Stability-Indicating HPTLC Method for Quantitative Estimation of Asenapine Maleate in Pharmaceutical Formulations, Equilibrium Solubility, andex vivoDiffusion Studies

Determination of Asenapine Maleate in Pharmaceutical and Biological Matrices: A Critical Review of Analytical Techniques over the Past Decade

Asenapine maleate is a second-generation atypical antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of schizophrenia, a neuropsychiatric disorder. It is available as a fast-dissolving sublingual tablet to avoid extensive first-pass metabolism with higher bioavailability as compared to oral formulations. Although, the established therapeutic solutions do not sufficiently satisfy the patient's safety and efficacy needs. Thus, the core research emphasis is to investigate strategies to produce novel formulations with enhanced safety and efficacy. This necessitates the development of robust, precise, and accurate methods for quantification of asenapine maleate in different sample matrices. Given the foregoing information, the current analysis concentrates on the different analytical techniques used to assess asenapine maleate in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations, and biological specimens. Reverse-phase HPLC coupled with UV detection is a majorly (nearly 50% of papers investigated) used technique for the estimation of asenapine maleate in formulations. On the other hand, for its quantification in the biological matrix, hyphenated techniques using mass spectrometry are widely used. This critical review reveals different analytical methodologies, including spectrophotometric, chromatographic, capillary electrophoresis techniques reported from 2011 to 2020, for the measurement of asenapine maleate in various sample matrices. The information presented in this review would be useful in future research for robust analytical method development for asenapine maleate utilizing a more scientific and risk-based approach. Also, it would aid to minimize analytical failure as well as method fine-tuning throughout the product life cycle. Further, this review may also direct scientists toward the development of methodologies for green research.

One-pot reaction for determination of Asenapine maleate through facile complex formation with xanthine based dye: Application to content uniformity test

Asenapine maleate was approved by the FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia and mania or mixed episodes with bipolar I disorder. In the present article, two spectroscopic methods were developed and validated for the determination of asenapine. Both methods depend on association complex formation between xanthine based dye (eosin Y) and the cited drug in acetate buffer pH = 3.8. In the spectrophotometric method (method I), the absorbance of the formed complex was estimated at maximum wavelength of 545 nm and Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 1-12 μg mL^-1. The spectrofluorimetric method (method II) depends on measuring the quenching effect of the drug on the native fluorescence of eosin Y at 545 nm after excitation at 303 nm. The linearity range of method II was 0.4-3.2 μg mL^-1. The limits of detection were 0.24 and 0.08 μg mL^-1 for method I and II, respectively. The instructions of ICH were followed to fully validate the developed analytical procedures. The formation constant of the reaction was 3.93 × 10⁴ while its Gibb's free energy was -2.6 × 10⁴ J mol^-1. Finally, the methods were applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical tablets and for evaluation of their content uniformity.

Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review

Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites were detected in river, lake, and sea water, as well as in tissues of aquatic organisms. Their ecotoxicity was proved by numerous studies. It should be noticed that interaction between psychotropic pharmaceuticals and radiation may lead to formation of potentially more toxic intermediates. On the other hand, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods can be used as an efficient way to eliminate them from the environment. Many methods based on photolysis and photocatalysis were proposed and developed recently; nevertheless, the problem is still unsolved. However, according to recent studies, photocatalysis could be considered as the most promising and far more effective than regular photolysis. An overview on photolytic as well as homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation methods with the use of various catalysts is presented. The photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceuticals were also discussed. Various analytical methods were used for the photodegradation research, and this issue was also compared and summarized. Use of high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (Q-TOF, ion trap, Orbitrap) was suggested. The combined techniques such as LC-MS, GC-MS, and LC-NMR, which enable qualitative and quantitative analyses in one run, proved to be the most valuable in this case. Assembling of MS/MS spectra libraries of drug molecules and their phototransformation products was identified as the future challenge.