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Jin Y, Blikslager AT. Myosin light chain kinase mediates intestinal barrier dysfunction via occludin endocytosis during anoxia/reoxygenation injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C996-C1004. [PMID: 27760753 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00113.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) injury induces loss of barrier function followed by epithelial repair. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) has been shown to alter barrier function via regulation of interepithelial tight junctions, but has not been studied in intestinal A/R injury. We hypothesized that A/R injury would disrupt tight junction barrier function via MLCK activation and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Caco-2BBe1 monolayers were subjected to anoxia for 2 h followed by reoxygenation in 21% O2, after which barrier function was determined by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and FITC-dextran flux. Tight junction proteins and MLCK signaling were assessed by Western blotting, real-time PCR, or immunofluorescence microscopy. The role of MLCK was further investigated with select inhibitors (ML-7 and peptide 18) by using in vitro and ex vivo models. Following A/R injury, there was a significant increase in paracellular permeability compared with control cells, as determined by TER and dextran fluxes (P < 0.05). The tight junction protein occludin was internalized during A/R injury and relocalized to the region of the tight junction after 4 h of recovery. MLC phosphorylation was significantly increased by A/R injury (P < 0.05), and treatment with the MLCK inhibitor peptide 18 attenuated the increased epithelial monolayer permeability and occludin endocytosis caused by A/R injury. Application of MLCK inhibitors to ischemia-injured porcine ileal mucosa induced significant increases in TER and reduced mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of 3H-labeled mannitol. These data suggest that MLCK-induced occludin endocytosis mediates intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction during A/R injury. Our results also indicate that MLCK-dependent occludin regulation may be a target for the therapeutic treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggeon Jin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Anthony T Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Uranjek J, Vovk I, Kompan L. Effect of the route of glutamine supplementation (enteral versus parenteral) on intestinal permeability on surgical intensive care unit patients: A pilot study. SURGICAL PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-1633.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Uranjek
- Department for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; General Hospital Slovenj Gradec; Slovenj Gradec; Slovenia
| | - Irena Vovk
- National Institute of Chemistry; Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - Lidija Kompan
- Department for Nutritional Support; Institute of Oncology; Ljubljana; Slovenia
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Reliability of measurement techniques for the hepato-splanchnic region in multiple-trauma patients. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2011; 37:577-81. [PMID: 26815468 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-010-0054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Relevant information on the adequacy of intestinal perfusion is needed. The objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between the difference in intra-mucosal and arterial CO2 pressure (pCO2 gap) and the outcome in multiply injured patients and relations between the pCO2 gap and intestinal permeability (IP). METHODS Forty consecutive multiply injured patients, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the University Medical Centre Ljubljana, were studied prospectively. On days 2 and 4, IP was measured using the lactulose-mannitol (L/M) test. For 4 days, the pCO2 gap was measured using air tonometry. Multiple organ failure (MOF) scores were calculated daily. RESULTS No significant differences in the MOF scores and length of ICU stay were found between the groups formed with respect to the presumably normal pCO2 gap value of 1.33 kPa. The baseline pCO2 gap difference in patients with abdominal injuries was significantly (p = 0.01) higher in comparison with those without abdominal injuries. There was no correlation between the pCO2 gap values and L/M index measured simultaneously and also between the baseline and average pCO2 gap and L/M index measured on days 2 and 4. We were unable to find any association between the MOF score and pCO2 gap. The MOF score, however, correlated significantly with the L/M value determined on day 4 (r = 0.85, p = 0.02). The average gastric retention volume was inversely correlated with the average pCO2 gap (r = -0.33, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The pCO2 gap in trauma patients on intra-gastric enteral nutrition in the phase of present technical solutions has no prognostic value for the development of MOF, but IP correlated with it.
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Li Q, Zhang Q, Wang C, Liu X, Qu L, Gu L, Li N, Li J. Altered distribution of tight junction proteins after intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4061-76. [PMID: 19929946 PMCID: PMC4516553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) disruptions have been demonstrated both in vitro and more recently in vivo in infection. However, the molecular basis for changes of TJ during ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is poorly understood. In the present study, intestinal damage was induced by I/R in an animal model. As assessed by TUNEL and propidium iodide uptake, we showed that I/R injury induced apoptosis as well as necrosis in rat colon, and the frequency of apoptotic and necrotic cells reached the maximum at 5 hrs of reperfusion. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that claudins 1, 3 and 5 are strongly expressed in the surface epithelial cells of the colon; however, labelling of all three proteins was present diffusely within cells and no longer focused at the lateral cell boundaries after I/R. Using Western blot analysis, we found that distribution of TJ proteins in membrane microdomains of TJ was markedly affected in I/R injury rats. Occludin, ZO-1, claudin-1 and claudin-3 were completely displaced from TX-100 insoluble fractions to TX-100 soluble fractions, and claudin-5 was partly displaced. The distribution of lipid raft marker protein caveolin-1 was also changed after I/R. I/R injury results in the disruption of TJs, which characterized by relocalization of the claudins 1, 3 and 5 and an increase in intestinal permeability using molecular tracer measurement. I/R injury altered distribution of TJ proteins in vivo that was associated with functional TJ deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Li
- Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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Li Q, Zhang Q, Wang C, Liu X, Li N, Li J. Disruption of tight junctions during polymicrobial sepsis in vivo. J Pathol 2009; 218:210-21. [PMID: 19235836 DOI: 10.1002/path.2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junctions may result in barrier function dysfunction during polymicrobial sepsis. The pathophysiology of sepsis involves breakdown of barrier integrity, which correlates with adverse outcome during sepsis. However, the mechanisms underlying loss of barrier function in sepsis remain unknown. In the present study in mice, tight junction (TJ) structure was analysed by transmission electron microscopy; intestinal permeability was assessed using molecular tracer measurement; and the distribution of TJ proteins was investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy. The membrane microdomains of TJs were isolated using discontinuous sucrose density gradients and the expression of TJ proteins in these was determined by western blot. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that claudins 1, 3, 4, 5, and 8 were present predominantly in the microvillous surface of epithelial cells and along the lateral membranes of the cells; in sepsis, however, labelling of these proteins was present diffusely within cells and was no longer focused at the lateral cell boundaries. Moreover, the expression of claudin-2 was markedly up-regulated in sepsis. Using western blot analysis, we found that occludin and claudins were displaced from raft fractions to non-raft fractions in membrane microdomains of TJs in sepsis. In addition, the disruption of TJ structure was accompanied by increased intestinal permeability. Our results demonstrate for the first time that redistribution of TJ proteins in TJ membrane microdomains and redistribution of claudins in epithelial cells of the colon lead to alteration of TJ architecture and TJ barrier dysfunction during the development of polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Li
- Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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de Haan JJ, Lubbers T, Derikx JP, Relja B, Henrich D, Greve JW, Marzi I, Buurman WA. Rapid development of intestinal cell damage following severe trauma: a prospective observational cohort study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:R86. [PMID: 19505335 PMCID: PMC2717456 DOI: 10.1186/cc7910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Loss of intestinal integrity has been implicated as an important contributor to the development of excessive inflammation following severe trauma. Thus far, clinical data concerning the occurrence and significance of intestinal damage after trauma remain scarce. This study investigates whether early intestinal epithelial cell damage occurs in trauma patients and, if present, whether such cell injury is related to shock, injury severity and the subsequent inflammatory response. Methods Prospective observational cohort study in 96 adult trauma patients. Upon arrival at the emergency room (ER) plasma levels of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (i-FABP), a specific marker for damage of differentiated enterocytes, were measured. Factors that potentially influence the development of intestinal cell damage after trauma were determined, including the presence of shock and the extent of abdominal trauma and general injury severity. Furthermore, early plasma levels of i-FABP were related to inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results Upon arrival at the ER, plasma i-FABP levels were increased compared with healthy volunteers, especially in the presence of shock (P < 0.01). The elevation of i-FABP was related to the extent of abdominal trauma as well as general injury severity (P < 0.05). Circulatory i-FABP concentrations at ER correlated positively with IL-6 and PCT levels at the first day (r2 = 0.19; P < 0.01 and r2 = 0.36; P < 0.001 respectively) and CRP concentrations at the second day after trauma (r2 = 0.25; P < 0.01). Conclusions This study reveals early presence of intestinal epithelial cell damage in trauma patients. The extent of intestinal damage is associated with the presence of shock and injury severity. Early intestinal damage precedes and is related to the subsequent developing inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco J de Haan
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Raman KG, Sappington PL, Yang R, Levy RM, Prince JM, Liu S, Watkins SK, Schmidt AM, Billiar TR, Fink MP. The role of RAGE in the pathogenesis of intestinal barrier dysfunction after hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291:G556-65. [PMID: 16751175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00055.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous conditions associated with excessive inflammation. To determine whether RAGE-dependent signaling is important in the development of intestinal barrier dysfunction after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HS/R), C57Bl/6, rage(-/-), or congenic rage(+/+) mice were subjected to HS/R (mean arterial pressure of 25 mmHg for 3 h) or a sham procedure. Twenty-four hours later, bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes and ileal mucosal permeability to FITC-labeled dextran were assessed. Additionally, samples of ileum were obtained for immunofluorescence microscopy, and plasma was collected for measuring IL-6 and IL-10 levels. HS/R in C57Bl/6 mice was associated with increased bacterial translocation, ileal mucosal hyperpermeability, and high circulating levels of IL-6. All of these effects were prevented when C57Bl/6 mice were treated with recombinant human soluble RAGE (sRAGE; the extracellular ligand-binding domain of RAGE). HS/R induced bacterial translocation, ileal mucosal hyperpermeability, and high plasma IL-6 levels in rage(+/+) but not rage(-/-) mice. Circulating IL-10 levels were higher in rage(-/-) compared with rage(+/+) mice. These results suggest that activation of RAGE-dependent signaling is a key factor leading to gut mucosal barrier dysfunction after HS/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G Raman
- Univ. of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 616 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kozar RA, Verner-Cole E, Schultz SG, Sato N, Bick RJ, Desoignie R, Poindexter BJ, Moore FA. The immune-enhancing enteral agents arginine and glutamine differentially modulate gut barrier function following mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 57:1150-6. [PMID: 15625443 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000151273.01810.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-enhancing enteral diets have been shown to improve patient outcome. One contributing mechanism may be via maintenance of gut barrier function. While recent data has shown that glutamine is beneficial, arginine may be harmful. We therefore hypothesized that the immune-enhancing agents, glutamine and arginine, differentially modulate gut barrier function. METHODS At laparotomy, rats had jejunal sacs filled with 10 mmol/L glutamine, arginine, fructose, or magnesium sulfate (osmotic control) followed by 60 minutes of superior mesenteric artery occlusion and 2 hours of reperfusion. Jejunum was harvested for histology, deconvolution microscopy, F:G actin, ATP, and permeability measurements. RESULTS Glutamine and fructose minimized mucosal injury compared with controls and arginine. Deconvolution microscopy confirmed that glutamine and fructose preserved the actin cytoskeleton but there was disruption by arginine which correlated with F:G actin ratios and tissue ATP levels. Permeability was enhanced by arginine compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION Arginine resulted in worsened mucosal injury, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, decreased tissue ATP and enhanced permeability compared with glutamine which appeared protective. The immune-enhancing agent arginine results in breakdown of gut barrier function which may have important implications for critically injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Kozar
- Departments of Surgery, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Hietbrink F, Koenderman L, Rijkers GT, Leenen LPH. Trauma: the role of the innate immune system. World J Emerg Surg 2006; 1:15. [PMID: 16759367 PMCID: PMC1481567 DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction can provoke (multiple) organ failure in severely injured patients. This dysfunction manifests in two forms, which follow a biphasic pattern. During the first phase, in addition to the injury by trauma, organ damage is caused by the immune system during a systemic inflammatory response. During the second phase the patient is more susceptible for sepsis due to host defence failure (immune paralysis). The pathophysiological model outlined in this review encompasses etiological factors and the contribution of the innate immune system in the end organ damage. The etiological factors can be divided into intrinsic (genetic predisposition and physiological status) and extrinsic components (type of injury or "traumaload" and surgery or "intervention load"). Of all the factors, the intervention load is the only one which, can be altered by the attending emergency physician. Adjustment of the therapeutic approach and choice of the most appropriate treatment strategy can minimize the damage caused by the immune response and prevent the development of immunological paralysis. This review provides a pathophysiological basis for the damage control concept, in which a staged approach of surgery and post-traumatic immunomonitoring have become important aspects of the treatment protocol. The innate immune system is the main objective of immunomonitoring as it has the most prominent role in organ failure after trauma. Polymorphonuclear phagocytes and monocytes are the main effector-cells of the innate immune system in the processes that lead to organ failure. These cells are controlled by cytokines, chemokines, complement factors and specific tissue signals. The contribution of tissue barrier integrity and its interaction with the innate immune system is further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hietbrink
- Dept. of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Koenderman
- Dept. of Pulmonary Science, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - GT Rijkers
- Dept. of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - LPH Leenen
- Dept. of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kozar RA, Schultz SG, Bick RJ, Poindexter BJ, DeSoignie R, Moore FA. Enteral glutamine but not alanine maintains small bowel barrier function after ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Shock 2004; 21:433-7. [PMID: 15087819 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200405000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that glucose and glutamine, solutes metabolized by the gut, replenish ATP and enhance gut function compared with alanine, a solute not metabolized by the gut, following mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The purpose of the present study was to determine if the nonmetabolizable solute alanine differentially modulates cytoskeletal organization and paracellular small intestinal permeability compared with the metabolizable solutes glucose and glutamine following mesenteric I/R. At laparotomy, rats had jejunal sacs filled with 10 mM glucose, glutamine, alanine, or magnesium sulfate (5 mm, osmotic control) followed by superior mesenteric artery clamping for 60 min and 30 min of reperfusion or sham laparotomy. Jejunum was harvested for evaluation by deconvolution microscopy, fluorescent measurement of F:G actin ratio, or mounted in an Ussing chamber for determination of intestinal permeability. Deconvolution microscopy revealed that the actin cytoskeleton was preserved by enteral glutamine, comparable to shams, but disrupted by enteral alanine. Glucose and controls resulted in comparable disruption, which was less than that with alanine. The F:G actin ratio was highest for glutamine and lowest for alanine; glucose was comparable to controls. Intestinal permeability was highest for alanine and lowest for glutamine, which was comparable to shams. Permeability following glucose and controls was higher than that following glutamine but lower than that following alanine. The nonmetabolizable solute alanine resulted in disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and enhanced intestinal permeability under conditions of mesenteric I/R. The metabolizable solute glutamine was protective under these conditions, whereas glucose exerted minimal effect on the integrity of the cytoskeleton and intestinal permeability. The individual components of enteral diets may differentially modulate intestinal barrier function, which could have important implications when administered to critically injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Kozar
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas--Houston School of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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