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Wilson SJ, Syed SU, Yang IS, Cole SW. A tale of two marital stressors: Comparing proinflammatory responses to partner distress and marital conflict. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:898-907. [PMID: 38718908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Marital quality shares ties to inflammatory conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. For decades, research has focused on marital conflict as a primary mechanism given its potential to trigger inflammatory responses. However, longitudinal evidence suggests that marital conflict declines over time, and little attention has been paid to the inflammatory aftermath of other types of marital exchanges. A spouse's emotional distress is an important but overlooked marital context, as partners are exposed to each other's upsetting emotions throughout adulthood. To directly compare reactivity in proinflammatory gene expression to these two marital stressors and to examine differences by age and marital satisfaction, 203 community adults ages 25-90 (N = 102 couples) provided blood samples and rated their negative mood before and after they 1) watched their partner relive an upsetting personal memory and, in a separate visit 1-2 weeks later, 2) discussed a conflictual topic in their relationship. Controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, alcohol use, smoking, and comorbidities, increases in proinflammatory gene expression were significantly larger after the partner's upsetting disclosure than after marital conflict (B = 0.073, SE = 0.031, p = .018). This pattern paralleled emotional reactivity to the tasks, wherein negative mood rose more in response to the partner's disclosure than to marital conflict (B = 4.305, SE = 1.468, p = .004). In sum, proinflammatory and mood reactivity to spousal distress exceeded reactivity to marital conflict, a well-established marital stressor. Findings reveal spousal distress as a novel mechanism that may link marriage to inflammation-related diseases, and even pose risks for both happy and unhappy couples across adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumaiyah U Syed
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, USA
| | - Iris S Yang
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, USA
| | - Steve W Cole
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, USA; Norman Cousins Center, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, USA
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2
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Mernitz S, Hsu J, Pollitt A. Timing of a First Romantic Union Among Sexual Minority Young Adults. Demography 2024; 61:879-899. [PMID: 38775469 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11380562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Cohabitation and marriage are critical milestones during the transition to adulthood; however, there is limited research on the timing of young adults' first same-sex unions. There is some evidence that same-sex unions may be delayed, particularly for men. Further, formation of both same- and different-sex dating relationships, common among sexual minority young adults, may also extend to cohabitation and marriage. We used the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to predict the timing of a first romantic union, defined as a cohabitation or marriage, among sexual minority young adults. We then distinguished between women and men and the timing of a different-sex versus a same-sex union. Compared with heterosexual young adults, lesbian and gay young adults entered a union at later ages (driven by men), whereas bisexual young adults entered a union at younger ages (driven by women). Lesbian and gay young adults who entered a first union with a same-sex partner did so at later ages than those who entered a first union with a different-sex partner. Results suggest that patterns of sexual minority dating relationship formation might extend to unions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mernitz
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jaime Hsu
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Pollitt
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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3
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Li T, Liu RX, Lau EYY. Companionship goals and marital goal concordance contribute to relationship satisfaction partly through dyadic coping in dating couples. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38589982 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2024.2338107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marital goals reflect individuals' understanding of the purpose of marriage and could influence the dyadic interactions and satisfaction in intimate relationships. The current study examines how each partner's marital goals and the concordance of marital goals between the partners influence dating couples' relationship satisfaction through dyadic coping. METHOD The sample consisted of 200 heterosexual dating couples from Hong Kong. Both partners completed a survey that assessed three types of marital goals, dyadic coping, relationship satisfaction, and other background variables. Path analysis was conducted to estimate the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) with each partner's three types of marital goals and marital goal concordance between the two partners as the predictors, each partner's dyadic coping as the mediators, and each partner's relationship satisfaction as the outcomes. RESULTS Women's dyadic coping significantly mediated the effects of women's companionship goals and marital goal concordance on both partners' marital satisfaction. Meanwhile, men's dyadic coping significantly mediated the effects of men's companionship goals and marital goal concordance on their own relationship satisfaction. CONCLUSION The current study offered the first evidence supporting the importance of marital goals, the goal concordance between the partners, and dyadic coping in dating relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Li
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Rebecca Xiaohe Liu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Esther Yuet Ying Lau
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Center for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Ulichney V, Schmidt H, Helion C. Perceived Relational Support Is Associated With Everyday Positive, But Not Negative, Affectivity in a U.S. Sample. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672231224991. [PMID: 38323578 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231224991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests that perceived social support bolsters emotional well-being. We tested whether perceived support from friends, family, and spouses/partners was associated with reduced negative and greater positive affectivity (i.e., everyday affective baseline), and whether perceived strain in these relationships had opposite effects, accounting for age and relevant covariates. Using data from the third waves of the Midlife in the United States survey and National Study of Daily Experience (n = 1,124), we found negative affectivity was not tied to relational support nor strain, but instead was associated positively with neuroticism and negatively with conscientiousness. In contrast, positive affectivity was related positively to support from friends and family, conscientiousness, and extroversion, and negatively to strain among partners and neuroticism. Exploratory analyses within second-wave Midlife in Japan data (n = 657) suggest patterns for future cross-cultural study. Some relationship dynamics may vary, but perceived support might enhance emotional well-being by bolstering positive, rather than mitigating negative, emotionality.
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5
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Tatum AK, Flicker SM, Peralta I, Kubicki RJ. Initial Motivations for Engaging in Polyamorous Relationships. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:629-644. [PMID: 38097872 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Polyamory is a relationship style in which partners consensually agree to engage in sexual and/or emotional relationships with concurrent partners. Compared with other forms of consensual non-monogamy (CNM), polyamory practitioners tend to report greater relationship satisfaction and less jealousy. However, the unique motivations leading people to engage with polyamory are less understood. Previous research has examined motivations for engaging in CNM relationship styles, in general, but no research has focused exclusively on the motivations of polyamory practitioners. The present study draws on the open-ended responses of 63 U.S. American adults who reported previous or current engagement in at least one consensually polyamorous relationship. Thematic analyses revealed four themes guiding participants' initial motivations for polyamory engagement: values alignment, relationship factors, external triggers, and sexuality. The study's themes are discussed in the context of self-determination theory and situated in the existing body of CNM and polyamory research. Directions for future research provide next steps for examining outcomes associated with specific polyamory motivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Tatum
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Social Psychology, and Counseling, Ball State University, 1613 W Riverside Ave., Muncie, IN, 47303, USA.
| | - Sharon M Flicker
- Department of Psychology, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - R J Kubicki
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Murray SL, Pascuzzi GS. Pursuing Safety in Social Connection: A Flexibly Fluid Perspective on Risk Regulation in Relationships. Annu Rev Psychol 2024; 75:379-404. [PMID: 37585668 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-011123-024815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
People are fundamentally motivated to be included in social connections that feel safe, connections where they are consistently cared for and protected, not hurt or exploited. Romantic relationships have long played a crucial role in satisfying this fundamental need. This article reconceptualizes the risk-regulation model to argue that people draw on experiences from inside and outside their romantic relationships to satisfy their fundamental need to feel safe depending on others. We first review the direct relational cues (i.e., a partner's affectionate touch, responsive versus unresponsive behavior, and relative power) and indirect cues (i.e., bodily sensations, collective value in the eyes of others, and living conditions) that signal the current safety of social connection and motivate people to connect to others or protect themselves against them. We then review how people's chronic capacity to trust in others controls their sensitivity and reactivity to the safety cues. The article concludes with future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Murray
- Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA; ,
| | - Gabriela S Pascuzzi
- Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA; ,
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Hajihasani M, Ekhtiari Amiri R. Psychological distress in infertile women: the role of quality of marital relationships and self-compassion. HUM FERTIL 2023; 26:1393-1399. [PMID: 37353992 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2023.2222547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is a common disease. At least 10-15% of women deal with infertility in some way. Infertile women suffer from a higher degree of psychological distress compared to fertile women. This study aims to identify the role of the quality of marital relationships and self-compassion in psychological distress in infertile women. The participants were 400 women who were referred to fertility clinics in Iran over a two-year period. Questionnaires containing Demographic Questionnaire, Psychological Distress Scale (DASS), Marital Quality Scale (MQS) and Self-Compassion Scale (MCS). The results showed that predictor variables explain a total of 29.9% of the variance of psychological distress in infertile women. The quality of marital relationships (p = 0.001 and β = -0.49) and self-compassion (p < 0.05 and β = -0.08) can negatively predict the psychological distress of infertile women. Considering that the significant role of the quality of marital relationships and self-compassion in the psychological distress of infertile women has been confirmed; therefore, interventions that focus on the quality of marital relationships and self-compassion may be effective and should be used as a resource to combat psychological distress in infertile women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hajihasani
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Ekhtiari Amiri
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
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Girme YU, Park Y, MacDonald G. Coping or Thriving? Reviewing Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Societal Factors Associated With Well-Being in Singlehood From a Within-Group Perspective. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1097-1120. [PMID: 36534959 PMCID: PMC10475216 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221136119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Singlehood, defined as not being in a romantic relationship, is becoming increasingly common worldwide. Despite this, research on singlehood has not received remotely equivalent research attention as romantic relationships. Well-being research that has explicitly included singles has focused on whether coupled versus single people are more satisfied with their lives. However, these between-group comparisons have not attended to within-group variability among singles that can point to when and for whom singlehood is associated with thriving. In this review, we document findings from the emerging field of singlehood studies to highlight what is and is not known about factors that are associated with the well-being of single individuals from a within-group perspective. Our review examines (a) intrapersonal factors (characteristics of the individual), (b) interpersonal experiences (qualities of one's social relationships and experiences), and (c) societal influences (features related to one's broader social or cultural context) related to well-being in singlehood. We conclude by offering future directions for the conceptualization of and research on singlehood with the goal of promoting a thorough and inclusive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoobin Park
- Center for Health & Community, University of California, San Francisco
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Walsh LC, Gonzales AM, Shen L, Rodriguez A, Kaufman VA. Expanding relationship science to unpartnered singles: What predicts life satisfaction? Front Psychol 2022; 13:904848. [PMID: 36186400 PMCID: PMC9523881 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Singles are an understudied yet growing segment of the adult population. The current study aims to expand the lens of relationship science by examining the well-being of unpartnered, single adults using latent profile analysis. We recruited singles (N = 4,835) closely matched to the United States census (ages 18-65; 57.5% female; 71.1% White; 14.5% Black; 13.8% Hispanic) for an exploratory cross-sectional survey using five variables that strongly predict well-being (friendship satisfaction, family satisfaction, self-esteem, neuroticism, and extraversion). All five variables significantly predicted life satisfaction for the full sample. Latent profile analyses detected 10 groups (or profiles) of singles. Half of the profiles were happy (above the full sample mean of life satisfaction) and half of the profiles were unhappy (below the mean). Each profile had its own unique patterns relating to personal relationships, self-esteem, and personality traits. The happiest profile had the best relationships, self-esteem, and personality, while the unhappiest profile had the worst relationships, self-esteem, and personality. The profiles in between these two extremes had more nuanced patterns. For example, one relatively happy profile in the middle had high friendship satisfaction but low family satisfaction, while an adjacent profile showed the opposite pattern. Overall, singles who had positive relationships-both with themselves and others-were happiest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ariana M. Gonzales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lucy Shen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Victor A. Kaufman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Trajectories and Correlates of Anger During the Perinatal Period. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2022; 51:599-611. [PMID: 35987262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate trajectories of anger during pregnancy and the early postpartum period; to identify baseline psychosocial predictors of anger trajectory group membership; and to examine correlates of anger trajectory group membership, including symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and social support, in the postpartum period. DESIGN Longitudinal descriptive design. SETTING We recruited participants from a maternity clinic in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. PARTICIPANTS The sample included a convenience sample of 143 pregnant women who had basic fluency in English, were older than 17 years of age, and were less than 19 weeks gestation with a single fetus at the time of recruitment. METHODS Participants completed online questionnaires at four time points: early, mid-, and late pregnancy and 2 months after birth. We used group-based semiparametric mixture modeling to estimate patterns of anger. We used multinomial logistic regression to explore associations between baseline predictors and trajectory membership. RESULTS We identified four distinct trajectories of anger during pregnancy through 2 months after birth: minimal-stable anger (52.4%), mild-stable anger (27.5%), moderate-stable anger (12.7%), and high-decreasing anger (7.4%). Membership in the moderate-stable group was associated with greater baseline symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia severity scores compared to the minimal-stable anger group. Moderate-stable trajectory group membership was also associated with greater symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia at 2 months after birth. CONCLUSION Higher levels of anger were associated with worse mental health in pregnancy and after childbirth in our participants. Women should be made aware of anger as a possible mood disturbance by clinicians, and researchers should investigate the consequences of anger during the perinatal period.
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Martire LM, Zhaoyang R, Marini CM, Nah S. Dyadic Links Between Health Changes and Well-Being: The Role of Non-Spousal Confidants. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2022; 39:2617-2638. [PMID: 37033718 PMCID: PMC10079281 DOI: 10.1177/02654075221086509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Although the marital relationship is often the primary source of emotional support in adulthood, sole reliance on the spouse to discuss health-related issues may be harmful to the well-being of both partners. The first aim of this study was to examine whether declines in health during later life would be associated with poorer psychological well-being in self and partner. We further investigated whether declining health would have a stronger impact on own and partner psychological well-being in the absence of non-spousal health confidants. Longitudinal actor-partner interdependence models (APIMs) were used to test both hypotheses with dyadic data from Wave 2 (2010-2011) and Wave 3 (2015-2016) of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP). Contrary to prediction, increased anxiety following spousal declines in gait speed and cognitive function occurred for those whose spouse did (rather than did not) have additional health confidants. A much fuller understanding is needed in regard to whether close relationships provide resources or present unwanted complications to dyadic coping, and the processes by which effects occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Martire
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University
| | | | | | - Suyoung Nah
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University
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Park Y, MacDonald G, Impett EA. Partnership status and satisfaction with work–life balance. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2022.2104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoobin Park
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geoff MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily A. Impett
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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13
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Model of motivations for engaging in polyamorous relationships. SEXOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sexol.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Tang PM, Koopman J, Elfenbein HA, Zhang J, De Cremer D, Li CH, Chan ET. Using Robots at Work during the COVID‐19 Crisis Evokes Passion Decay: Evidence from Field and Experimental Studies. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2022; 71:881-911. [PMID: 35601670 PMCID: PMC9111218 DOI: 10.1111/apps.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The growing trend of introducing robots into employees' work lives has become increasingly salient during the global COVID‐19 pandemic. In light of this pandemic, it is likely that organisational decision‐makers are seeing value in coupling employees with robots for both efficiency‐ and health‐related reasons. An unintended consequence of this coupling, however, may be an increased level of work routinisation and standardisation. We draw primarily from the model of passion decay from the relationship and clinical psychology literature to develop theory and test a model arguing that passion decays as employees increasingly interact with robots for their work activities. We demonstrate that this passion decay leads to an increase of withdrawal behaviour from both the domains of work and family. Drawing further from the model of passion decay, we reveal that employees higher in openness to experience are less likely to suffer from passion decay upon more frequent interactions with robots in the course of work. Across a multi‐source, multi‐wave field study conducted in Hong Kong (Study 1) and a simulation‐based experiment conducted in the United States (Study 2), our hypotheses received support. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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15
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Ou CH, Hall WA, Rodney P, Stremler R. Correlates of Canadian mothers' anger during the postpartum period: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:163. [PMID: 35227249 PMCID: PMC8883707 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although some women experience anger as a mood problem after childbirth, postpartum anger has been neglected by researchers. Mothers' and infants' poor sleep quality during the postpartum period has been associated with mothers' depressive symptoms; however, links between mothers' sleep quality and postpartum anger are unclear. This study aimed to determine proportions of women with intense anger, depressive symptoms, and comorbid intense anger and depressive symptoms, and to examine mothers' and infants' sleep quality as correlates of postpartum anger. METHODS This cross-sectional survey study was advertised as an examination of mothers' and babies' sleep. Women, with healthy infants between 6 and 12 months of age, were recruited using community venues. The survey contained validated measures of sleep quality for mothers and infants, and fatigue, social support, anger, depressive symptoms, and cognitions about infant sleep. RESULTS 278 women participated in the study. Thirty-one percent of women (n = 85) reported intense anger (≥ 90th percentile on State Anger Scale) while 26% (n = 73) of mothers indicated probable depression (>12 on Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). Over half of the participants rated their sleep as poor (n = 144, 51.8%). Using robust regression analysis, income (β = -0.11, p < 0.05), parity (β = 0.2, p < 0.01), depressive symptoms (β = 0.22, p < 0.01), and mothers' sleep quality (β = 0.10, p < 0.05), and anger about infant sleep (β = 0.25, p < 0.01) were significant predictors of mothers' anger. CONCLUSIONS Mothers' sleep quality and anger about infant sleep are associated with their state anger. Clinicians can educate families about sleep pattern changes during the perinatal time frame and assess women's mood and perceptions of their and their infants' sleep quality in the first postpartum year. They can also offer evidence-based strategies for improving parent-infant sleep. Such health promotion initiatives could reduce mothers' anger and support healthy sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hk Ou
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, HSD Building, Room A402a, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada. .,Institute of Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
| | - Wendy A Hall
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Paddy Rodney
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Robyn Stremler
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P8, Canada
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Farrell AK, Stanton SC, Marshall EM. Social Network Structure and Combating Social Disconnection: Implications for Physical Health. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 45:101313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Yilmaz C, Selcuk E, Gunaydin G, Cingöz-Ulu B, Filiztekin A, Kent O. You Mean the World to Me: The Role of Residential Mobility in Centrality of Romantic Relationships. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211061017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrating the suffocation model of marriage with research on residential mobility, the current studies examined for the first time whether long-term romantic relationships are more central for residentially mobile (vs. stable) individuals (total N across three studies = 5,366; age range = 18–95). In Study 1, individuals who moved away from their place of birth (vs. not) were more likely to first confide in their spouse over other network members on important matters. In Study 2, history of frequent residential moves was associated with greater importance ascribed to romantic partners in the attachment hierarchy. In Study 3, the slope of perceived partner responsiveness predicting eudaimonic well-being got steeper as residential mobility increased. By showing the role of residential mobility in romantic relationships, our findings highlight the importance of studying socioecological factors to gain a deeper understanding of how relationship processes unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Oya Kent
- Istanbul Okan University, Turkey
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18
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Brady A, Baker LR. The changing tides of attractive alternatives in romantic relationships: Recent societal changes compel new directions for future research. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Brady
- Department of Psychology The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina USA
| | - Levi R. Baker
- Department of Psychology The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina USA
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Kelberga A(K, Martinsone B. Differences in Motivation to Engage in Sexual Activity Between People in Monogamous and Non-monogamous Committed Relationships. Front Psychol 2021; 12:753460. [PMID: 34803835 PMCID: PMC8595918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.753460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared motivations to engage in sex between monogamous and non-monogamous respondents (n = 1,238, out of which 641 monogamous and 596 non-monogamous respondents; women-47.4%, men-50.9%, other gender-1.7%; age: M = 27.78 years, SD = 7.53, range = 18-62). The research aim was to identify whether there are differences in self-reported reasons to engage in sexual activity between these two groups. Presented with 17 reasons to engage in sexual activity, the respondents rated the frequency with which they engage in sex for each reason. While both monogamous and non-monogamous respondents reported to engage in sex with the same frequency for the reasons of sexual release and physical desirability of a partner, the research uncovered that non-monogamous respondents engage in sex significantly more often to seek new experiences, to boost self-esteem, to guard their mate, to have a specific kind of sex (such as anal, kink, or fetish) or to experience the thrill of the forbidden. Non-monogamous respondents reported higher frequency to engage in sex for most reasons overall. The study also revealed that there are differences in reasons to engage in sex among men and women, some of the differences are related to the relationship status (monogamous or non-monogamous), while others are universal for men or women irrespective of their monogamy status.
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Oh J, Chopik WJ, Lucas RE. Happiness Singled Out: Bidirectional Associations Between Singlehood and Life Satisfaction. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:1597-1613. [PMID: 34612739 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211049049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite constituting a large portion of society, single people-and their satisfaction with singlehood and life-are rarely examined in their own right. How happy are single people and does their happiness change over time? In 3,439 people followed over 10 years, we found that people reported being more satisfied than not, but both singlehood satisfaction and life satisfaction declined over time. Older adults, men, and highly educated people, and people with worse health reported lower singlehood satisfaction. Constrained random-intercept cross-lagged panel models suggested that singlehood and life satisfaction had lagged bidirectional influences with each other. Results are discussed in the context of the origins of singlehood satisfaction and life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Oh
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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21
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Akers AY, Harding J. The Timing of Obesity Matters: Associations Between Current Versus Chronic Obesity since Adolescence and Romantic Relationship Satisfaction Among Young Adult Women. Womens Health Issues 2021; 31:462-469. [PMID: 34127367 PMCID: PMC8448928 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the social consequences of obesity for women are well-documented, its stigmatizing effect on romantic relationships across the life course has seldom been explored. We examined whether having current or chronic obesity since adolescence is associated with romantic relationship satisfaction among women in early adulthood. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Female participants completing waves I and IV who self-reported their height and weight and were in a marital or cohabitating relationship at wave IV were included. Relationship satisfaction was assessed using a seven-item measure. Body mass index BMI at wave IV was categorized as normal weight, overweight, obesity, or chronic obesity (at waves I and IV). The odds of reporting low relationship satisfaction were estimated across body mass index categories using multivariate regression that controlled for key covariates (age, race, ethnicity, education, income, lifetime partners, relationship duration, and depression) and accounted for the complex sampling design. RESULTS Among the 3,582 respondents, 74.8% were White, 65.5% had less than a college degree, and 61.8% were in their relationship for more than 3 years. At wave IV, 38.2% had a normal body mass index, 27.7% had overweight, 26.7% had obesity, and 7.5% had chronic obesity. Only having chronic obesity was associated with relationship satisfaction in early adulthood. Women with chronic obesity had 1.44 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.02) times the odds of reporting low relationship satisfaction compared with those categorized as normal weight. CONCLUSIONS Chronic obesity since adolescence is associated with poor romantic relationship satisfaction in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aletha Y Akers
- PolicyLab, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Jennifer Harding
- PolicyLab, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Haggerty BB, Bradbury TN, Karney BR. The disconnected couple: intimate relationships in the context of social isolation. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 43:24-29. [PMID: 34271282 PMCID: PMC10185005 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Partners in intimate relationships, because they have each other to rely on, have generally been considered safe from the negative consequences of social isolation. Here, we question this assumption, suggesting instead that social isolation may pose a threat to couples by depriving them of the tangible and emotional support that couples are likely to need, especially when confronted by stress. After briefly reviewing theoretical frameworks relevant to this idea, this article summarizes existing research documenting (1) associations between network ties and relationship outcomes, (2) mediators of these associations, for example, support and approval, and (3) moderators of these associations, for example, relationship qualities and cultural differences. We conclude by describing a research agenda to address methodological limitations in existing research and the policy implications of this line of work.
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Sanri Ç, Halford WK, Rogge RD, von Hippel W. The Couple Flourishing Measure. FAMILY PROCESS 2021; 60:457-476. [PMID: 33580527 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Couple satisfaction has been extensively investigated, but little attention has been paid to the nature and assessment of high-quality, flourishing couple relationships. Particularly, current measures of relationship quality are insensitive at the upper end of the continuum, which in turn hinders progress toward understanding and facilitating flourishing couple relationships. Drawing on concepts developed in positive psychology, we proposed a theoretical framework of couple flourishing that incorporates hedonic and eudemonic components. Items to assess these aspects of couple flourishing were generated and administered online to a sample of 1,116 participants. Using combined methods of classical test theory and item response theory (IRT), we selected the most informative items to form 4-, 8-, 16-item versions of a Couple Flourishing Measure (CFM). IRT analyses show that the CFM discriminated variation at the upper range of relationship quality better than widely used measures of relationship satisfaction. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that couple flourishing was related to, but distinguishable from, relationship satisfaction. In an independent sample of 330 participants, we replicated the unifactorial structure of the CFM, and the distinguishability of couple flourishing from couple satisfaction. This research offers new insight into the concept of relationship flourishing. The sensitivity of the CFM at the high end of relationship quality makes it possible to test for predictors of relationship flourishing and evaluate interventions that seek to enhance flourishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Sanri
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - William von Hippel
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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24
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Arocho R. Changes in expectations to marry and to divorce across the transition to adulthood. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2021; 9:217-228. [PMID: 33986972 PMCID: PMC8112162 DOI: 10.1177/2167696819879008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marriage and divorce expectations predict family life and personal outcomes. Understanding how expectations are associated with varying characteristics over emerging adulthood (ages 18-28) will inform understanding of emerging adult development. Panel Study of Income Dynamics Transition into Adulthood 2005-2015 data were used in hybrid-effects ordinal logistic regression to parse interindividual and intraindividual variation associated with relationship experiences, socioeconomic and contextual characteristics, and mental and emotional wellbeing. Partnerships were associated with optimistic expectations: both dating and cohabiting predicted greater marriage expectations and lower divorce expectations within individuals. Between individuals, greater time in full-time employment predicted more positive marital expectations, greater responsibility was associated with lower marital expectations, stronger religious identity predicted higher marital expectations and lower divorce expectations, having been arrested predicted greater divorce expectations, greater wellbeing predicted greater marriage expectations, and older age predicted lower marriage expectations. Both between and within individuals, greater worry predicted lower marriage expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Arocho
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 123 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
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25
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Sakaluk JK, Quinn-Nilas C, Fisher AN, Leshner CE, Huber E, Wood JR. Sameness and Difference in Psychological Research on Consensually Non-Monogamous Relationships: The Need for Invariance and Equivalence Testing. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:1341-1365. [PMID: 32860096 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Comparative research involving consensually non-monogamous (CNM) relationships and outcomes related to well-being continues to grow as an area of interest within sexual science. However, claims of sameness and/or difference between groups rely on two critical, yet widely under-appreciated assumptions: that the concepts being compared between groups are the same (i.e., measurement invariance), and that logically and statistically coherent procedures are used for evaluating sameness (i.e., equivalence testing). We evaluated the state of measurement invariance and equivalence across three studies, involving different types of CNM comparisons (i.e., relationship types, partner types) and designs (analysis of primary individual data, primary dyadic data, and secondary data). Our invariance tests of CNM compared to monogamous individuals (Study 1) and "primary" compared to "secondary" partners in dyadic appraisal of CNM individuals (Study 2) revealed that many measures of well-being failed to replicate their measurement models and were not generalizable across relationship types or partner types. Our reanalyses of existing comparative CNM effects using individual and meta-analyzed equivalence tests (Study 3), meanwhile, indicated that this literature requires more consistent reporting practices and larger samples, as most studies produced uninformative tests of equivalence. Our results illustrate the importance of auxiliary hypothesis evaluation and statistical procedure selection for generating informative comparative tests. Our findings also highlight potential divergences in social construction of well-being. We offer suggestions for researchers, reviewers, and editors in terms of needed methodological reforms for future comparative CNM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Sakaluk
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Christopher Quinn-Nilas
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra N Fisher
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Connor E Leshner
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ella Huber
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jessica R Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bowen JD. Psychological distance and the pandemic: Insights from Construal Level Theory and relationship science. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021; 15:e12594. [PMID: 34230833 PMCID: PMC8250199 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has brought about unprecedented challenges to public health. Compounding these hardships is the fact that typical social functions such as maintaining valued relationships cannot proceed as usual. Social cognitive perspectives like that presented by Construal Level Theory (CLT) can provide a valuable framework for understanding our unique interpersonal experiences during this difficult time, and potentially offer avenues for adaptation and healthier coping. I begin by introducing CLT and follow with a discussion of its implications for understanding the psychological effects of social distancing on our interpersonal relationships and pursuit of social goals. I describe how abstract and concrete construals can affect our experiences of maintaining close relationships that vary widely in terms of geographic distance or separation. CLT can offer insight not only into how geographic distance or closeness may shape our thoughts and feelings about our close others, but also how we approach pursuing goals that are directly or indirectly shaped by these close others. The more effectively we can frame and communicate about experiences during this challenging time in history, the better equipped we may be to support our public health apparatus and satisfy our psychological needs.
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Katzenelenbogen O, Knoll N, Stadler G, Bar-Kalifa E. The Role of Individual and Dyadic Planning in Couples' Daily Goal Pursuits. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:239-253. [PMID: 33783241 DOI: 10.1177/0146167221997630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Planning promotes progress toward goal achievement in a wide range of domains. To date, planning has mostly been studied as an individual process. In couples, however, the partner is likely to play an important role in planning. This study tested the effects of individual and dyadic planning on goal progress and goal-related actions. Two samples of couples (N = 76 and N = 87) completed daily diaries over a period of 28 and 21 days. The results indicate that individual and dyadic planning fluctuate on a daily basis and support the idea that dyadic planning is predominantly used as a complementary strategy to individual planning. As expected, individual and dyadic planning were positively associated with higher levels of action control and goal progress. In Sample 2, dyadic planning was only associated with goal progress on days in which individuals felt that they were dependent upon their partners' behaviors to achieve their goals.
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Moors AC, Gesselman AN, Garcia JR. Desire, Familiarity, and Engagement in Polyamory: Results From a National Sample of Single Adults in the United States. Front Psychol 2021; 12:619640. [PMID: 33833712 PMCID: PMC8023325 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupledom and notions of intimacy and family formation with one committed partner are hallmarks of family and relationship science. Recent national surveys in the United States and Canada have found that consensually non-monogamous relationships are common, though prevalence of specific types of consensual non-monogamy are unknown. The present research draws on a United States Census based quota sample of single adults (N = 3,438) to estimate the prevalence of desire for, familiarity with, and engagement in polyamory-a distinct type of consensually non-monogamous relationship where people typically engage in romantic love and sexual intimacy with multiple partners. Results show that 1 out of 6 people (16.8%) desire to engage in polyamory, and 1 out of 9 people (10.7%) have engaged in polyamory at some point during their life. Approximately 1 out of 15 people (6.5%) reported that they knew someone who has been or is currently engaged in polyamory. Among participants who were not personally interested in polyamory, 1 out of 7 (14.2%) indicated that they respect people who engage in polyamory. Few sociodemographic correlates emerged; no differences in prevalence were found based on political affiliation, income, religion, geographic region, or race/ethnicity. Sexual minorities, men, and younger adults reported greater desire to engage in polyamory (compared to heterosexuals, women, and older adults, respectively). Men and people with lower education backgrounds were more likely to have previously engaged in polyamory (compared to women and people with higher education backgrounds, respectively). Given that emotional and sexual intimacy is an important part of most people's lives, understanding the varied ways in which people navigate their intimate lives is critical for the fields of relationship, sexuality, and family science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Moors
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Amanda N. Gesselman
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Justin R. Garcia
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Abstract
Committed, long-term romantic relationships are ubiquitous among modern society. They are one of the most important contexts for the development, maintenance, and treatment of psychopathology. In this review, I first place psychopathology within the most commonly cited theoretical model of marital satisfaction and stability and then discuss how relationship satisfaction is conceptualized and assessed in this literature. In the second half of the review, I describe the theories regarding how romantic relationships may be connected to psychopathology. Relationship distress is easily incorporated into a diathesis-stress model as an important trigger for psychopathology. Next, I review cross-sectional research, longitudinal research, and treatment efficacy research linking relationship quality and psychopathology. I provide evidence for the robustness of these effects and areas where research must expand. I finish with a summary section that synthesizes what is known about the mechanisms linking relationship distress and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
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30
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Wood J, Quinn-Nilas C, Milhausen R, Desmarais S, Muise A, Sakaluk J. A dyadic examination of self-determined sexual motives, need fulfillment, and relational outcomes among consensually non-monogamous partners. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247001. [PMID: 33592016 PMCID: PMC7886188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate and sexual relationships provide opportunity for emotional and sexual fulfillment. In consensually non-monogamous (CNM) relationships, needs are dispersed among multiple partners. Using Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and dyadic data from 56 CNM partnerships (112 individuals), we tested how sexual motives and need fulfillment were linked to relational outcomes. We drew from models of need fulfillment to explore how sexual motives with a second partner were associated with satisfaction in the primary relationship. In a cross-sectional and daily experience study we demonstrated that self-determined reasons for sex were positively associated with sexual satisfaction and indirectly linked through sexual need fulfillment. Self-determined reasons for sex predicted need fulfillment for both partners at a three-month follow up. The association between sexual motives and need fulfillment was stronger on days when participants engaged in sex with an additional partner, though this was not related to satisfaction in the primary relationship. Implications for need fulfillment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sex Information and Education Council of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Robin Milhausen
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serge Desmarais
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Muise
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Sakaluk
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Makhanova A, McNulty JK, Eckel LA, Nikonova L, Bartz JA, Hammock EAD. CD38 is associated with bonding-relevant cognitions and relationship satisfaction over the first 3 years of marriage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2965. [PMID: 33536489 PMCID: PMC7859203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are numerous benefits to having a satisfying romantic relationship, maintaining high levels of relationship satisfaction is difficult. Many couples experience declines in relationship satisfaction in the early years of marriage, and such declines predict not only relationship dissolution but also poor mental and physical health. Several recent studies indicate that genetic variation on the CD38 gene (CD38), at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3796863, is associated with cognitions and behaviors related to pair bonding; we thus leveraged longitudinal data from a sample of newlywed couples (N = 139 genotyped individuals; 71 couples) to examine whether rs3796863 is associated with relationship maintenance processes and, in turn, relationship satisfaction in the early years of marriage. Replicating and extending prior research, we found that individuals with the CC genotype (vs. AC/AA) of rs3796863 reported higher levels of gratitude, trust, and forgiveness and that trust mediated the association between rs3796863 and marital satisfaction. Moreover, the benefits conferred to CC individuals lasted over the first 3 years of marriage. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the link between variation in CD38 rs3796863 and marital functioning over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Makhanova
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - James K McNulty
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Lisa A Eckel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Larissa Nikonova
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Jennifer A Bartz
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Ave, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A D Hammock
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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Rauer A, Proulx CM. A Social Perspective on Couples Across the Lifespan: Challenges and Opportunities. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2021.1878000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Psychology has traditionally seen itself as the science of universal human cognition, but it has only recently begun seriously grappling with cross-cultural variation. Here we argue that the roots of cross-cultural variation often lie in the past. Therefore, to understand not only how but also why psychology varies, we need to grapple with cross-temporal variation. The traces of past human cognition accessible through historical texts and artifacts can serve as a valuable, and almost completely unutilized, source of psychological data. These data from dead minds open up an untapped and highly diverse subject pool. We review examples of research that may be classified as historical psychology, introduce sources of historical data and methods for analyzing them, explain the critical role of theory, and discuss how psychologists can add historical depth and nuance to their work. Psychology needs to become a historical science if it wants to be a genuinely universal science of human cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Muthukrishna
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Henrich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Edward Slingerland
- Department of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Beyond the Dyad: a Review of the Novel Insights Gained From Studying Consensual Non-monogamy. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-020-00297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Hui CM, Fung JMY, Hui YY, Ng JCK. Why goal pursuers prefer to seek support from close friends: The roles of concerns for accessibility. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chin Ming Hui
- Department of Psychology Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin Hong Kong
| | - Jane Mang Yan Fung
- Department of Psychology Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin Hong Kong
| | - Yiu Yuen Hui
- Department of Psychology Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin Hong Kong
| | - Jacky C. K. Ng
- Department of Counselling & Psychology Hong Kong Shue Yan University North Point Hong Kong
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Faure R, McNulty JK, Hicks LL, Righetti F. The Case for Studying Implicit Social Cognition in Close Relationships. SOCIAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review offers close relationships as a fruitful avenue to address long-lasting questions and current controversies in implicit social cognition research. Close relationships provide a unique opportunity to study strong attitudes that are formed and updated through ongoing contact with significant others and appear to have important downstream consequences. Therefore, close relationship contexts enable researchers to apply fine-grained, dyadic, longitudinal methodologies to provide unique insights regarding whether and how automatic attitudes relate to personal experience, change meaningfully and reliably over time, and predict consequential judgments and behaviors. Further, given that close relationships are critical to people's well-being and health, applying implicit social cognition theories to close relationships may also offer practical benefits regarding real-world issues related to relationship decay. In this regard, we provide guidance for future research by highlighting how continuing to refine our understanding of implicit social cognition in close relationships can inform interventions and reliably benefit society
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruddy Faure
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | | | | | - Francesca Righetti
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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Arocho R. "I have no idea:" Uncertainty in high school seniors' marital expectations. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2020; 40:771-793. [PMID: 34305215 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite changes in marriage's role in young adulthood, youth in the United States report similar or higher expectations to marry than those from decades before, and very few report explicit expectations to not marry. Marital expectations may be one way to understand if the U.S. is indeed experiencing a second demographic transition, and uncertainty in those answers may provide additional information beyond simply yes and no. Using public-use data from 1976 to 2017 from the 12th Grade Monitoring the Future annual cross-sectional surveys, I found that young men and women were more likely to report uncertainty than explicitly expect not to marry, and that boys were generally more uncertain than girls. Slight changes in past decades suggest that boys are becoming more certain regarding marriage, however, and gender differences have diminished over time. Additionally, between 2008 and 2017, I found that boys with the greatest educational prospects were the least likely to report uncertainty about marriage. Uncertainty is common in adolescent marital expectations and should be considered as a possibly informative answer to questions about hypothetical marriages. Results suggest that marriage continues to hold strong meaning in adolescents' ideals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Arocho
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Utah Valley University, 800 W University Parkway, Mail Stop 115, Orem, Utah 84058
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Nikitin J, Wünsche J, Bühler JL, Weidmann R, Burriss RP, Grob A. Interdependence of Approach and Avoidance Goals in Romantic Couples Over Days and Months. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 76:1251-1263. [PMID: 32882014 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the centrality of people's approach goals (i.e., approach toward positive outcomes) and avoidance goals (i.e., avoidance of negative outcomes) in romantic relationships, little is known about the interdependence of approach and avoidance relationship goals between partners. Assuming that short-term, state-level goals accumulate into general goal tendencies, the present research tested whether partners' daily (i.e., state level) and aggregated daily (i.e., trait level) approach and avoidance goals are mutually predictive in the short term (after one day) and the long term (after 10-12 months). In addition, we explored whether goal interdependence unfolds differently across adulthood and in relationships of different duration. METHOD Approach and avoidance goals were assessed daily on two 14-day measurement-burst occasions that were conducted 10-12 months apart. The sample consisted of N = 456 female-male couples (age: M = 33.6, SD = 13.8 years; relationship duration: M = 9.6, SD = 10.7 years). RESULTS We observed significant short- and long-term partner effects in the prediction of couple members' approach and avoidance goals. These partner effects were restricted to trait level and they did not emerge at the state level. Almost all effects were independent of age and relationship duration. DISCUSSION The present research underscores the importance of disentangling state- and trait-level goal tendencies when investigating the interdependence of approach and avoidance goals within romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Nikitin
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Jenna Wünsche
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Grob
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Murphy AP, Joel S, Muise A. A Prospective Investigation of the Decision to Open Up a Romantic Relationship. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619897157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Consensual nonmonogamy (CNM) is an increasingly popular relationship option and a burgeoning topic within relationship science. However, retrospective designs have limited our ability to draw conclusions about the consequences of opening up a romantic relationship to other partners. In a longitudinal study, 233 individuals who were planning to engage in CNM, but who had not done so yet, were tracked over 2 months. We compared participants’ relational, sexual, and personal well-being before versus after opening up and between participants who did ( n = 155) versus did not ( n = 78) open up their relationships over the course of the study. Those who engaged in CNM experienced significant increases in sexual satisfaction, particularly if they did so with the explicit goal of addressing sexual incompatibilities within their relationships. We found no evidence that engaging in CNM impacted either life satisfaction or relationship quality with the primary partner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha Joel
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Muise
- York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Arocho R, Purtell K. Will I Stay Married? Exploring Predictors of Expectations to Divorce in Unmarried Young Adults. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2020; 8:118-132. [PMID: 32257628 PMCID: PMC7117091 DOI: 10.1177/2167696818790826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Expectations that one may eventually divorce may predict behavior in young adulthood and beyond, but studies that have looked at individuals' assessments of their divorce likelihood have been limited. Guided by the expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation, we tested five categories of potential predictors of divorce expectations in a sample of 1,610 unmarried young adults from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Transition to Adulthood study. Predictors were tested separately by gender and partnership status. Results suggested that some predictors mattered more for some groups than others, such as employment for single men, or certainty of marriage for partnered women. Consistent with prior research, caregiver divorce was significantly associated with expectations to divorce, but was only one of many factors found to predict these expectations. Socioeconomic factors and experiences and expectations of other relationships consistently predicted expectations. Expectations to divorce are multifaceted and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Arocho
- The Ohio State University, Department of Human Sciences, Program in Human Development and Family Science
| | - Kelly Purtell
- The Ohio State University, Department of Human Sciences, Program in Human Development and Family Science
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Fiori KL, Windsor TD, Huxhold O. The Increasing Importance of Friendship in Late Life: Understanding the Role of Sociohistorical Context in Social Development. Gerontology 2020; 66:286-294. [PMID: 32088720 DOI: 10.1159/000505547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, family ties have been understood as the primary source of support for aging adults, and past empirical and theoretical work has highlighted the tendency of older adults to focus on close family. However, in line with demographic changes and historical increases in the diversity of social structures, friendships are increasing in importance in recent generations of older adults. Given the powerful role of context in shaping these changes, this paper offers a conceptual analysis linking individual agency to sociohistorical context as a way to understand this increasing diversity of social ties. More specifically, we propose that the individual invests time and energy to form and maintain social ties, and that each individual has a specific social opportunity structure (all potential ties that are available to invest in, as well as the costs of those investments). Furthermore, this investment of time and energy is determined in part by individual differences in capacities and motivations. We argue that sociohistorical context influences this process in three important ways: (1) in its effect on the social opportunity structure; (2) in its direct effect on time and energy; and (3) in its effect on individuals' capacities and motivations. We believe that these mechanisms can account for the increasing diversity of social ties across adulthood, as well as the potential for future historical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim D Windsor
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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43
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What Makes a Partner Ideal, and for Whom? Compatibility Tests, Filter Tests, and the Mating Stability Matrix. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10020048. [PMID: 32024253 PMCID: PMC7071359 DOI: 10.3390/bs10020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a typological characterization of possible human heterosexual couples in terms of the concordance-opposition of the orientations of their active and receptive areas as defined by the tie-up theory. We show that human mating incentives, as characterized by widely adopted approaches, such as Becker’s marriage market approach, only capture very specific instances of actual couples thus characterized. Our approach allows us to instead explore how super-cooperation among partners vs. convenience vs. constriction may be regarded as alternatives modes of couple formation and cohesion, leading to very different types of couples with different implications in terms of stability and resilience. Our results may have interesting implications for future experimental research and for individual and family counseling.
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Sprecher S. Beliefs about finding a compatible partner in three settings. INTERPERSONA: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2020. [DOI: 10.5964/ijpr.v13i2.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single adults often exert considerable energy searching for a compatible partner. Until recently, people met partners primarily through everyday activities (work, school) and through friends. These ways of meeting partners are still common, although Internet dating sites have also become a main way for couples to meet. The current study was conducted to examine people’s attitudes about finding a compatible partner in three different settings: online dating, the social network (e.g., friends of friends), and everyday activities. A sample of 702 single (unpartnered) adults (ages 18 to 40) completed a survey that included items that measured their attitudes about finding a compatible partner in the three different ways. Participants believed they would be less likely to find a compatible partner through online dating than either through friends or in everyday activities. Age and shyness were negatively associated with optimism of finding a partner, particularly in the traditional settings of everyday activities and through one’s social network.
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Sprecher S. Beliefs about finding a compatible partner in three settings. INTERPERSONA: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2020. [DOI: 10.5964/ijpr.v13i2.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single adults often exert considerable energy searching for a compatible partner. Until recently, people met partners primarily through everyday activities (work, school) and through friends. These ways of meeting partners are still common, although Internet dating sites have also become a main way for couples to meet. The current study was conducted to examine people’s attitudes about finding a compatible partner in three different settings: online dating, the social network (e.g., friends of friends), and everyday activities. A sample of 702 single (unpartnered) adults (ages 18 to 40) completed a survey that included items that measured their attitudes about finding a compatible partner in the three different ways. Participants believed they would be less likely to find a compatible partner through online dating than either through friends or in everyday activities. Age and shyness were negatively associated with optimism of finding a partner, particularly in the traditional settings of everyday activities and through one’s social network.
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Hui CM, Lui KFH, Lai WY, Wong YK, Wong ACN. Beauty and the beast: Promotion concerns and the pursuit of physically attractive mates. J Pers 2019; 88:892-907. [PMID: 31841226 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the mating market, individuals differ in their aspirations to pursue opposite-sex mates who have a relatively higher (vs. similar) level of physical attractiveness. Few studies have explored how motivational concerns outside the mating domain can account for these individual differences in romantic aspiration. Based on regulatory focus theory, this research tested how broad concerns for promotion and prevention influence the aspiration and dating outcome. METHOD Four studies tested whether promotion concerns increase romantic aspiration and the chance to mate with a more physically attractive partner. The first three studies tested how promotion concerns, either measured (Studies 1a and 2) or manipulated (Study 1b), can influence romantic aspiration. Study 3 further tested how one's chronic promotion concerns are related to the physical attractiveness of the current partner (as rated by observers). RESULTS The first three studies supported the prediction that promotion concerns increase aspiration to pursue more physically attractive mates. The last study also found that, controlling for their own physical attractiveness, individuals with stronger promotion concerns tend to mate with physically attractive partners. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the significant roles of broad motivational concerns in determining both aspiration and chance to date a more physically attractive partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Ming Hui
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kelvin F H Lui
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Yu Lai
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yetta Kwailing Wong
- Department of Educational Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Alan C N Wong
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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McNulty JK, Maxwell JA, Meltzer AL, Baumeister RF. Sex-Differentiated Changes in Sexual Desire Predict Marital Dissatisfaction. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:2473-2489. [PMID: 31471791 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sex is critical to marriage. Yet, there are several reasons to expect spouses to experience declines in the desire for sex over time, and the rates of any declines in sexual desire may differ for men and women. We used two multi-wave, longitudinal studies to test whether male and female members of newlywed couples experienced different rates of change in sexual desire, whether any such changes were accentuated by childbirth, and whether any such changes had implications for marital satisfaction. In both studies, spouses provided multiple reports of sexual desire, marital satisfaction, and childbirth. Results demonstrated that women's sexual desire declined more steeply over time than did men's sexual desire, which did not decline on average. Further, childbirth accentuated this sex difference by partially, though not completely, accounting for declines in women's sexual desire but not men's. Finally, declines in women's but not men's sexual desire predicted declines in both partners' marital satisfaction. These effects held controlling depressive symptoms and stress, including stress from parenthood. The current findings offer novel longitudinal evidence for sex-differentiated changes in sexual desire and therefore suggest an important source of marital discord.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K McNulty
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Jessica A Maxwell
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Andrea L Meltzer
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Roy F Baumeister
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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48
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Baker LR, McNulty JK. The Relationship Problem Solving (RePS) Model: How Partners Influence One Another to Resolve Relationship Problems. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019; 24:53-77. [PMID: 31658875 DOI: 10.1177/1088868319881243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we synthesize existing literatures across numerous domains to introduce a novel model-the Relationship Problem Solving (RePS) model-for understanding the process through which romantic partners influence one another to resolve relationship problems. The first section briefly describes the key constructs and stages of the model. The second section details the interpersonal behaviors that influence various intrapersonal factors (e.g., affect, self-efficacy) that ultimately influence partners' motivation and ability to progress through the stages of the model. The third section uses the model to generate novel predictions that suggest that the effectiveness of these interpersonal behaviors often depends on contextual factors. Finally, the fourth section discusses the implications of this model for understanding relationship problem solving, highlights the need to consider the role of context in the problem-solving process, and offers numerous specific predictions to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi R Baker
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
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49
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Machia LV, Proulx ML. The Diverging Effects of Need Fulfillment Obtained from Within and Outside of a Romantic Relationship. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 46:781-793. [PMID: 31596170 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219877849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People have diverse psychological needs that they seek to have fulfilled to maximize their well-being. Romantic relationships are the primary source individuals use for need fulfillment, but fulfillment can come from other sources as well-friends, family, strangers, vocation, and recreation. Whereas having a bevy of available sources puts individuals at an advantage in terms of ensuring their needs are met, which source they utilize may ironically decrease the quality of their valued romantic relationship. Across three studies (total N = 5,169) with diverse methodologies (i.e., nationally representative, cross-sectional, longitudinal), we found that when people achieve psychological need fulfillment from sources other than their romantic partner, they view their relationship less positively (Study 1), perceive greater quality of alternatives to their romantic relationship, and think more about ending the relationship (Studies 2 and 3). Demonstrating robustness, these associations hold independent of the amount of fulfillment provided by the romantic partner.
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50
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French JE, Altgelt EE, Meltzer AL. The Implications of Sociosexuality for Marital Satisfaction and Dissolution. Psychol Sci 2019; 30:1460-1472. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797619868997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most people will get married, and maintaining a quality marriage is critical to well-being. Nevertheless, many intimates experience declines in marital satisfaction, and a substantial proportion of marriages dissolve. Drawing from functional perspectives of human mating, we argue that one source of marital discord and dissolution is that people vary in their motivations to pursue uncommitted sex—that is, sociosexuality. We examined this possibility using data from two independent longitudinal studies of 204 newlywed couples and used actor–partner interdependence growth-curve modeling. Results demonstrated that relatively unrestricted (vs. restricted) sociosexuality was associated with an increased probability of relationship dissolution through declines in marital satisfaction over time. Additional exploratory analyses provided preliminary evidence suggesting that frequent sex, high sexual satisfaction, and low stress weaken this association. These primary findings suggest that strong motives to pursue uncommitted sex may interfere with marital success, and the latter findings suggest potential buffers for these negative outcomes.
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