1
|
Mishra S, Shelke V, Dagar N, Lech M, Gaikwad AB. Immunosuppressants against acute kidney injury: what to prefer or to avoid? Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:341-354. [PMID: 38477877 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2330641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical global health issue associated with high mortality rates, particularly in patients undergoing renal transplants and major surgeries. These individuals often receive immunosuppressants to dampen immune responses, but the impact of these drugs on AKI remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a detailed understanding of the effects of different classes of immunosuppressants against AKI, elucidating their role in either exacerbating or mitigating the occurrence or progression of AKI. METHODS Several preclinical and clinical reports were analyzed to evaluate the impact of various immunosuppressants on AKI. Relevant preclinical and clinical studies were reviewed through different databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, and official websites like https://clinicaltrials.gov to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of immunosuppressants on kidney function. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Specific immunosuppressants have been linked to the progression of AKI, while others demonstrate renoprotective effects. However, there is no consensus on the preferred or avoided immunosuppressants for AKI patients. This review outlines the classes of immunosuppressants commonly used and their impact on AKI, providing guidance for physicians in selecting appropriate drugs to prevent or ameliorate AKI. CONCLUSION Understanding the effects of immunosuppressants on AKI is crucial for optimizing patient care. This review highlights the need for further research to determine the most suitable immunosuppressants for AKI patients, considering both their efficacy and potential side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vishwadeep Shelke
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neha Dagar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Maciej Lech
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Murphy MB, Yang Z, Subati T, Farber-Eger E, Kim K, Blackwell DJ, Fleming MR, Stark JM, Van Amburg JC, Woodall KK, Van Beusecum JP, Agrawal V, Smart CD, Pitzer A, Atkinson JB, Fogo AB, Bastarache JA, Kirabo A, Wells QS, Madhur MS, Barnett JV, Murray KT. LNK/SH2B3 loss of function increases susceptibility to murine and human atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2024:cvae036. [PMID: 38377486 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The lymphocyte adaptor protein (LNK) is a negative regulator of cytokine and growth factor signaling. The rs3184504 variant in SH2B3 reduces LNK function and is linked to cardiovascular, inflammatory, and hematologic disorders including stroke. In mice, deletion of Lnk causes inflammation and oxidative stress. We hypothesized that Lnk-/- mice are susceptible to atrial fibrillation (AF) and that rs3184504 is associated with AF and AF-related stroke in humans. During inflammation, reactive lipid dicarbonyls are a major component of oxidative injury, and we further hypothesized that these mediators are critical drivers of the AF substrate in Lnk-/- mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Lnk-/- or wild-type (WT) mice were treated with vehicle or 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA), a dicarbonyl scavenger, for 3 months. Compared to WT, Lnk-/- mice displayed increased AF duration that was prevented by 2-HOBA. In the Lnk-/- atria, action potentials were prolonged with reduced transient outward K+ current, increased late Na+ current, and reduced peak Na+ current, proarrhythmic effects that were inhibited by 2-HOBA. Mitochondrial dysfunction, especially for complex I, was evident in Lnk-/- atria, while scavenging lipid dicarbonyls prevented this abnormality. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were elevated in Lnk-/- plasma and atrial tissue, respectively, both of which caused electrical and bioenergetic remodeling in vitro. Inhibition of soluble TNF-α prevented electrical remodeling and AF susceptibility, while IL-1β inhibition improved mitochondrial respiration but had no effect on AF susceptibility. In a large database of genotyped patients, rs3184504 was associated with AF, as well as AF-related stroke. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify a novel role for LNK in the pathophysiology of AF in both experimental mice and in humans. Moreover, reactive lipid dicarbonyls are critical to the inflammatory AF substrate in Lnk-/- mice and mediate the proarrhythmic effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, primarily through electrical remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Murphy
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Zhenjiang Yang
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Tuerdi Subati
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | | | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Daniel J Blackwell
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | | | - Joshua M Stark
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Joseph C Van Amburg
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Kaylen K Woodall
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Justin P Van Beusecum
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | | | - Charles D Smart
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Ashley Pitzer
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | | | | | | | - Annet Kirabo
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Quinn S Wells
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Meena S Madhur
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Katherine T Murray
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alzahrani SA, Bekhet GM, Ammar RB, Abdallah BM, Ali EM, Al-Ramadan SY, Althumairy D, Rajendran P. The Inhibitory Effect of Geraniol on CCL4-induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Pregnant Mice through the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 12:17-26. [PMID: 38362098 PMCID: PMC10866391 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_225_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Hepatotoxicity caused by CCL4 is well known. Geraniol (GNL) has high antioxidant effect that can induces liver regeneration. However, the protective effect of GNL effect on CCL4-induced hepatorenal toxicity in pregnant mice has not yet been studied. Objective To investigate whether GNL could protect against oxidative stress induced by CCL4 via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, which is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), and has been found to have protective effects on renal and hepatic tissues. Materials and Methods Forty-eight female albino mice weighing 25-30 g were randomly allocated to 4 groups: Group I served as a control; Group II received a toxicity-inducing single dose of 15 μL of CCL4 on the 4th day after mating; Group III received 40 mg/kg GNL + CCL4 (with GNL from the 1st day of assimilation to delivery); and Group IV received GNL alone from the 1st day of assimilation to the end of the delivery period. GNL was evaluated for its protective effects on hepatotoxicity in CCL4-treated pregnant mice. Litter size, weight, survival rate, and resorption were recorded. In addition, H & E staining was done for liver and kidney pathology as well as biochemical markers and oxidative markers malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were analyzed. Results CCL4 significantly reduced survival rate and increased resorption after exposure. Alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations in the serum, tissue MDA, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were increased after CCL4 exposure. GNL improved enzyme and antioxidant levels and prevented CCL4-induced hepatic injury in mice. Caspase-3 cleavage was decreased by GNL, which increased PI3K, phosphorylated AKT, Nrf2, and B-cell lymphoma 2. Conclusion GNL demonstrates a protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatorenal toxicity, mediated through the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and the upregulation of Nrf2. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic implications of GNL in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation in liver and kidney tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Ali Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal M. Bekhet
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Egypt, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rebai Ben Ammar
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Basem M. Abdallah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas Mohamed Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saeed Y. Al-Ramadan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duaa Althumairy
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peramaiyan Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Florek E, Szukalska M, Markiewicz K, Miechowicz I, Gornowicz-Porowska J, Jelińska A, Kasprzyk-Pochopień J, Nawrot J, Sobczak A, Horoszkiewicz M, Piekoszewski W, Nowak G. Evaluation of the Protective and Regenerative Properties of Commercially Available Artichoke Leaf Powder Extract on Plasma and Liver Oxidative Stress Parameters. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1846. [PMID: 37891925 PMCID: PMC10604870 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular damage by the harmful effects of xenobiotics, which increase the production of free radicals, is a widespread phenomenon. The extract from the leaves of Cynara scolymus L. available as an artichoke preparation (natural source) of antioxidants may serve as a potential hepatoprotective factor. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the protective and regenerative properties of artichoke preparation on the liver in three extract doses: 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g/kg bw/day. The evaluation was conducted by measuring the levels of oxidative stress parameters, including glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferases (GST), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), SH- group, nitrosylated protein (RSNO), as well as such liver enzymes as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the plasma and liver homogenate of rats with liver damage induced by CCl4 (1 mL/kg bw). Measurements were taken in plasma and liver homogenate. The results have demonstrated that the artichoke preparation, owing to its high antioxidative potential, exhibits protective and regenerative effects on the liver. This is supported by the observation of higher GSH levels in the plasma of rats treated with artichoke extract for two weeks before CCl4 exposure. Furthermore, the artichoke extract has shown regenerative properties, as evidenced by lower ALT, AST, and SOD activity in the group treated with artichoke extract after CCl4 exposure. These findings suggest that the in vivo administration of artichoke preparation may be beneficial for the protection and regeneration of the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Florek
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Marta Szukalska
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Markiewicz
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Izabela Miechowicz
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Justyna Gornowicz-Porowska
- Department of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Disease Prevention, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (J.G.-P.); (J.N.); (G.N.)
| | - Anna Jelińska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.J.); (A.S.)
| | - Joanna Kasprzyk-Pochopień
- Laboratory of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.-P.); (W.P.)
| | - Joanna Nawrot
- Department of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Disease Prevention, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (J.G.-P.); (J.N.); (G.N.)
| | - Agnieszka Sobczak
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.J.); (A.S.)
| | | | - Wojciech Piekoszewski
- Laboratory of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.-P.); (W.P.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gerard Nowak
- Department of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Disease Prevention, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (J.G.-P.); (J.N.); (G.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hassanpour Z, Shirazi FH, Shokrpoor S, Yarahmadi R, Moghadasi N, Vosoogh M, Ashtarinezhad A. The effect of subacute co-exposure to carbon tetrachloride and diclofenac on the liver of male wistar rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2023:7482337231174994. [PMID: 37207345 DOI: 10.1177/07482337231174994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a potent liver toxin. Diclofenac (Dic), leading adverse effects on the liver, is used among the employees of the industries that use CCl4. The increased use of CCl4 and Dic in industrial workers has prompted us to investigate their synergistic effect on the liver using male Wistar rats as a model. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (n = 6), and the exposure was by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days as follows. Group 1: Control, 2: Olive oil, 3: CCl4 (0.8 mL/kg/day (3 times per week)), 4: Normal saline, 5: Dic (1.5 mg/kg/day per day), 6: Olive oil with normal saline, 7: CCl4 (0.8 mL/kg/day (3 times per week)) and Dic (1.5 mg/kg/day daily). At the end of day 14, the heart blood was collected to measure the liver enzymes, alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), blood alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB), direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin. A pathologist examined the liver tissue. Prism software was used to analyze data using ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests. ALT, AST, ALP, and Total Bilirubin enzymes were increased significantly in the co-administered CCl4 and Dic group, while the ALB levels decreased (p < 0.05). The histological findings reported liver necrosis, focal hemorrhage, adipose tissue change, and lymphocytic portal hepatitis. In conclusion, using Dic while exposed to CCl4 may exacerbate hepatotoxicity in rats. Therefore, it is suggested that more severe restrictions and safety regulations be placed on using CCl4 in the industry, and caution is advised to these industry workers to use Diclofenac.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hassanpour
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad H Shirazi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology/Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Shokrpoor
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yarahmadi
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Moghadasi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Vosoogh
- Center of Experimental and Comparative Studies of IUMS, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ashtarinezhad
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
García-Niño WR, Ibarra-Lara L, Cuevas-Magaña MY, Sánchez-Mendoza A, Armada E. Protective activities of ellagic acid and urolithins against kidney toxicity of environmental pollutants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103960. [PMID: 35995378 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are two possible mechanisms related to nephrotoxicity caused by environmental pollutants. Ellagic acid, a powerful antioxidant phytochemical, may have great relevance in mitigating pollutant-induced nephrotoxicity and preventing the progression of kidney disease. This review discusses the latest findings on the protective effects of ellagic acid, its metabolic derivatives, the urolithins, against kidney toxicity caused by heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, and organic air pollutants. We describe the chelating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antiautophagic, and antiapoptotic properties of ellagic acid to attenuate nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, we present the molecular targets and signaling pathways that are regulated by these antioxidants, and suggest some others that should be explored. Nevertheless, the number of reports is still limited to establish the efficacy of ellagic acid against kidney damage induced by environmental pollutants. Therefore, additional preclinical studies on this topic are required, as well as the development of well-designed clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wylly Ramsés García-Niño
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Luz Ibarra-Lara
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Mayra Yael Cuevas-Magaña
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Alicia Sánchez-Mendoza
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Elisabeth Armada
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|