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Xu J, Zhao C, Wei D, Du Y. A toxicity-based method for evaluating safety of reclaimed water for environmental reuses. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:1961-1969. [PMID: 25288538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A large quantity of toxic chemical pollutants possibly remains in reclaimed water due to the limited removal efficiency in traditional reclamation processes. It is not enough to guarantee the safety of reclaimed water using conventional water quality criteria. An integrated assessment method based on toxicity test is necessary to vividly depict the safety of reclaimed water for reuse. A toxicity test battery consisting of lethality, genotoxicity and endocrine disrupting effect was designed to screen the multiple biological effects of residual toxic chemicals in reclaimed water. The toxicity results of reclaimed water were converted into the equivalent concentrations of the corresponding positive reference substances (EQC). Simultaneously, the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of each positive reference substance was obtained by analyzing the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) of toxicity data. An index "toxicity score" was proposed and valued as 1, 2, 3, or 4 depending on the ratio of the corresponding EQC to PNEC. For vividly ranking the safety of reclaimed water, an integrated assessment index "toxicity rank" was proposed, which was classified into A, B, C, or D rank with A being the safest. The proposed method was proved to be effective in evaluating reclaimed water samples in case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Xu
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Chuntao Zhao
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Cherkasov A, Muratov EN, Fourches D, Varnek A, Baskin II, Cronin M, Dearden J, Gramatica P, Martin YC, Todeschini R, Consonni V, Kuz'min VE, Cramer R, Benigni R, Yang C, Rathman J, Terfloth L, Gasteiger J, Richard A, Tropsha A. QSAR modeling: where have you been? Where are you going to? J Med Chem 2014; 57:4977-5010. [PMID: 24351051 PMCID: PMC4074254 DOI: 10.1021/jm4004285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1023] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling is one of the major computational tools employed in medicinal chemistry. However, throughout its entire history it has drawn both praise and criticism concerning its reliability, limitations, successes, and failures. In this paper, we discuss (i) the development and evolution of QSAR; (ii) the current trends, unsolved problems, and pressing challenges; and (iii) several novel and emerging applications of QSAR modeling. Throughout this discussion, we provide guidelines for QSAR development, validation, and application, which are summarized in best practices for building rigorously validated and externally predictive QSAR models. We hope that this Perspective will help communications between computational and experimental chemists toward collaborative development and use of QSAR models. We also believe that the guidelines presented here will help journal editors and reviewers apply more stringent scientific standards to manuscripts reporting new QSAR studies, as well as encourage the use of high quality, validated QSARs for regulatory decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Eugene N. Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Molecular Structure and Cheminformatics, A.V. Bogatsky Physical-Chemical Institute National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa, 65080, Ukraine
| | - Denis Fourches
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexandre Varnek
- Department of Chemistry, L. Pasteur University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Igor I. Baskin
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mark Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L33AF, UK
| | - John Dearden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L33AF, UK
| | - Paola Gramatica
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Todeschini
- Milano Chemometrics and QSAR Research Group, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Viviana Consonni
- Milano Chemometrics and QSAR Research Group, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Victor E. Kuz'min
- Department of Molecular Structure and Cheminformatics, A.V. Bogatsky Physical-Chemical Institute National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa, 65080, Ukraine
| | | | - Romualdo Benigni
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | | | - James Rathman
- Altamira LLC, Columbus OH 43235, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | | | | | - Ann Richard
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27519, USA
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Evaluation of the ecotoxicity of pollutants with bioluminescent microorganisms. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 145:65-135. [PMID: 25216953 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43619-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This chapter deals with the use of bioluminescent microorganisms in environmental monitoring, particularly in the assessment of the ecotoxicity of pollutants. Toxicity bioassays based on bioluminescent microorganisms are an interesting complement to classical toxicity assays, providing easiness of use, rapid response, mass production, and cost effectiveness. A description of the characteristics and main environmental applications in ecotoxicity testing of naturally bioluminescent microorganisms, covering bacteria and eukaryotes such as fungi and dinoglagellates, is reported in this chapter. The main features and applications of a wide variety of recombinant bioluminescent microorganisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, are also summarized and critically considered. Quantitative structure-activity relationship models and hormesis are two important concepts in ecotoxicology; bioluminescent microorganisms have played a pivotal role in their development. As pollutants usually occur in complex mixtures in the environment, the use of both natural and recombinant bioluminescent microorganisms to assess mixture toxicity has been discussed. The main information has been summarized in tables, allowing quick consultation of the variety of luminescent organisms, bioluminescence gene systems, commercially available bioluminescent tests, environmental applications, and relevant references.
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Lee SY, Kang HJ, Kwon JH. Toxicity cutoff of aromatic hydrocarbons for luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 94:116-122. [PMID: 23731864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Effects of individual petroleum hydrocarbons on the luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri were evaluated according to a standard protocol to develop a quantitative structure-activity relationship and identify the apparent toxicity cutoff. Eighteen aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene and its derivatives and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were chosen as model compounds with their log K(ow) values between 2.7 and 6.4. The obtained values of 50 percent luminescence inhibition (EC50) showed a good linear correlation with log K(ow) up to ~5. However, toxic effects were not observed for more hydrophobic chemicals with log K(ow) value >5. The calculated chemical activities that caused EC50 were mostly between 0.01 and 0.1. This agrees with an earlier hypothesis concerning a chemical activity resulting the critical membrane concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons. The highest chemical activities for aromatic hydrocarbons with log K(ow) value >5 or melting point >100°C are <0.01 when they are spiked at their water solubility level according to the standard test protocol; this occurs for two primary reasons: (1) partitioning between organism and the test solution and (2) decreasing fugacity ratio with increasing melting point. Accordingly, luminescence inhibition by petroleum hydrocarbons is well explained by the baseline toxicity model. However, the apparent toxicity cutoff observed for single chemicals is not necessarily valid in a complex mixture, because baseline toxicity is regarded concentration additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Quintero FA, Patel SJ, Muñoz F, Sam Mannan M. Review of Existing QSAR/QSPR Models Developed for Properties Used in Hazardous Chemicals Classification System. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301079r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Flor A. Quintero
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
- Departamento de
Ingeniería Química, Universidad de los Andes, Cr.1 Este #19 A-40, Bogotá D.C.,
Colombia
| | - Suhani J. Patel
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Felipe Muñoz
- Departamento de
Ingeniería Química, Universidad de los Andes, Cr.1 Este #19 A-40, Bogotá D.C.,
Colombia
| | - M. Sam Mannan
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
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Muratov EN, Varlamova EV, Artemenko AG, Polishchuk PG, Kuz'min VE. Existing and Developing Approaches for QSAR Analysis of Mixtures. Mol Inform 2012; 31:202-21. [PMID: 27477092 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review is devoted to the critical analysis of advantages and disadvantages of existing mixture descriptors and their usage in various QSAR/QSPR tasks. We describe good practices for the QSAR modeling of mixtures, data sources for mixtures, a discussion of various mixture descriptors and their application, recommendations about proper external validation specific for mixture QSAR modeling, and future perspectives of this field. The biggest problem in QSAR of mixtures is the lack of reliable data about the mixtures' properties. Various mixture descriptors are used for the modeling of different endpoints. However, these descriptors have certain disadvantages, such as applicability only to 1 : 1 binary mixtures, and additive nature. The field of QSAR of mixtures is still under development, and existing efforts could be considered as a foundation for future approaches and studies. The usage of non-additive mixture descriptors, which are sensitive to interaction effects, in combination with best practices of QSAR model development (e.g., thorough data collection and curation, rigorous external validation, etc.) will significantly improve the quality of QSAR studies of mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene N Muratov
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Structure, A. V. Bogatsky Physical Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lustdorfskaya Doroga 86, Odessa 65080, Ukraine tel: +380487662394, fax: +380487662394. , .,Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Beard Hall 301, CB#7568, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA tel: +19199663459, fax: +19199660204. ,
| | - Ekaterina V Varlamova
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Structure, A. V. Bogatsky Physical Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lustdorfskaya Doroga 86, Odessa 65080, Ukraine tel: +380487662394, fax: +380487662394
| | - Anatoly G Artemenko
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Structure, A. V. Bogatsky Physical Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lustdorfskaya Doroga 86, Odessa 65080, Ukraine tel: +380487662394, fax: +380487662394
| | - Pavel G Polishchuk
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Structure, A. V. Bogatsky Physical Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lustdorfskaya Doroga 86, Odessa 65080, Ukraine tel: +380487662394, fax: +380487662394
| | - Victor E Kuz'min
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Structure, A. V. Bogatsky Physical Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lustdorfskaya Doroga 86, Odessa 65080, Ukraine tel: +380487662394, fax: +380487662394
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