Febuxostat reduces muscle wasting in tumor-bearing mice with LM8 osteosarcoma cells via inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation

Myeloma extracellular vesicle-derived RAGE increases inflammatory responses and myotube atrophy in multiple myeloma through activation of the TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway

Sarcopenia manifests as muscle atrophy and loss that is complicated with malignancy. This study explored the mechanism of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in multiple myeloma (MM) with sarcopenia. SP2/0 conditioned medium (CM) was collected to isolate SP2/0-EVs. C2C12 cells were incubated with SP2/0 CM or SP2/0-EVs. ROS, TNF-α, IL-6, MuRF1 and MyHC levels were detected by DCF-DA fluorescent probe, ELISA, and Western blot. GW4869 was used to inhibit EV secretion in SP2/0 to confirm its effect on muscle atrophy. Serum was collected from MM patients with or without sarcopenia to detect RAGE mRNA expression. SP2/0 cells were transfected with RAGE siRNA and C2C12 cells were treated with the isolated si-RAGE-EVs or/and TLR4 agonist. SP2/0 tumor-bearing mouse model was established. Healthy mice and SP2/0-tumor bearing mice were treated with SP2/0-EVs or si-RAGE-EVs. SP2/0 CM or SP2/0-EVs stimulated ROS, inflammatory responses, and myotube atrophy in C2C12 cells. GW4869 blocked EV secretion and the effects of SP2/0 CM. RAGE mRNA expression in serum EVs was increased in MM&Sarcopenia patients and RAGE knockdown in SP2/0-EVs partially nullified SP2/0-EVs' effects. SP2/0-EVs activated the TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway by translocating RAGE. SP2/0-EVs-derived RAGE elevated ROS production, inflammation, and myotube atrophy in C2C12 cells and caused muscle loss in SP2/0 tumor-bearing mice by activating the TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway. SP2/0-EVs partially recapitulated muscle loss in healthy mice. SP2/0-EVs-derived RAGE increased ROS production, inflammation, and myotube atrophy in MM through TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway activation.

Mechanism of PDZK1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Complicated with Hyperuricemia

Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a kind of primary liver cancer that accounts for more than 90% of primary hepatocellular carcinomas. Hyperuricemia is closely related to the development, recurrence, metastasis, and prognosis of cancer. Previous studies have proved that the serum uric acid level can increase the incidence rate and mortality of malignant tumors. However, the specific pathogenesis remains unstudied. Methods. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of PDZK1 and ABCG2 increased significantly after HCC cells were exposed to different concentrations of soluble uric acid (2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/dl) for 24 hours. Then, in HCC shRNAs, PDZK1, or over expression PDZK1 were used. CCK8, wound healing, and Transwell assay showed that PDZK1 regulates cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Flow cytometry results revealed that PDZK1 affects cell apoptosis. Western blot results show that PDZK1 affects the STAT3/C-myc pathway. Then, in vivo tumorigenesis, allopurinol maybe an effective drug to advance: the prognosis of HCC. Results. In our study, RT-qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of PDZK1 and ABCG2 increased significantly after different concentrations of soluble uric acid in HCC. Then, PDZK1 affects the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of HCC through the STAT3/C-myc pathway. Conclusions. Hyperuricemia response affects the expression of PDZK1; PDZK1 affects the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis through the STAT3/C-myc pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. It is suggested that PDZK1 maybe closely related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of HCC and allopurinol maybe have potential anticancer effects.