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Brunswick P, Blajkevitch O, Chow L, MacInnis C, van Aggelen G, Kim M, Shang D. Trace analysis of resin acids in surface waters by direct injection liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462558. [PMID: 34597902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time of flight (QTOF) method has been developed for the determination of resin acid concentrations in aqueous pulp and paper effluent related samples. Calibration R2 of ≥0.995 for twelve resin acids, namely dehydroabietic, 8(14)-abietenic, dihydroisopimaric, levopimaric, neoabietic, pimaric, sandaracopimaric, abietic, isopimaric, palustric, chlorodehydroabietic, and dichlorodehydroabietic acids, was demonstrated in the range 1 µgL-1 to 40 µgL-1. An improved lower limit of quantitation was achieved without use of complex sample extraction and clean-up procedures undertaken by other published methods. Excellent precision and accuracy results were achieved for dehydroabietic, chlorodehydroabietic, dichlorodehydroabietic, isopimaric (integrated inclusive of all C20H30O2 resin acids), dihydroisopimaric and 8(14)-abietenic resin acids, with t-99 percentile detection limits spanning the range 0.05 to 0.07 µgL-1. While measurement for the C20H30O2 resin acids by isopimaric equivalence is considered semi-quantitative and could be an under estimate for the abietic acid component, the developed method demonstrated clear advantage over time consuming, hazardous, and unstable derivatization procedures used for gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The developed LC/QToF method was successfully transferred to an LC triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for routine high throughput trace level analysis. Real world samples, including sea water and estuary water, demonstrated excellent spike recoveries by this procedure, indicating that the method is well suited to the monitoring of industrially derived resin acids in environmental surface waters. While no interferences were observed during routine sample analysis using myristic-1-13C acid and palmitic-1-13C acid internal standards, these were later substituted by myristic-d27 and palmitic-d31 acid in order to improve method robustness for environmental samples where endogenous parent fatty acids could be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Brunswick
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Oxana Blajkevitch
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liane Chow
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ceara MacInnis
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marcus Kim
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Ontario, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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2
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Brinkmann M, Alharbi H, Fuchylo U, Wiseman S, Morandi G, Peng H, Giesy JP, Jones PD, Hecker M. Mechanisms of pH-Dependent Uptake of Ionizable Organic Chemicals by Fish from Oil Sands Process-Affected Water (OSPW). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9547-9555. [PMID: 32639732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and effects of ionizable organic chemicals (IOCs) that are weak acids in aqueous solution by fish can differ as a function of pH. While the pH-dependent behavior of select IOCs is well-understood, complex mixtures of IOCs, e.g., from oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), have not yet been studied systematically. Here, we established an in vitro screening method using the rainbow trout gill cell line, RTgill-W1, to investigate pH-dependent cytotoxicity and permeation of IOCs across cultured epithelia using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The assay was benchmarked using model chemicals and technical mixtures, and then used to characterize fractions and reconstituted extracts of field-collected OSPW. Significant pH-dependent cytotoxicity of individual IOCs, acidic fractions, and reconstituted extracts of OSPW was observed. In vitro data were in good agreement with data from a 96 h in vivo exposure experiment with juvenile rainbow trout. Permeation of some IOCs from OSPW was mediated by active transport, as revealed by studies in which inhibitors of these active transport mechanisms were applied. We conclude that the RTgill-W1 in vitro assay is useful for the screening of pH-dependent uptake of IOCs in fish, and has applications for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, and prioritization of chemicals in nontarget screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brinkmann
- School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5C8, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- Global Institutes for Water Security (GIWS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Hattan Alharbi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulyana Fuchylo
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Garrett Morandi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Paul D Jones
- School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5C8, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5C8, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
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3
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Samanipour S, Reid MJ, Rundberget JT, Frost TK, Thomas KV. Concentration and Distribution of Naphthenic Acids in the Produced Water from Offshore Norwegian North Sea Oilfields. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2707-2714. [PMID: 32019310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) constitute one of the toxic components of the produced water (PW) from offshore oil platforms discharged into the marine environment. We employed liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative mode for the comprehensive chemical characterization and quantification of NAs in PW samples from six different Norwegian offshore oil platforms. In total, we detected 55 unique NA isomer groups, out of the 181 screened homologous groups, across all tested samples. The frequency of detected NAs in the samples varied between 14 and 44 isomer groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated a clear distinction of the PW from the tested platforms based on the distribution of NAs in these samples. The averaged total concentration of NAs varied between 6 and 56 mg L-1, among the tested platforms, whereas the concentrations of the individual NA isomer groups ranged between 0.2 and 44 mg L-1. Based on both the distribution and the concentration of NAs in the samples, the C8H14O2 isomer group appeared to be a reasonable indicator of the presence and the total concentration of NAs in the samples with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.89.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saer Samanipour
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Malcolm J Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
| | | | - Tone K Frost
- Equinor, Arkitekt Ebbels veg 10, Rotvoll, Trondheim 7005, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Brunswick P, Shang D, Frank RA, van Aggelen G, Kim M, Hewitt LM. Diagnostic Ratio Analysis: A New Concept for the Tracking of Oil Sands Process-Affected Water Naphthenic Acids and Other Water-Soluble Organics in Surface Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2228-2243. [PMID: 31968936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A diagnostic ratio forensics tool, similar to that recognized internationally for oil spill source identification, is proposed for use in conjunction with existing LC/QToF quantitative methodology for bitumen-derived water-soluble organics (WSOs). The concept recognizes that bitumen WSOs bear a chemical skeletal relationship to stearane and hopane oil biomarkers. The method uses response ratios for 50 selected WSOs compared between samples by their relative percent difference and adopted acceptance criteria. Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) samples from different locations within a single tailings pond were shown to match, while those from different industrial sites did not. Acid extractable organic samples collected over 3 weeks from the same location within a single tailings pond matched with each other; as did temporal OSPW samples a year apart. Blind quality assurance samples of OSPW diluted in surface waters were positively identified to their corresponding OSPW source. No interferences were observed from surface waters, and there was no match between bitumen-influenced groundwater and OSPW samples, as expected for different sources. Proof of concept for OSPW source identification using diagnostic ratios was demonstrated, with anticipated application in the tracking of OSPW plumes in surface receiving waters, together with the potential for confirmation of source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Brunswick
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Richard A Frank
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Marcus Kim
- Agilent Technologies, Inc. , Mississauga , Ontario L5N 5M4 , Canada
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
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Ripmeester MJ, Duford DA. Method for routine "naphthenic acids fraction compounds" determination in oil sands process-affected water by liquid-liquid extraction in dichloromethane and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:687-696. [PMID: 31195273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formerly classified as naphthenic acids, "naphthenic acids fraction compounds" (NAFC) have become the subject of increasing research, in particular in view of their ubiquitous presence in the Canadian oil sands of Northern Alberta and oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW). NAFC, defined herein as the polar acid-extractable organics fraction of OSPW extractable in dichloromethane, are released into OSPW during the aqueous extraction of oil sands. A method for determining total NAFC concentration based on acidification, liquid-liquid extraction, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was developed by Jivraj et al. in 1995. It has become widely used in the oil sands industry for routine monitoring of NAFC. Since then, multiple variations of the method are practiced by different laboratories using different calibration materials and different extraction solvents, differences which were found to affect the results by as much as 38 and 64 percent respectively. The goal of this study was to establish a robust method for routinely quantifying NAFC that does not require complex and expensive laboratory equipment such as mass spectrometers. Described improvements include a semi-automated rolling extraction and the use of a vacuum evaporator unit to reduce the method's environmental impact. The improved FT-IR method avoids emulsions, is precise, provides good agreement with gravimetric determinations of NAFC, increases sample throughput, is inexpensive compared to MS methods, and offers a typical reporting limit of 0.1 mg kg-1. The residue recovered by this method with minimal losses can be further analyzed by MS techniques to characterize and identify individual NAFC components if desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ripmeester
- Syncrude Canada Ltd., Research & Development Centre, Analytical Research, 9421 17 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6N 1H4, Canada
| | - David A Duford
- Syncrude Canada Ltd., Research & Development Centre, Analytical Research, 9421 17 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6N 1H4, Canada.
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6
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Tanna RN, Redman AD, Frank RA, Arciszewski TJ, Zubot WA, Wrona FJ, Brogly JA, Munkittrick KR. Overview of Existing Science to Inform Oil Sands Process Water Release: A Technical Workshop Summary. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:519-527. [PMID: 30908840 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of oil sands from mining operations in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region uses an alkaline hot water extraction process. The oil sands process water (OSPW) is recycled to facilitate material transport (e.g., ore and tailings), process cooling, and is also reused in the extraction process. The industry has expanded since commercial mining began in 1967 and companies have been accumulating increasing inventories of OSPW. Short- and long-term sustainable water management practices require the ability to return treated water to the environment. The safe release of OSPW needs to be based on sound science and engineering practices to ensure downstream protection of ecological and human health. A significant body of research has contributed to the understanding of the chemistry and toxicity of OSPW. A multistakeholder science workshop was held in September 2017 to summarize the state of science on the toxicity and chemistry of OSPW. The goal of the workshop was to review completed research in the areas of toxicology, chemical analysis, and monitoring to support the release of treated oil sands water. A key outcome from the workshop was identifying research needs to inform future water management practices required to support OSPW return. Another key outcome of the workshop was the recognition that methods are sufficiently developed to characterize chemical and toxicological characteristics of OSPW to address and close knowledge gaps. Industry, government, and local indigenous stakeholders have proceeded to utilize these insights in reviewing policy and regulations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:519-527. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario
| | - Tim J Arciszewski
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Warren A Zubot
- Syncrude Canada Ltd, Edmonton Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Frederick J Wrona
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John A Brogly
- Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Kelly R Munkittrick
- Cold Regions and Water Initiatives, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Gutierrez-Villagomez JM, Peru KM, Edington C, Headley JV, Pauli BD, Trudeau VL. Naphthenic Acid Mixtures and Acid-Extractable Organics from Oil Sands Process-Affected Water Impair Embryonic Development of Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2095-2104. [PMID: 30648867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are carboxylic acids naturally occurring in crude oils and bitumen and are suspected to be the primary toxic substances in wastewaters associated with oil refineries and mining of oil sands. Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) generated by the extraction of bitumen from oil sands are a major source of NAs and are currently stored in tailings ponds. We report on the acute lethality and teratogenic effects of aquatic exposure of Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis embryos to commercial NA extracts and from the acid extractable organics (AEOs) fraction of a Canadian OSPW. Using electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry, we determined that the O2 species proportion were 98.8, 98.9 and 58.6% for commercial mixtures Sigma 1 (S1M) and Sigma 2 (S2M), and AEOs, respectively. The 96h LC50 estimates were 10.4, 11.7, and 52.3 mg/L for S1M, S2M, and the AEOs, respectively. The 96h EC50 estimates based on frequencies of developmental abnormalities were 2.1, 2.6, and 14.2 mg/L for S1M, S2M, and the AEOs, respectively. The main effects observed were reduced body size, edema, and cranial, heart, gut and ocular abnormalities. Increasing concentrations of the mixtures resulted in increased severity and frequency of abnormalities ( p < 0.05). The rank-order potency was S1M > S2M > AEO based on LC50 and EC50 estimates. These data provide insight into the effects NAs in amphibian embryos and can contribute to the development of environmental guidelines for the management of OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada S7N 3H5
| | - Connor Edington
- Department of Biology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada K1N 6N5
| | - John V Headley
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada S7N 3H5
| | - Bruce D Pauli
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada K1N 6N5
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Yassine MM, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E. Application of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the characterization of organic aerosol: Searching for naphthenic acids. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1512:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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