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Liu Z, Li X, Li N, Li S, Deng K, Lin Y, Chen X, You F, Li J, Mu D, Wang Y, Zhu J. Association between maternal exposure to housing renovation and offspring with congenital heart disease: a multi-hospital case-control study. Environ Health 2013; 12:25. [PMID: 23522351 PMCID: PMC3639153 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most prevalent birth defects. Housing renovations are a newly recognized source of indoor environmental pollution that is detrimental to health. A growing body of research suggests that maternal occupational exposure to renovation materials may be associated with an increased risk of giving birth to fetuses with CHD. However, the effect of indoor housing renovation exposure on CHD occurrence has not been reported. METHODS A multi-hospital case-control study was designed to investigate the association between maternal periconceptional housing renovation exposure and the risk of CHD for offspring. In total, 346 cases and 408 controls were enrolled in this study from four hospitals in China. Exposure information was based on a questionnaire given to women during pregnancy. The association between housing renovation exposure and CHD occurrence was assessed by estimating odds ratios (OR) with logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS The risk for CHD in offspring was significantly associated with maternal exposure to housing renovations (AOR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.29-2.77). There were similar risks for cardiac defects with or without extra-cardiac malformation (AOR of 2.65 and 1.76, respectively). Maternal housing renovation exposure may increase the fetus' risk of suffering from conotruncal defect or anomalous venous return. There were significant risks for cardiac defects if the pregnant woman moved into a new house within one month after decoration at either 3 months before pregnancy (AOR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.03 to 5.48) or during first trimester (AOR: 4.00, 95% CI: 1.62 to 9.86). CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to housing renovations may have an increased risk of giving birth to fetuses with some selected types of CHD. This relationship was stronger for women who moved into a newly decorated house. However, considering the limited number of subjects and the problem of multiple exposures, more research is needed to clarify the effects seen here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology for birth defect, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nana Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology for birth defect, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengli Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kui Deng
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Fujian provincial Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Hubei provincial Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengzhi You
- Department of women sanitation, Henan provincial Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatric, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology for birth defect, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Shen S, Yuan L, Zeng S. An effort to test the embryotoxicity of benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde to murine embryonic stem cells using airborne exposure technique. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:973-8. [PMID: 19635035 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802687493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde are well-known indoor air pollutants, especially after house decoration. They are also common pollutants in the working places of the plastic industry, chemical industry, and leather industry. It has been reported that these pollutants cause people to be irritated, sick, experience a headache, and be dizzy. They also have the potential to induce asthma, aplastic anemia, and leukemia, even cause abortion or fetus malformation in humans. In this study, the airborne toxicity of benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde to murine embryonic stem cells (mES cells) were tested using airborne exposure technique to evaluate the mES cell airborne exposure model on embryotoxicity prediction. Briefly, mES cells were cultured on Transwell inserts and were exposed to an airborne surrounding of test chemicals in a chamber for 1 h at 37 degrees C. Cytotoxicity was determined using the MTT assay after further culture for 18 h at 37 degrees C in normal medium. The airborne IC(50) (50% inhibition concentration) of benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde derived from the fitted dose-response curves were 17,400 +/- 1290, 16,000 +/- 250, 4680 +/- 500, and 620 +/- 310 ppm, respectively. Formaldehyde was found to be the compound most toxic to mES cells compared to benzene homologues. The toxicity data had good correlation with the in vivo data. The results showed that the mES airborne exposure model may be used to predict embryotoxicity of volatile organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijie Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Pala M, Ugolini D, Ceppi M, Rizzo F, Maiorana L, Bolognesi C, Schilirò T, Gilli G, Bigatti P, Bono R, Vecchio D. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and biological monitoring of Research Institute workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gilbert NL, Gauvin D, Guay M, Héroux ME, Dupuis G, Legris M, Chan CC, Dietz RN, Lévesque B. Housing characteristics and indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde in Quebec City, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 102:1-8. [PMID: 16620807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde were determined in a study of 96 homes in Quebec City, Canada, between January and April 2005. In addition, relative humidity, temperature, and air change rates were measured in homes, and housing characteristics were documented through a questionnaire to occupants. Half of the homes had ventilation rates below 7.5 L/s person. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 3.3 to 29.1 microg/m3 (geometric mean 8.3 microg/m3) and from 9.6 to 90.0 microg/m3 (geometric mean of 29.5 microg/m3), respectively. The housing characteristics documented in the study explained approximately half of the variance of NO2 and formaldehyde. NO2 concentrations in homes were positively correlated with air change rates (indicating a significant contribution of outdoor sources to indoor levels) and were significantly elevated in homes equipped with gas stoves and, to a lesser extent, in homes with gas heating systems. Formaldehyde concentrations were negatively correlated with air change rates and were significantly elevated in homes heated by electrical systems, in those with new wooden or melamine furniture purchased in the previous 12 months, and in those where painting or varnishing had been done in the sampled room in the previous 12 months. Results did not indicate any significant contribution of indoor combustion sources, including wood-burning appliances, to indoor levels of formaldehyde. These results suggest that formaldehyde concentrations in Quebec City homes are caused primarily by off-gassing, and that increasing air change rates in homes could reduce exposure to this compound. More generally, our findings confirm the influence of housing characteristics on indoor concentrations of NO2 and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas L Gilbert
- Air Health Effects Division, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, PL 4903B, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9.
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Gilbert NL, Guay M, David Miller J, Judek S, Chan CC, Dales RE. Levels and determinants of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in residential indoor air in Prince Edward Island, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2005; 99:11-7. [PMID: 16053923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in air samples taken in some Canadian houses and to determine the association between aldehyde levels and housing characteristics. Concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein were measured in 59 homes in Prince Edward Island, Canada, during the winter of 2002. Housing characteristics were documented through inspection and by interviews of occupants. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein concentrations ranged from 5.5 to 87.5 microg/m(3) (median, 29.6 microg/m(3)), from 4.4 to 79.1 microg/m(3) (median, 18.9 microg/m(3)), and from 0.1 to 4.9 microg/m(3) (median, 0.9 microg/m(3)), respectively. Formaldehyde levels were elevated in homes built after 1970. Acetaldehyde and acrolein levels were elevated in homes inhabited by at least one smoker and in homes built 1970--1985 and were correlated with absolute humidity and carbon dioxide, two variables likely to be surrogates for lower air exchange rates. In conclusion, lower air exchange rates appear to be important determinants of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein levels in homes. These data also confirm that smoking is a significant source of acetaldehyde and acrolein and indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas L Gilbert
- Air Health Effects Division, Health Canada, 400 Cooper Street, PL 4602C, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0K9.
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