1
|
Colacci A, Corvi R, Ohmori K, Paparella M, Serra S, Da Rocha Carrico I, Vasseur P, Jacobs MN. The Cell Transformation Assay: A Historical Assessment of Current Knowledge of Applications in an Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment for Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065659. [PMID: 36982734 PMCID: PMC10057754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of the development of the cell transformation assays (CTAs) is described, providing an overview of in vitro cell transformation from its origin to the new transcriptomic-based CTAs. Application of this knowledge is utilized to address how the different types of CTAs, variously addressing initiation and promotion, can be included on a mechanistic basis within the integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) for non-genotoxic carcinogens. Building upon assay assessments targeting the key events in the IATA, we identify how the different CTA models can appropriately fit, following preceding steps in the IATA. The preceding steps are the prescreening transcriptomic approaches, and assessment within the earlier key events of inflammation, immune disruption, mitotic signaling and cell injury. The CTA models address the later key events of (sustained) proliferation and change in morphology leading to tumor formation. The complementary key biomarkers with respect to the precursor key events and respective CTAs are mapped, providing a structured mechanistic approach to represent the complexity of the (non-genotoxic) carcinogenesis process, and specifically their capacity to identify non-genotoxic carcinogenic chemicals in a human relevant IATA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Colacci
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna (Arpae), Via Po 5, I-40139 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Kyomi Ohmori
- Chemical Division, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chigasaki 253-0087, Japan
- Research Initiatives and Promotion Organization, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Martin Paparella
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innbruck, Austria
| | - Stefania Serra
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna (Arpae), Via Po 5, I-40139 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paule Vasseur
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7360 LIEC, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, 57070 Metz, France
| | - Miriam Naomi Jacobs
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nesfield SR, Williams TC, Hoivik DJ, Miller RT, Allen JS, Selinger K, Rickert D, Santostefano MJ. Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Potential of Clofibrate in the Neonatal Mouse. Int J Toxicol 2016; 24:341-8. [PMID: 16257853 DOI: 10.1080/10915810500210401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted in support of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) alternative carcinogenicity models initiative to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of clofibrate, a nongenotoxic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α agonist, following oral administration to neonatal mice. Male and female neonatal CD-1 mice were dosed with clofibrate at doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg or with the positive control, diethyl-nitrosamine (DEN), at 2 mg/kg by oral gavage on days 9 and 16 post birth and observed for approximately 1 year for the development of tumors. Plasma levels of clofibric acid after the second administration increased with dose, but were not dose proportional. Clofibrate administered by gavage on litter days 9 and 16 to neonatal mice at doses of 100, 250, or 500 mg/kg did not produce a carcinogenic effect. The positive control DEN did produce tumors in the liver and lung (single and multiple adenomas and carcinomas) and harderian gland (adenoma) of both sexes. Non-neoplastic lesions related to DEN treatment were confined to myocardial degeneration/fibrosis and testicular interstitial hyperplasia in males, and to glomerulonephrosis and gastritis in both sexes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Woods CG, Burns AM, Bradford BU, Ross PK, Kosyk O, Swenberg JA, Cunningham ML, Rusyn I. WY-14,643 induced cell proliferation and oxidative stress in mouse liver are independent of NADPH oxidase. Toxicol Sci 2007; 98:366-74. [PMID: 17483499 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure of rodents to peroxisome proliferators leads to increases in peroxisomes, hepatocellular proliferation, oxidative damage, suppressed apoptosis, and ultimately results in the development of hepatic adenomas and carcinomas. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha was shown to be required for these pleiotropic responses; however, Kupffer cells, resident liver macrophages, were also identified as playing a role in peroxisome proliferators-induced effects, independently of PPARalpha. Previous studies showed that oxidants from NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced) oxidase mediate acute effects of peroxisome proliferators in rodent liver. To determine if Kupffer cell oxidants are also involved in chronic effects, NADPH oxidase-deficient (p47(phox)-null) mice were fed 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio acetic acid (WY-14,643)-containing diet (0.1% wt/wt) for 1 week, 5 weeks, or 5 months along with Pparalpha-null and wild type mice. As expected, no change in liver size, cell replication rates, or other phenotypic effects of peroxisome proliferators were observed in Pparalpha-null mice. Through 5 months of treatment, the p47(phox)-null and wild type mice exhibited peroxisome proliferators-induced adverse liver effects, along with increased oxidative DNA damage and increased cell proliferation, a response that is potentially mediated through nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB). Suppressed apoptosis caused by WY-14,643 was dependent on both NADPH oxidase and PPARalpha. Collectively, these findings suggest that involvement of Kupffer cells in WY-14,643-induced parenchymal cell proliferation and oxidative stress in rodent liver is an acute phenomenon that is not relevant to long-term exposure, but they are still involved in chronic apoptotic responses. These results provide new insight for understanding the mode of hepatocarcinogenic action of peroxisome proliferators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney G Woods
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Torrey CE, Wall HG, Campbell JA, Kwanyuen P, Hoivik DJ, Miller RT, Allen JS, Jayo MJ, Selinger K, Santostefano MJ. Evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of clofibrate in the FVB/Tg.AC mouse after dermal application--part II. Int J Toxicol 2005; 24:327-39. [PMID: 16257852 DOI: 10.1080/10915810500208199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted as part of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Alternatives to Carcinogenicity Testing program and evaluated the carcinogenic potential of clofibrate, a nongenotoxic, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha agonist following dermal application to transgenic Tg.AC and nontransgenic FVB mice for a minimum of 26 weeks. Clofibrate doses of 12, 28, or 36 mg/200 microl/day were used. Positive controls for papilloma formation were benzene (174.8 mg/200 microl), and 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA [0.00250 mg/200 microl]). Clofibrate was tolerated at doses up to 36 mg/200 microl. In Tg.AC mice, clofibrate produced a dose-related increase in the incidence of mice with cutaneous papillomas; and dose-related decreases in mean time to first tumor, mean multiplicity of tumors per mouse, and mean weeks to maximal yield, as well as numerous nonneoplastic microscopic lesions in the liver, kidney, spleen, and skin. Benzene and TPA induced both neoplastic and/or non-neoplastic proliferative lesions in Tg.AC mice. Clofibrate did not increase the incidence or multiplicity of papillomas, or any other tumors in FVB mice. These data show that the Tg.AC dermal model has increased sensitivity in detecting skin papillomas caused by the nongenotoxic rodent carcinogen, clofibrate, compared to wild type FVB mice, at systemic exposures that are 3x higher than the systemic exposure observed in humans taking clofibrate (AUC = 1100 microg.h/ml) at the recommended maximum therapeutic dose of 500 mg. In addition, this study supports the proposed concept that Tg.AC model may detect compounds with nongenotoxic carcinogenic potential in a shorter timeframe than conventional mouse carcinogenicity bioassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla E Torrey
- GlaxoSmithKline, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Torrey CE, Wall HG, Campbell JA, Kwanyuen P, Hoivik DJ, Miller RT, Allen JS, Jayo MJ, Selinger K, Savina PM, Santostefano MJ. Evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of clofibrate in the FVB/Tg.AC mouse after oral administration--part I. Int J Toxicol 2005; 24:313-25. [PMID: 16257851 DOI: 10.1080/10915810500208264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted as part of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) program to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of clofibrate, a nongenotoxic, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha agonist following oral administration to Tg.AC (transgenic) and wild-type FVB (nontransgenic) mice for a minimum for 6 months. Clofibrate was well tolerated at doses up to 500 (males) and 650 (females) mg/kg/day. Oral administration of clofibrate to Tg.AC or FVB (wild-type) male and female mice for 6 months did not result in the increased formation of neoplastic lesions. Epithelial hyperplasia in the urinary bladder (Tg.AC and FVB) and prostate gland (Tg.AC only), and interstitial-cell hyperplasia in the testes (Tg.AC) were noted at 500 mg/kg/day. Non-neoplastic nonproliferative findings included hepatic hypertrophy and hematopoietic changes (myeloid hyperplasia, myelodysplasia, lymphoid depletion, and erythropoiesis) in Tg.AC and FVB mice of both sexes; reproductive (cystic degeneration and dilatation, hypospermia, spermatocele, dilated inspissated protein) and urogenital (tubular-cell hypertrophy, degenerative/regenerative nephropathy, necrosis/fibrosis) changes in Tg.AC and FVB male mice; congestion in the lung in male Tg.AC mice; gall bladder dilatation in female Tg.AC mice; and adrenal (intracellular lipofuscinosis and atrophy) and heart (eosinophillic myofibers) findings in Tg.AC mice of both sexes and in female FVB mice. The results of this study indicate that the clofibrate is not carcinogenic when administered to Tg.AC mice by oral gavage for 6 months at doses up to 500 (males) and 650 (females) mg/kg/day, which did produce liver hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla E Torrey
- GlaxoSmithKline, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nesfield SR, Clarke CJ, Hoivik DJ, Miller RT, Allen JS, Selinger K, Santostefano MJ. Evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of clofibrate in the rasH2 mouse. Int J Toxicol 2005; 24:301-11. [PMID: 16257850 DOI: 10.1080/10915810500210278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to support of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) alternative carcinogenicity models initiative to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of the nongenotoxic carcinogen, clofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha agonist, following oral administration to rasH2 mice. Peroxisome proliferators are one of the most widely studied of the nongenotoxic carcinogens and have diverse industrial and therapeutic uses (Gonzalez et al. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 90: 1702-1709, 1998); however, the nongenotoxic mechanism of carcinogenicity is currently unknown. Male mice were administered doses of clofibrate at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day and female mice were administered doses of 50, 150, or 250 mg/kg/day by oral gavage at 10 ml/kg for 27 weeks. In addition, rasH2 male and female mice were treated with N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU). Nontransgenic male and female mice were treated with 200 and 250 mg/kg/day, respectively, of clofibrate. The NMU-treated mice were given a single intraperitoneal dose of 75 mg/kg, which was followed by a 90-day observation period; all others were sacrificed after 6 months of daily dosing. Hepatocellular neoplasms were observed in clofibrate-treated rasH2 male mice after 6 months of treatment but not in nontransgenic males or females. Clofibrate treatment (250 mg/kg/day) of female rasH2 mice was associated with a slight increase in the incidence of various neoplasms (harderian gland, lungs, skin, spleen, tail, thymus, and uterus) compared with untreated transgenic mice and with similarly treated nontransgenic mice. Non-neoplastic changes were found in the liver of transgenic and nontransgenic mice of both sexes and in the kidneys of male mice. NMU produced findings are consistent with previous studies. The data suggest that the rasH2 mice are a good model for testing epigenetic carcinogens in a shorter timeframe than conventional mouse carcinogenicity bioassays.
Collapse
|
7
|
Santostefano MJ, Hoivik DJ, Miller RT. Investigations of clofibrate in alternative carcinogenicity models. Int J Toxicol 2005; 24:285-8. [PMID: 16257848 DOI: 10.1080/10915810500210369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|