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Machigov EA, Igonina EV, Sviridova DA, Rubanovich AV, Abilev SK. The Genotoxic Effect of the Paraquat Radiomimetic on Escherichia coli Bacteria. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235902212010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Tajai P, Fedeles BI, Suriyo T, Navasumrit P, Kanitwithayanun J, Essigmann JM, Satayavivad J. An engineered cell line lacking OGG1 and MUTYH glycosylases implicates the accumulation of genomic 8-oxoguanine as the basis for paraquat mutagenicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116:64-72. [PMID: 29289706 PMCID: PMC5902796 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl, 4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride; PQ), a widely used herbicide, is toxic to mammals through ingestion, inhalation and skin contact. Epidemiological data suggest that PQ is also mutagenic and carcinogenic, especially in high doses. The toxic and mutagenic properties of PQ are attributed to the ability of the molecule to redox-cycle, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative stress. ROS also cause oxidative DNA damage such as 8-oxoguanine (8OG), a mutagenic base that, when replicated, causes G to T transversion mutations. The present study employed the CHO-derived cell line AS52 to quantify the mutagenic properties of low doses of PQ. By containing a functional, chromosomally-integrated copy of the bacterial gpt gene, AS52 cells a facile system for evaluating the mutagenic properties of genotoxicants. To bolster the sensitivity of this system for detecting mutagenesis of weak mutagens like PQ, and to provide a tool for mechanistic evaluation of the mutagenic process, we constructed a new AS52-derived cell line defective for 8OG DNA repair. Specifically, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 technology to knock out 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) and MUTYH glycosylase, two key enzymes involved in the base excision repair of 8OG. The double knock-out (DKO) AS52 cells were found to be more sensitive to PQ toxicity than the parental (WT) AS52 cell line. They experienced higher levels of ROS, which translated into more DNA double-strand breaks, which explained the PQ toxicity. The increased ROS levels also led to more 8OG genomic accumulation, and a higher level of mutations in the DKO cells, suggesting that PQ mutagenesis is mediated primarily by 8OG genomic accumulation. Consistent with this view, antioxidant co-treatment lowered induced cellular ROS and PQ-induced mutagenesis. Taken together, our data demonstrate the strong protective role of OGG1 and MUTYH against PQ-induced mutagenesis. Moreover, our experiments establish the engineered OGG1-/-MUTYH-/- AS52 cell line and associated methods as a versatile cellular system for studying in quantitative terms the mutagenesis of other agents, environmental or endogenous, that induce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preechaya Tajai
- Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Departments of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bogdan I Fedeles
- Departments of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jantamas Kanitwithayanun
- Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - John M Essigmann
- Departments of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
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Rumsey WL, Bolognese B, Davis AB, Flamberg PL, Foley JP, Katchur SR, Kotzer CJ, Osborn RR, Podolin PL. Effects of airborne toxicants on pulmonary function and mitochondrial DNA damage in rodent lungs. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:343-353. [PMID: 27993944 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of airborne toxicants such as cigarette smoke and ozone is a shared health risk among the world's populations. The use of toxic herbicides like paraquat (PQ) is restricted by many countries, yet in the developing world PQ has demonstrable ill effects. The present study examined changes in pulmonary function, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity and markers of DNA repair induced by acute or repeated exposure of PQ to rats. Similar to cigarette smoke and ozone, PQ promotes oxidative stress, and the impact of PQ on mtDNA was compared with that obtained with these agents. Tracheal instillation (i.t.) of PQ (0.01-0.075 mg/kg) dose dependently increased Penh (dyspnoea) by 48 h while body weight and temperature declined. Lung wet weight and the wet/dry weight ratio rose; for the latter, by as much as 52%. At low doses (0.02 and 0.03 mg/kg), PQ increased Penh by about 7.5-fold at 72 h. It quickly waned to near baseline levels. The lung wet/dry weight ratio remained elevated 7 days after administration coincident with marked inflammatory cell infiltrate. Repeated administration of PQ (1 per week for 8 weeks) resulted in a similar rise in Penh on the first instillation, but the magnitude of this response was markedly attenuated upon subsequent exposures. Pulmonary [lactate] and catalase activity, [8-oxodG] and histone fragmentation (cell death) were significantly increased. Repeated PQ instillation downregulated the expression of the mitochondrial-encoded genes, mtATP8, mtNd2 and mtcyB and nuclear ones for the DNA glycosylases, Ogg1, Neil1, Neil2 and Neil3. Ogg1 protein content decreased after acute and repeated PQ administration. mtDNA damage or changes in mtDNA copy number were evident in lungs of PQ-, cigarette smoke- and ozone-exposed animals. Taken together, these data indicate that loss of pulmonary function and inflammation are coupled to the loss of mtDNA integrity and DNA repair capability following exposure to airborne toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Rumsey
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Brian Bolognese
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Alicia B Davis
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Pearl L Flamberg
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Joseph P Foley
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Steven R Katchur
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Charles J Kotzer
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Ruth R Osborn
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Patricia L Podolin
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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Alavanja MCR, Ross MK, Bonner MR. Increased cancer burden among pesticide applicators and others due to pesticide exposure. CA Cancer J Clin 2013; 63:120-42. [PMID: 23322675 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of well-designed epidemiological and molecular studies provide substantial evidence that the pesticides used in agricultural, commercial, and home and garden applications are associated with excess cancer risk. This risk is associated both with those applying the pesticide and, under some conditions, those who are simply bystanders to the application. In this article, the epidemiological, molecular biology, and toxicological evidence emerging from recent literature assessing the link between specific pesticides and several cancers including prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer are integrated. Although the review is not exhaustive in its scope or depth, the literature does strongly suggest that the public health problem is real. If we are to avoid the introduction of harmful chemicals into the environment in the future, the integrated efforts of molecular biology, pesticide toxicology, and epidemiology are needed to help identify the human carcinogens and thereby improve our understanding of human carcinogenicity and reduce cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C R Alavanja
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, North Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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The effect of amifostine, a cytoprotective agent, on paraquat toxicity in mice. J Med Toxicol 2008; 3:1-6. [PMID: 18072151 DOI: 10.1007/bf03161031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraquat (PQ) is a highly poisonous herbicide with a variety of toxic effects, most notably pulmonary fibrosis. In alveolar epithelial cells, it is converted to a PQ radical and subsequently generates other reactive species resulting in lipid peroxidation and cell destruction. Amifostine is a thiophosphate prodrug approved by the FDA for the prevention of toxicities associated with cisplatin and therapeutic radiation. When amifostine is converted to an active metabolite (WR-1065), it functions as an oxygen and DNA radical scavenger that has been shown to protect against lipoperoxidation. The aim of this study was to determine whether amifostine improves survival or lung injury resulting from PQ toxicity. METHODS Swiss mice (n = 23 per group) were given an approximate LD75 dose of PQ intraperitoneal (60 mg/kg). Thirty minutes prior to PQ injection, group 1 was pretreated with 200 mg/kg of amifostine subcutaneously (s.c.). Subsequent doses of amifostine at 75 mg/kg were administered 4 hours after PQ injection, and injections continued every 8 hours for a total of 6 doses (cumulative dose: 575 mg/kg). Four hours after PQ injection, group 2 received 200 mg/kg of amifostine subcutaneously. Subsequent doses of amifostine at 75 mg/kg were administered every 8 hours (cumulative dose: 575 mg/kg). Four hours after PQ injection, group 3 received 100 mg/kg of amifostine subcutaneously. Subsequent doses of amifostine at 30 mg/kg were administered every 8 hours (cumulative dose: 250 mg/kg). Group 4 received equivolume injections of sterile 0.9% saline s.c. at the same time intervals. We removed lungs from all mice for histologic analysis and injury scoring. RESULTS The number of surviving mice in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 17, 18, 17, and 17 respectively. The Kaplan-Meier with log rank analysis showed no differences in survival. Lung injury scores did not differ between treatment groups and the control group for either dead or surviving mice. CONCLUSION Amifostine does not appear to improve survival or lung injury due to PQ toxicity at the doses administered.
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Mustafa A, Gado AM, Al-Shabanah OA, Al-Bekairi AM. Protective effect of aminoguanidine against paraquat-induced oxidative stress in the lung of mice. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2002; 132:391-7. [PMID: 12161173 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of aminoguanidine (AG) against toxicity of paraquat (PQ), an oxidative-stress inducing substance, in mice was investigated. A single dose of PQ (50 mg/kg, i.p.) induced lung-toxicity, manifested by significant decrease of the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in lung tissue indicating pulmonary capillary endothelial cell damage. Lung toxicity was further evidenced by significant decrease of total sulfhydryl (-SH) content and significant increase in lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung tissues. Oral pretreatment of mice with AG (50 mg/kg) in drinking water, starting 5 days before PQ injection and continuing during the experimental period, ameliorated the lung toxicity induced by PQ. This was evidenced by a significant increase in the levels of ACE activity, a significant decrease in lung MDA content and a significant increase in the total sulfhydryl content 24 h after PQ administration. Moreover, pretreatment of mice with AG leads to an increase of the LD(50) value of paraquat. These results indicate that AG is an efficient cytoprotective agent against PQ-induced lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mustafa
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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