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Tzimas PS, Petrakis EA, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis LA. Extraction solvent selection for Cannabis sativa L. by efficient exploration of cannabinoid selectivity and phytochemical diversity. Phytochem Anal 2024; 35:163-183. [PMID: 37709551 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis sativa L. is attracting worldwide attention due to various health-promoting effects. Extraction solvent type is critical for the recovery of bioactive compounds from the plant, especially cannabinoids. However, the choice of solvent is varied and not adequately warranted elsewhere, causing confusion in involved fields. OBJECTIVE The present work aimed to investigate the effect of extraction solvent on C. sativa (hemp) with regard to cannabinoid recovery and phytochemical profile of the extracts, considering most of the related solvents. METHODOLOGY The majority of solvents reported for C. sativa (n = 14) were compared using a representative hemp pool. Quantitative results for major and minor cannabinoids were rapidly and reliably obtained using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA). In parallel, high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) fingerprinting was employed, involving less toxic mobile phase than in relevant reports. Various derivatisation schemes were applied for more comprehensive comparison of extracts. RESULTS Differential selectivity towards cannabinoids was observed among solvents. MeOH was found particularly efficient for most cannabinoids, in addition to solvent systems such as n-Hex/EtOH 70:30 and ACN/EtOH 80:20, while EtOH was generally inferior. For tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-type compounds, EtOAc and n-Hex/EtOAc 60:40 outperformed n-Hex, despite its use in the official EU method. Solvents that tend to extract more lipids or more polar compounds were revealed based on HPTLC results. CONCLUSION Combining the observations from UPLC quantitation and HPTLC fingerprinting, this work allowed comprehensive evaluation of extraction solvents, in view of robust quality assessment and maximised utilisation of C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros S Tzimas
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios A Petrakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leandros A Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Hassan SS, Kamel AH, Awwad NS, Aboterika AH. Characterization of Some "Hashish" Samples in the Egyptian Illicit Trafficking Market Using a Thermal Separation Probe and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ACS Omega 2023; 8:25378-25384. [PMID: 37483228 PMCID: PMC10357578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that are illegal have long been a part of Egyptian society. The most widely misused form of narcotic is marijuana, also known as "bango", and other cannabis-related products like "hashish". The chemical profile of some available "hashish" in the local Egyptian illegal market and its possible country of origin are investigated using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique in conjunction with a thermal separation probe (TSP/GC/MS). The TSP/GC/MS method reveals the presence of 23 different terpenes, of which caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5α-ol, isoaromadendrene epoxide, caryophyllene, and alloaromadendrene oxide-(1) are detected in high relative proportions. Ten cannabinoid components are also detected. These are cannabiorcochromene (CBC-C1), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC), exo-THC, cannabichromene, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabielsoin (CBE), dronabinol (delta-9-THC), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabinol (CBN). Phenotypic index (THC % + CBN %)/CBD %) is measured for the test samples to identify both the nature of the samples (fiber- or drug-type cannabis) and the country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S.M. Hassan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ayman H. Kamel
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Bahrain, Zallaq P.O.
Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Nasser S. Awwad
- Department
of Chemistry, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awaad H.A. Aboterika
- Central
Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Wu J, Zhang F, Ke X, Jia W, Wan X, Zhang L, Fan Y, Zhou J. Rapid Simultaneous Determination of 11 Synthetic Cannabinoids in Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2023; 10:203. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are a series of synthetic substances that mimic the effects of natural cannabinoids and produce a much stronger toxicity than natural cannabinoids, and they have become the most abused family of new psychoactive substances. A solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometry method has been developed to determine 11 synthetic cannabinoids in rat urine. Oasis HLB cartridge was selected to simultaneously extract synthetic cannabinoids for pretreatment. The effects of the loading solution and elution reagent volume on the recovery were investigated. The optimized acetonitrile proportion and elution reagent volume were determined by both high recovery and low solvent consumption. The results showed that the linear coefficients of determination of 11 types of synthetic cannabinoids ranged from 0.993 to 0.999, the limit of quantitation ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 ng/mL, and the spiked recoveries ranged from 69.90% to 118.39%. The research presented here provides a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to accurately identify and quantitate synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine samples.
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Jatain I, Kumar R, Dubey KK, Yadav K, Nitharwal RG. Development of a thin‐layer chromatographic method for detection of lipstatin produced by
Streptomyces toxytricini. Separation Science Plus 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Jatain
- Department of Biotechnology Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh India
| | | | - Karuna Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh India
| | - Ram Gopal Nitharwal
- Department of Biotechnology Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh India
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Kowalska T, Sajewicz M. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) in the Screening of Botanicals-Its Versatile Potential and Selected Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196607. [PMID: 36235143 PMCID: PMC9572063 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of the main aims and scopes in screening of botanicals, a task of which thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is, on an everyday basis, confronted with and engaged in. Stunning omnipresence of this modest analytical technique (both in its standard format (TLC) and the high-performance one (HPTLC), either hyphenated or not) for many analysts might at a first glance appear chaotic and random, with an auxiliary rather than leading role in research, and not capable of issuing meaningful final statements. Based on these reflections, our purpose is not to present a general review paper on TLC in screening of botanicals, but a blueprint rather (illustrated with a selection of practical examples), which highlights a sovereign and important role of TLC in accomplishing the following analytical tasks: (i) solving puzzles related to chemotaxonomy of plants, (ii) screening a wide spectrum of biological properties of plants, (iii) providing quality control of herbal medicines and alimentary and cosmetic products of biological origin, and (iv) tracing psychoactive plants under forensic surveillance.
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Analakkattillam S, Langsi VK, Hanrahan JP, Moore E. Analytical method validation for assay determination of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in hemp oil infused products by RP-HPLC. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12453. [PMID: 35864137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple quantitative reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for assay determination of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in hemp oil infused products. The RP-HPLC method was developed and optimized for the mobile phase composition, flow rate, column selection and detector wavelength. An isocratic elution of samples were performed on SOLAS 100 Å C18 150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm column with a mobile phase containing 75/25 acetonitrile/water v/v, with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min by using an ultraviolet–visible (UV/Vis) detector operating at 214 nm. The RP-HPLC method was validated to meet regulatory requirements which covers specificity, accuracy, range, linearity, precision, system suitability and robustness. The validated assay test method was applied successfully to quantify cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in commercial hemp oil infused products such as tablets, soft gel capsules, plant extract oils, oral drops, tincture, and beverage enhancers. All the test results were found acceptable as per ICH guidelines, and this confirmed the feasibility of this method for its intended use in regular quality control and assay of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in hemp oil infused products.
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Ribeiro de Souza M, Limberger RP, Henriques AT. DoE-assisted development and validation of a thin layer chromatography method for optimized separation of major cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. samples. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2022.2086566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Ribeiro de Souza
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia e Controle da Qualidade de Fitoterápicos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises e Pesquisas em Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Laboratório de Análises e Pesquisas em Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amélia Teresinha Henriques
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia e Controle da Qualidade de Fitoterápicos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Deidda R, Dispas A, De Bleye C, Hubert P, Ziemons É. Critical review on recent trends in cannabinoid determination on cannabis herbal samples: From chromatographic to vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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de Ferreyro Monticelli D, Bhandari S, Eykelbosh A, Henderson SB, Giang A, Zimmerman N. Cannabis Cultivation Facilities: A Review of Their Air Quality Impacts from the Occupational to Community Scale. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:2880-2896. [PMID: 35138823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses knowledge gaps in cannabis cultivation facility (CCF) air emissions by synthesizing the peer-reviewed and gray literature. Focus areas include compounds emitted, air quality indoors and outdoors, odor assessment, and the potential health effects of emitted compounds. Studies suggest that β-myrcene is a tracer candidate for CCF biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Furthermore, β-myrcene, d-limonene, terpinolene, and α-pinene are often reported in air samples collected in and around CCF facilities. The BVOC emission strength per dry weight of plant is higher than most conventional agriculture crops. Nevertheless, reported total CCF BVOC emissions are lower compared with VOCs from other industries. Common descriptors of odors coming from CCFs include "skunky", "herbal", and "pungent". However, there are few peer-reviewed studies addressing the odor impacts of CCFs outdoors. Atmospheric modeling has been limited to back trajectory models of tracers and ozone impact assessment. Health effects of CCFs are mostly related to odor annoyance or occupational hazards. We identify 16 opportunities for future studies, including an emissions database by strain and stage of life (growing cycle) and odor-related setback guidelines. Exploration and implementation of key suggestions presented in this work may help regulators and the industry reduce the environmental footprint of CCF facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi de Ferreyro Monticelli
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Sahil Bhandari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Angela Eykelbosh
- National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4R4
| | - Sarah B Henderson
- Environmental Health Services, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4R4
| | - Amanda Giang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Naomi Zimmerman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Stefkov G, Cvetkovikj Karanfilova I, Stoilkovska Gjorgievska V, Trajkovska A, Geskovski N, Karapandzova M, Kulevanova S. Analytical Techniques for Phytocannabinoid Profiling of Cannabis and Cannabis-Based Products-A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2022; 27:975. [PMID: 35164240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is gaining increasing attention due to the high pharmacological potential and updated legislation authorizing multiple uses. The development of time- and cost-efficient analytical methods is of crucial importance for phytocannabinoid profiling. This review aims to capture the versatility of analytical methods for phytocannabinoid profiling of cannabis and cannabis-based products in the past four decades (1980–2021). The thorough overview of more than 220 scientific papers reporting different analytical techniques for phytocannabinoid profiling points out their respective advantages and drawbacks in terms of their complexity, duration, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness for their specific application, along with the most widely used sample preparation strategies. In particular, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, are presented and discussed. Acquired knowledge of phytocannabinoid profile became extremely relevant and further enhanced chemotaxonomic classification, cultivation set-ups examination, association of medical and adverse health effects with potency and/or interplay of certain phytocannabinoids and other active constituents, quality control (QC), and stability studies, as well as development and harmonization of global quality standards. Further improvement in phytocannabinoid profiling should be focused on untargeted analysis using orthogonal analytical methods, which, joined with cheminformatics approaches for compound identification and MSLs, would lead to the identification of a multitude of new phytocannabinoids.
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Liu Y, Liu H, Li S, Ma W, Wu D, Li H, Xiao A, Liu L, Zhu F, Gan R. Cannabis sativa Bioactive Compounds and Their Extraction, Separation, Purification, and Identification Technologies: An Updated Review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Francis AM, Bissonnette JN, MacNeil SE, Crocker CE, Tibbo PG, Fisher DJ. Interaction of sex and cannabis in adult in vivo brain imaging studies: A systematic review. Brain Neurosci Adv 2022; 6:23982128211073431. [PMID: 35097219 PMCID: PMC8793398 DOI: 10.1177/23982128211073431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been shown to cause structural and functional neurocognitive changes in heavy users. Cannabis use initiation aligns with brain development trajectories; therefore, it is imperative that the potential neurological implications of cannabis use are understood. Males and females reach neurodevelopmental milestones at different rates making it necessary to consider biological sex in all cannabis and brain-based research. Through use of a systamatic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, we aimed to understand the interaction between biological sex and cannabis use on brain-based markers. In total, 18 articles containing a sex-based analysis of cannabis users were identified. While the majority of studies (n = 11) reported no sex by cannabis use interactions on brain-based markers, those that reported findings (n = 8) suggest females may be more susceptible to cannabis’ neurotoxic effects. Unfortunately, a large portion of the literature was excluded due to no sex-based analysis. In addition, studies that reported no sex differences often contained a reduced number of females which may result in some studies being underpowered for sex-based analyses, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Suggestions to improve cannabis and sex-based reseach are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Francis
- Department of Psychology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jenna N. Bissonnette
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sarah E. MacNeil
- Department of Psychology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Candice E. Crocker
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Philip G. Tibbo
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Derek J. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Belchior de Andrade AF, Barros Salum L, Ferrari Júnior E. Forensic laboratory backlog: The impact of inconclusive results of marijuana analysis and the implication on analytical routine. Sci Justice 2021; 61:755-60. [PMID: 34802649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Forensic laboratories worldwide are struggling to keep up with the increasing number of cases submitted for analysis, regardless of the reasons, backlog of controlled substances cases is a reality in many countries. In this paper we analyse the number of petitioned examinations (from 2016 to 2020) and the data from 11,655 marijuana TLC results from the Forensic Laboratory in the Federal District Civil Police in Brazil. Data demonstrates that backlog increases inconclusive results, with storage and light playing a crucial role in the process. Additionally we explored the repercussions of delayed forensic results for controlled substances and propose an approach to overcome waiting time in this context.
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Napiroon T, Tanruean K, Poolprasert P, Bacher M, Balslev H, Poopath M, Santimaleeworagun W. Cannabinoids from inflorescences fractions of Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Cannabaceae) against human pathogenic bacteria. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11446. [PMID: 34035994 PMCID: PMC8126263 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabinoids; tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN), might show antibacterial activity. Trema orientalis is a species in the Cannabaceae that is closely related to Cannabis through plastome phylogenetic evidence. This species is widely distributed throughout tropical Asia and is used as traditional medicine, particularly for the treatment of infectious diseases. However, no studies on the antibacterial activity of cannabinoid-containing inflorescences extracts are available. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine cannabinoid content and antibacterial activity of inflorescences fractions from T. orientalis native to Thailand. Methods We hypothesized that inflorescences from T. orientalis might display cannabinoids similar to Cannabis because of their close taxonomic relationship. We extracted the mature inflorescences and infructescence of T. orientalis in three disparate populations from different Thailand floristic regions. Extractions were subsequently partitioned into hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions using distilled water and chloroform. The lipophilic extracts were further fractionated by the column chromatography with gradient elution and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Characterized cannabinoids were used in bioassays with multidrug-resistance bacteria. Results Lipophilic extracts and fractions of inflorescences from all Thailand floristic regions consistently displayed cannabinoids (THC, CBD and CBN) in various quantities. These extracts exhibited inhibitory activity for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values varying from 31.25 to 125 µg/mL. Conclusion Our study is the first to report cannabinoid detection in extracts from inflorescences of T. orientalis, a species in the Cannabaceae. These extracts and their fractions containing cannabinoids showed pronounced antibacterial activity. The use of analytic methods also demonstrated reproducible cannabinoid extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiwtawat Napiroon
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Keerati Tanruean
- Biology program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pisit Poolprasert
- Biology program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Markus Bacher
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Ecoinformatics Section, Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manop Poopath
- Department of National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation, The Forest Herbarium, Forest Botany Division, Bangkok, Thailand
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Brighenti V, Protti M, Anceschi L, Zanardi C, Mercolini L, Pellati F. Emerging challenges in the extraction, analysis and bioanalysis of cannabidiol and related compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113633. [PMID: 33039911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a bioactive terpenophenolic compound isolated from Cannabis sativa L. It is known to possess several properties of pharmaceutical interest, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuroprotective and anti-convulsant, being it active as a multi-target compound. From a therapeutic point of view, CBD is most commonly used for seizure disorder in children. CBD is present in both medical and fiber-type C. sativa plants, but, unlike Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), it is a non-psychoactive compound. Non-psychoactive or fiber-type C. sativa (also known as hemp) differs from the medical one, since it contains only low levels of THC and high levels of CBD and related non-psychoactive cannabinoids. In addition to medical Cannabis, which is used for many different therapeutic purposes, a great expansion of the market of hemp plant material and related products has been observed in recent years, due to its usage in many fields, including food, cosmetics and electronic cigarettes liquids (commonly known as e-liquids). In this view, this work is focused on recent advances on sample preparation strategies and analytical methods for the chemical analysis of CBD and related compounds in both C. sativa plant material, its derived products and biological samples. Since sample preparation is considered to be a crucial step in the development of reliable analytical methods for the determination of natural compounds in complex matrices, different extraction methods are discussed. As regards the analysis of CBD and related compounds, the application of both separation and non-separation methods is discussed in detail. The advantages, disadvantages and applicability of the different methodologies currently available are evaluated. The scientific interest in the development of portable devices for the reliable analysis of CBD in vegetable and biological samples is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Anceschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Doctorate School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Citti C, Russo F, Sgrò S, Gallo A, Zanotto A, Forni F, Vandelli MA, Laganà A, Montone CM, Gigli G, Cannazza G. Pitfalls in the analysis of phytocannabinoids in cannabis inflorescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4009-4022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Al Bakain RZ, Al-Degs YS, Cizdziel JV, Elsohly MA. Comprehensive classification of USA cannabis samples based on chemical profiles of major cannabinoids and terpenoids. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1701015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramia Z. Al Bakain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - James V. Cizdziel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. Elsohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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