of cAMP on the increase of MPCE was observed when cAMP was given 24 h before MMC injection, thus indicating that accelerating the multiplication of erythroblasts increases the frequency of MPCE induced by mutagens. The induction of MPCE in the bone marrow by three other chemicals (carboquone, 5-fluorouracil, and vincristine) also increased after pretreatment with cAMP. Our results suggest that the increase of MPCE induced by mutagens can be amplified following the acceleration of erythropoiesis by pretreatment with cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Suzuki
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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Ream MA, Chandra R, Peavey M, Ray AM, Roffler-Tarlov S, Kim HG, Wetsel WC, Rockman HA, Chikaraishi DM. High oxygen prevents fetal lethality due to lack of catecholamines. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R942-53. [PMID: 18635452 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00860.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The catecholamine norepinephrine is required for fetal survival, but its essential function is unknown. When catecholamine-deficient [tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) null] mouse fetuses die at embryonic day (E)13.5-14.5, they resemble wild-type (wt) fetuses exposed to hypoxia. They exhibit bradycardia (28% reduction in heart rate), thin ventricular myocardium (20% reduction in tissue), epicardial detachment, and death with vascular congestion, hemorrhage, and edema. At E12.5, before the appearance of morphological deficits, catecholamine-deficient fetuses are preferentially killed by experimentally induced hypoxia and have lower tissue Po(2) levels than wt siblings. By microarray analysis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo; accession no. GSE10341), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 target genes are induced to a greater extent in null fetuses than in wt siblings, supporting the notion that mutants experience lower oxygen tension or have an enhanced response to hypoxia. Hypoxia induces a 13-fold increase in plasma norepinephrine levels, which would be expected to increase heart rate, thereby improving oxygen delivery in wt mice. Surprisingly, increasing maternal oxygen (inspired O(2) 33 or 63%) prevents the effects of catecholamine deficiency, restoring heart rate, myocardial tissue, and survival of Th null fetuses to wt levels. We suggest that norepinephrine mediates fetal survival by maintaining oxygen homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie A Ream
- Dept. of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Shi Y, Chen L, Liotta LA, Wan HH, Rodgers GP. Glia maturation factor gamma (GMFG): a cytokine-responsive protein during hematopoietic lineage development and its functional genomics analysis. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2007; 4:145-55. [PMID: 17127212 PMCID: PMC5054077 DOI: 10.1016/s1672-0229(06)60027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human hematopoiesis was evaluated using the techniques of controlled stem cell differentiation, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics, and functional genomics. We provide the first report that glia maturation factor gamma (GMFG) is a cytokine-responsive protein in erythropoietin-induced and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-induced hematopoietic lineage development. Results from global functional genomics analysis indicate that GMFG possesses several other features: hematopoietic tissue-specific gene expression, a promoter concentrated with high-score hematopoiesis-specific transcription factors, and possible molecular coevolution with a rudimentary blood/immune system. On the basis of our findings, we hypothesize that GMFG is a hematopoietic-specific protein that may mediate the pluripotentiality and lineage commitment of human hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD20892-1822, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD20892-1822, USA
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892-7412, USA
- Current address: The Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA20110, USA
| | - Hong-Hui Wan
- Maryland Institute of Genomics and Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, Silver Spring, MD20906, USA
| | - Griffin P. Rodgers
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD20892-1822, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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