1
|
López A, Fuentes-Ferragud E, Mora MJ, Blasco-Ferre J, Barber G, Lopez-Labrador FX, Camaró M, Coscollà C. Air Quality of Health Facilities in Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:142615. [PMID: 38880262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The present study examines indoor air pollution in health facilities, focusing on compounds from various sources, such as industrial products, healthcare activities and building materials. It assesses chemical and microbiological concentrations in two public hospitals, two public healthcare centres, and one public health laboratory in Spain. Measurements included indoor air quality, microbiological contaminants, ambient parameters and non-target analysis across ten different locations. Outdoor air quality was also assessed in the surroundings of the hospitals. The results showed that around 350 substances were tentatively identified at a high confidence level, with over 50 % of compounds classified as of high toxicological risk. Three indoor and 26 outdoor compounds were fully confirmed with standards. These confirmed substances were linked to medical, industrial and agricultural activities. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) results revealed that CO, CO2, formaldehyde (HCHO), O3 and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) showed average values above the recommended guideline levels in at least one of the evaluated locations. Moreover, maximum concentrations detected for CO, HCHO, O3 and TVOCs in hospitals surpassed those previously reported in the literature. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in three air environments, corresponding to COVID-19 patient areas. Fungi and bacteria concentrations were acceptable in all assessed locations, identifying different fungi genera, such as Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and Botrytis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Esther Fuentes-Ferragud
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, S/N, Avenida Sos Baynat, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - María José Mora
- Foundation for the Promotion of the Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Xativa/Ontinyent Department, 21, Ctra. Xàtiva-Silla, km. 2, 46800, Xàtiva, Valencia, Spain; Foundation for the Promotion of the Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Alcoy Departament, Polígono Caramanxell, s/n . 03804 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jordi Blasco-Ferre
- Foundation for the Promotion of the Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Xativa/Ontinyent Department, 21, Ctra. Xàtiva-Silla, km. 2, 46800, Xàtiva, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema Barber
- Foundation for the Promotion of the Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Xativa/Ontinyent Department, 21, Ctra. Xàtiva-Silla, km. 2, 46800, Xàtiva, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Xavier Lopez-Labrador
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Microbiology Department, University of Valencia Medical School, 13, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, , 46010, Valencia, Spain; CIBERESP, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Institute of Health Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Camaró
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du Y, Zhao F, Tao R, Liu B. Effect of forceful suction and air disinfection machines on aerosol removal. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:652. [PMID: 37684672 PMCID: PMC10492290 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Dental procedures involving drilling and grinding can produce a significant amount of suspended aerosol particles (PM) and bioaerosols. This study aims to analyze the size and concentration of aerosol particles generated during drilling and to investigate the effectiveness of two air exchange systems, namely forceful suction (FS) and air disinfection machines (DM), in removing PM. METHODS For this study, 100 extracted permanent teeth were collected and divided into three groups: without suction (n = 50), suction with forceful suction (n = 25), and suction with air disinfection machines (n = 25). The removal rate of suspended aerosol particles was analyzed using particle counters and air data multimeter. RESULTS When drilling and grinding were performed without vacuum, 0.75% of the aerosol particles generated were PM2.5-10, 78.25% of total suspended aerosol particles (TSP) were PM2.5, and 98.68% of TSP were PM1. The nanoanalyzer measurements revealed that the aerodynamic diameter of most aerosol particles was below 60 nm, with an average particle diameter of 52.61 nm and an average concentration of 2.6*1011 ultrafine aerosol particles. The air change per hour (ACH) was significantly lower in the air disinfection machines group compared to the forceful suction group. Additionally, the number of aerosol particles and mass concentration was significantly lower in the air disinfection machines group compared to the forceful suction group in terms of PM2.5 levels. However, the forceful suction group also reduced the mass concentration in PM10 level than the air disinfection machines group. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the air exchange system can reduce the aerosol particles generated during drilling and grinding. Comparing the two air exchange systems, it was found that the air disinfection machines group reduces the number of aerosol particles and mass concentration in PM2.5 levels, while the forceful suction group reduces the mass concentration in PM10 level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Du
- Department of hospital allergy, Medical department, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Periodontal I, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Ran Tao
- Medical department, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Periodontal I, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pemberton MA, Kreuzer K, Kimber I. Challenges in the classification of chemical respiratory allergens based on human data: Case studies of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HPMA). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 141:105404. [PMID: 37105297 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Occupational asthma resulting from workplace exposure to chemical respiratory allergens is an important disease. No widely accepted or formally validated tests for the identification of chemical respiratory sensitizers. Consequently, there is a heavy reliance on human data from clinical examinations. Unfortunately, however, although such investigations are critical for the diagnosis of occupational asthma, and in guiding remedial actions, they do not reliably identify specific chemicals within the workplace that are the causative agents. There are several reasons for this, including the fact that specific inhalation tests conducted as part of clinical investigations are frequently performed with complex mixtures rather than single substances, that sometimes inhalation challenges are conducted at concentrations above the OEL and STEL, where effects may be confounded by irritation, and that involvement of immune mechanisms cannot be assumed from the observation of late asthmatic reactions. Further, caution should be taken when implicating substances on lists of "recognised" asthmagens unless they have undergone a formal weight of evidence assessment. Here the limitations of clinical investigations as currently performed for the purposes of regulatory classification and decision making are explored by reference to previously published case studies that implicate 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and/or 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HPMA) as respiratory allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
D'Antonio N, Newnum J, Kanellis M, Howe B, Anthony TR. Assessment of respirable aerosol concentrations using local ventilation controls in an open multi-chair dental clinic. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:246-255. [PMID: 35266862 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dental procedures require patients to be unmasked throughout most of a dental visit, with some procedures generating both inhalable and respirable aerosols. Understanding aerosol generation and transport were important to developing protocols to protect both the patient and workers in dental environments early in the COVID pandemic. This study investigated the need, suitability, and effectiveness of using local exhaust ventilation units during patient procedures and examined the impact of patient density in a large, multi-chair dental clinic at an academic institution. Phase One measured respirable aerosol concentrations at the dental assistant's breathing zone and in neighboring unoccupied patient operatories. Results were compared during four dental procedures with three local ventilation (LV) options, with a single faculty performing procedures on a simulated patient. Phase Two deployed LV in all active patient operatories during procedures on actual patients and examined the impact of clinic patient occupancy on respirable aerosol concentrations throughout the clinic. During Phase One, respirable aerosol concentrations in nearby operatories were significantly higher during ultrasonic scaling (mean = 3.8 and SD = 0.3 µg/m3) and lower during rubber cup polishing (mean = 0.8 and SD = 0.5 mg/m3) (p < 0.001). While the same trend was identified for the dental assistant, differences were not significant. There was no difference in respirable aerosol concentrations by LV type when measured at the dental assist (p = 0.51, task means 3 to 32. 5 µg/m3) or neighboring rooms (p = 0.93, task means 0.6 to 4.0 µg/m3), indicating no improved control for any device tested. For Phase Two, the clinic deployed the extraoral suction (EOS) system in each patient operatory. The background-adjusted aerosol concentrations were significantly reduced (F < 0.001) when the operatories were occupied at 50% compared to 25%, likely attributed to increased air filtration of the room with double the EOS systems in use. While this study provides only a single case investigation, findings confirming respirable aerosol concentrations by procedure and across days provided insights into patient scheduling, local exhaust ventilation selection, and operation, which could be useful to other open multi-chair dental clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Newnum
- Environmental Health and Safety Office, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Brian Howe
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - T Renée Anthony
- College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Colas A, Baudet A, Le Cann P, Blanchard O, Gangneux JP, Baurès E, Florentin A. Quantitative Health Risk Assessment of the Chronic Inhalation of Chemical Compounds in Healthcare and Elderly Care Facilities. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030141. [PMID: 35324766 PMCID: PMC8954219 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have described the chemical pollution in indoor air of healthcare and care facilities. From these studies, the main objective of this work was to conduct a quantitative health risk assessment of the chronic inhalation of chemical compounds by workers in healthcare and elderly care facilities (hospitals, dental and general practitioner offices, pharmacies and nursing homes). The molecules of interest were 36 volatile and 13 semi-volatile organic compounds. Several professional exposure scenarios were developed in these facilities. The likelihood and severity of side effects that could occur were assessed by calculating the hazard quotient for deterministic effects, and the excess lifetime cancer risk for stochastic effects. No hazard quotient was greater than 1. Three compounds had a hazard quotient above 0.1: 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in dental and general practitioner offices, ethylbenzene and acetone in dental offices. Only formaldehyde presented an excess lifetime cancer risk greater than 1 × 10−5 in dental and general practitioner offices (maximum value of 3.8 × 10−5 for general practitioners). The health risk for chronic inhalation of most compounds investigated did not appear to be of concern. Some values tend to approach the acceptability thresholds justifying a reflection on the implementation of corrective actions such as the installation of ventilation systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Colas
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;
- CHRU-Nancy, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandre Baudet
- CHRU-Nancy, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;
- Faculté D’odontologie, Université de Lorraine, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- APEMAC, Université de Lorraine, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Pierre Le Cann
- EHESP School of Public Health, Inserm, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (P.L.C.); (O.B.); (J.-P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP School of Public Health, Inserm, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (P.L.C.); (O.B.); (J.-P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- EHESP School of Public Health, Inserm, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (P.L.C.); (O.B.); (J.-P.G.); (E.B.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU-Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Estelle Baurès
- EHESP School of Public Health, Inserm, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (P.L.C.); (O.B.); (J.-P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Arnaud Florentin
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;
- CHRU-Nancy, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;
- APEMAC, Université de Lorraine, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Indoor Carbon Dioxide, Fine Particulate Matter and Total Volatile Organic Compounds in Private Healthcare and Elderly Care Facilities. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030136. [PMID: 35324761 PMCID: PMC8950121 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Poor indoor air quality can have adverse effects on human health, especially in susceptible populations. The aim of this study was to measure the concentrations of dioxide carbon (CO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in situ in private healthcare and elderly care facilities. These pollutants were continuously measured in two rooms of six private healthcare facilities (general practitioner’s offices, dental offices and pharmacies) and four elderly care facilities (nursing homes) in two French urban areas during two seasons: summer and winter. The mean CO2 concentrations ranged from 764 ± 443 ppm in dental offices to 624 ± 198 ppm in elderly care facilities. The mean PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 13.4 ± 14.4 µg/m3 in dental offices to 5.7 ± 4.8 µg/m3 in general practitioner offices. The mean TVOC concentrations ranged from 700 ± 641 ppb in dental offices to 143 ± 239 ppb in general practitioner offices. Dental offices presented higher levels of indoor air pollutants, associated with the dental activities. Increasing the ventilation of these facilities by opening a window is probably an appropriate method for reducing pollutant concentrations and maintaining good indoor air quality.
Collapse
|
7
|
Indoor Air Quality in Healthcare Units—A Systematic Literature Review Focusing Recent Research. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The adequate assessment and management of indoor air quality in healthcare facilities is of utmost importance for patient safety and occupational health purposes. This study aims to identify the recent trends of research on the topic through a systematic literature review following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology. A total of 171 articles published in the period 2015–2020 were selected and analyzed. Results show that there is a worldwide growing research interest in this subject, dispersed in a wide variety of scientific journals. A textometric analysis using the IRaMuTeQ software revealed four clusters of topics in the sampled articles: physicochemical pollutants, design and management of infrastructures, environmental control measures, and microbiological contamination. The studies focus mainly on hospital facilities, but there is also research interest in primary care centers and dental clinics. The majority of the analyzed articles (85%) report experimental data, with the most frequently measured parameters being related to environmental quality (temperature and relative humidity), microbiological load, CO2 and particulate matter. Non-compliance with the WHO guidelines for indoor air quality is frequently reported. This study provides an overview of the recent literature on this topic, identifying promising lines of research to improve indoor air quality in healthcare facilities.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mosalaei S, Amiri H, Rafiee A, Abbasi A, Baghani AN, Hoseini M. Assessment of fungal bioaerosols and particulate matter characteristics in indoor and outdoor air of veterinary clinics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1773-1780. [PMID: 34900306 PMCID: PMC8617105 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary staff are frequently exposed to various occupational hazards. The present study was aimed to investigate the air characteristics of veterinary clinics in terms of fungal bioaerosols and particulate matters. Air samples were taken every six days from the operating room, examination room and outdoor air of three veterinary clinics in Shiraz, southwest Iran. The concentrations of fungal bio-aerosols ranged from 8.05 CFU/m 3 in the outdoor air of clinic B to 47.21 CFU/m 3 in the operating room of clinic A. The predominant fungal genera identified in the studied clinics were Penicillium and Aspergillus niger, respectively. The concentrations of PM2.5 ranged from 41.88 μg/m 3 in the operating room of clinic C to 60.31 μg/m 3 in the outdoor air of the same clinic. The corresponding values for PM10 ranged from 114.40 μg/m 3 in the operating room of clinic C to 256.70 μg/m 3 in the outdoor air of the same clinic. The results of this study showed a positive correlation between the concentration of fungal bioaerosols and relative humidity (p < 0.05; r = 0.622). Besides, a negative correlation was found between the concentration of fungal bioaerosols and temperature (p < 0.05; r = 0.369). To better assess the individual exposure of veterinarians and staff in veterinary clinics, tests including nasopharyngeal sampling are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Mosalaei
- Department of environmental health, School of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hoda Amiri
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Alireza Abbasi
- Department of environmental health, School of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang M, Chaghtai A, Melendez M, Hasson H, Whitaker E, Badi M, Sperrazza L, Godel J, Yesilsoy C, Tellez M, Orrego S, Montoya C, Ismail A. Mitigating saliva aerosol contamination in a dental school clinic. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:52. [PMID: 33546674 PMCID: PMC7863034 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission of COVID-19 via salivary aerosol particles generated when using handpieces or ultrasonic scalers is a major concern during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the spread of dental aerosols on patients and dental providers during aerosol-generating dental procedures. Methods This pilot study was conducted with one volunteer. A dental unit used at the dental school for general dental care was the site of the experiment. Before the study, three measurement meters (DustTrak 8534, PTrak 8525 and AeroTrak 9306) were used to measure the ambient distribution of particles in the ambient air surrounding the dental chair. The volunteer wore a bouffant, goggles, and shoe covers and was seated in the dental chair in supine position, and covered with a surgical drape. The dentist and dental assistant donned bouffant, goggles, face shields, N95 masks, surgical gowns and shoe covers. The simulation was conducted by using a high-speed handpiece with a diamond bur operating in the oral cavity for 6 min without touching the teeth. A new set of measurement was obtained while using an ultrasonic scaler to clean all teeth of the volunteer. For both aerosol generating procedures, the aerosol particles were measured with the use of saliva ejector (SE) and high-speed suction (HSS) followed a separate set of measurement with the additional use of an extra oral high-volume suction (HVS) unit that was placed close to the mouth to capture the aerosol in addition to SE and HSS. The distribution of the air particles, including the size and concentration of aerosols, was measured around the patient, dentist, dental assistant, 3 feet above the patient, and the floor. Results Four locations were identified with elevated aerosol levels compared to the baseline, including the chest of the dentist, the chest of patient, the chest of assistant and 3 feet above the patient. The use of additional extra oral high volume suction reduced aerosol to or below the baseline level. Conclusions The increase of the level of aerosol with size less than 10 µm was minimal during dental procedures when using SE and HSS. Use of HVS further reduced aerosol levels below the ambient levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maobin Yang
- Department of Endodontology, Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Asad Chaghtai
- Environmental Health and Radiation Safety, Temple University Health Sciences Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Marc Melendez
- Environmental Health and Radiation Safety, Temple University Health Sciences Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Hana Hasson
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Eugene Whitaker
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mustafa Badi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medicine and Surgery, Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Leona Sperrazza
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medicine and Surgery, Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jeffrey Godel
- Department of Orthodontics, Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Cemil Yesilsoy
- Department of Endodontology, Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Marisol Tellez
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Santiago Orrego
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Carolina Montoya
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Amid Ismail
- Maurice H Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mirhoseini SH, Koolivand A, Bayani M, Sarlak H, Moradzadeh R, Ghamari F, Sheykhan A. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of microbial aerosols in different indoor environments of a dental school clinic. AEROBIOLOGIA 2021; 37:217-224. [PMID: 33462523 PMCID: PMC7805567 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-020-09679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the indoor environment of dental clinics, dental staff and patients are exposed to various types of infectious agents transported by aerosols and particles, generated during dental procedures, promoting an increased risk of cross-infection. The aim of this study was to determine the levels and diversity of microbial aerosol in relation to particle load in five different departments of a dental school clinic. The air samples were collected by an active single-stage Andersen sampler during the treatment procedure. The mean concentrations of airborne bacteria were in the range of 52-1030 and 8-844 CFU/m3 at the distances of 0.5 and 2 m, respectively. Bacterial aerosols in pediatric, endodontics, and restorative wards and fungal aerosols in all the sampling wards were significantly higher at the distances of 0.5 m. The dominant bacteria and fungi were identified as Micrococcus, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Alternaria. The positive associations were also obtained between bacteria and fungi levels and particulate matter (PM) concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamed Mirhoseini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Ave, Ghods St, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Koolivand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Ave, Ghods St, Arak, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Bayani
- Department of Periodontics Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Hamid Sarlak
- Department of Periodontics Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Rahmatollah Moradzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Farhad Ghamari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Adel Sheykhan
- Student Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu MH, Chen CT, Chuang LC, Lin WM, Wan GH. Removal efficiency of central vacuum system and protective masks to suspended particles from dental treatment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225644. [PMID: 31770413 PMCID: PMC6879156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of suspended particulate matters (PMs) and bioaerosols are created by dental procedures. The present study aimed to evaluate the size and concentration of PMs produced by drilling and grinding teeth, and to assess the efficiency of central vacuum system and protective masks for the removal of PMs. METHODS A total of 20 extracted permanent teeth were collected. A novel experimental system and particle counter were used to evaluate the PMs produced by dental procedures and the PM removal efficiency of a central vacuum system and surgical/N95 masks. RESULTS The number concentration of total PMs produced by drilling and grinding teeth was significantly higher than the indoor background concentration. The average aerodynamic diameter of particle was generally less than 1 μm. The average number concentration of ultrafine particles was 2.1x1011 particles/m3 during tooth drilling and grinding. The efficiency of the central vacuum system was 35.74% for PM≥0.5 and 35.41% for PM10. For PM≥0.5, the ratios of inside and outside masks were 0.8-1.34 without vacuum and 1.18-1.36 with vacuum. No difference was found with the use of surgical/N95 masks during dental therapy, with or without vacuum use. CONCLUSIONS High levels of PMs were found during tooth drilling and grinding procedures, especially among PM1. The PM removal efficiency of a central vacuum system and surgical/N95 masks were limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tsung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chuan Chuang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ming Lin
- Department of General Practice Dentistry, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Hwa Wan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vellingiri K, Boukhvalov DW, Kim KH, Philip L. Validation of ‘lock-and-key’ mechanism of a metal–organic framework in selective sensing of triethylamine. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7818-7825. [PMID: 35521163 PMCID: PMC9061581 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop the metal–organic framework (MOF)-based sensing of triethylamine (TEA) in an aqueous phase, Al-MIL-101-NH2 (MIL: Material Institute Lavoisier) with a tripod-like cavity was utilized based on a lock-and-key model. Al-MIL-101-NH2 (Al-MOF) was found to be an excellent fluorescent sensor for the TEA molecules in the range of 0.05–0.99 mM. The limit of detection (LOD) and linear calibration range of this probe towards TEA were found to be 3 μM and 0.05–0.40 mM, respectively. The mechanism of the sensing process indicates the dominant role of physical processes (e.g., non-covalent bond interactions). In addition, the exact fit of the TEA molecule (6.5 Å) in the tripod-like cavity (6.78 Å) supported the strong interaction between three ethyl groups (TEA) and aromatic rings (MOF). This kind of specific suitability between size/shape of the TEA and tripod-like cavity of MOF (ΔG: −46.7 kJ mol−1) was not found in other molecules such as ethylamine (ΔG: −2.20 kJ mol−1 and size: 3.7 Å), formaldehyde (ΔG: +1.50 kJ mol−1 and size: 2.8 Å), and ammonia (ΔG: +0.71 kJ mol−1 and size: 1.6 Å). As such, Al-MOF was found to be a selective and stable sensor for TEA. To develop the metal–organic framework (MOF)-based sensing of triethylamine (TEA) in an aqueous phase, Al-MIL-101-NH2 (MIL: Material Institute Lavoisier) with a tripod-like cavity was utilized based on a lock-and-key model.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kowsalya Vellingiri
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division
- Department of Civil Engineering
- IIT Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Danil W. Boukhvalov
- College of Science
- Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- P. R. China
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Korea
| | - Ligy Philip
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division
- Department of Civil Engineering
- IIT Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song C, Liu X, Song Y, Liu R, Gao H, Han L, Peng J. Key blackening and stinking pollutants in Dongsha River of Beijing: Spatial distribution and source identification. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 200:335-346. [PMID: 28595127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of black-stinking water contamination has been listed as an urgent task in the Water pollution prevention action plan promulgated by State Council of China. However, the key blackening and stinking pollutants and their sources are still unclear. In this study, water quality of a black-stinking urban river in Beijing, Dongsha River, was evaluated firstly; then the distribution of the blackening and stinking pollutants was investigated, and the key pollutants and their potential sources were identified; and finally, the health risk of those pollutants was assessed. The results showed that NH3N, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand ranged from 1.3 to 5.3 mg/L, 0.7-3.0 mg/L, 1.0-3.2 mg/L and 29-104 mg/L, respectively. The value of TP-based trophic level index indicated that Dongsha River reached severe eutrophication level; the maximum value of chroma and odor level reached 32 and 4, respectively. The main dissolved organic compounds included aromatic protein II, soluble microbiological metabolites, fulvic acids and humic acids. The blackening pollutants Fe, Mn, Cu and S2- were extensively detected, with significantly spatial differences along the river. Dimethyl sulfide, β-ionone, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin were identified to be the stinking pollutants. Their concentrations covered wide ranges, and even the lowest concentration value was thousands of times higher than its olfactory threshold. Correlation analysis indicated that in the overlaying water S2- was the key blackening pollutant, while β-ionone and geosmin were the key stinking pollutants. Principal components analysis combining with the site survey revealed their potential sources. S2- was mainly associated with the decomposition of endogenous sulfur-containing organics; β-ionone might be generated by the endogenous β-carotene bio-conversion and the exogenous discharges, while geosmin might originate from the endogenous humus bio-conversion and anthropic wastes. Furthermore, multi-metals in the sediment posed health risks to children, while dimethyl sulfide had non-cancer health risk for adults and children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100018, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yonghui Song
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100018, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Ruixia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hongjie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jianfeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|