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Elhosseini MA, El-Banna TE, Sonbol FI, El-Bouseary MM. Potential antivirulence activity of sub-inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin against Proteus mirabilis isolates: an in-vitro and in-vivo study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:48. [PMID: 38802894 PMCID: PMC11131287 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteus mirabilis is a significant nosocomial pathogen that is frequently associated with a wide range of infections, necessitating heightened attention to mitigate potential health risks. Hence, this study was performed to investigate the impact of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin (CIP) on Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates. METHODS The sub-MICs of CIP were selected using the growth curve approach. The untreated and treated isolates with sub-MICs of CIP were assessed for their biofilm development, motilities on agar, and other virulence factors. The cell morphology of untreated and treated isolates with sub-MIC of CIP was explored using electron microscope. Moreover, the expression levels of the virulence genes in isolates were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Data revealed that sub-MICs of CIP significantly (p < 0.05), in a concentration-dependent manner, inhibited biofilm formation and other virulence factors in the selected isolates. Electron microscope analysis showed cell enlargement and various abnormalities in the cell wall and membrane integrity. CONCLUSION Sub-MICs of CIP exhibited inhibition of virulence and alterations in morphological integrity against P. mirabilis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elhosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
- Specialized Medical Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Tarek E El-Banna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Fatma I Sonbol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Maisra M El-Bouseary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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2
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DuPont HL. The potential for development of clinically relevant microbial resistance to rifaximin-α: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0003923. [PMID: 37971270 PMCID: PMC10732030 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00039-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifaximin-α is a gut-targeted antibiotic indicated for numerous gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Its multifaceted mechanism of action goes beyond direct antimicrobial effects, including alterations in bacterial virulence, cytoprotective effects on host epithelial cells, improvement of impaired intestinal permeability, and reduction of proinflammatory cytokine expression via activation of the pregnane X receptor. Rifaximin-α is virtually non-absorbed, with low systemic drug levels contributing to its excellent safety profile. While there are high concentrations of drug in the colon, low water solubility leads to low colonic drug bioavailability, protecting the gut microbiome. Rifaximin-α appears to be more active in the bile-rich small bowel. Its important biologic effects are largely at sub-inhibitory concentration. Although in vitro testing of clinical isolates from rifaximin recipients has revealed rifaximin-resistant strains in some studies, the risk of emergent rifaximin-α resistance appears to be lower than for many other antibiotics. Rifaximin-α has been used for many years for traveler's diarrhea with no apparent increase in resistance levels in causative pathogens. Further, rifaximin-α retains its efficacy after long-term and recurrent usage in chronic gastrointestinal disorders. There are numerous reasons why the risk of microbial resistance to rifaximin-α may be lower than that for other agents, including low intestinal bioavailability in the aqueous colon, the mechanisms of action of rifaximin-α not requiring inhibitory concentrations of drug, and the low risk of cross transmission of rifaximin-α resistance between bacterial species. Reported emergence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in liver-disease patients maintained on rifaximin needs to be actively studied. Further studies are required to assess the possible correlation between in vitro resistance and rifaximin-α efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert L. DuPont
- School of Public Health and McGovern Medical School, Baylor College of Medicine, Kelsey Research Foundation, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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3
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Hinokiflavone Attenuates the Virulence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Targeting Caseinolytic Protease P. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0024022. [PMID: 35862746 PMCID: PMC9380526 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00240-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacteria was the third leading cause of death worldwide in 2019, which sounds like a cautionary note for global public health. Therefore, developing novel strategies to combat Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections is the need of the hour. Caseinolytic protease P (ClpP) represents pivotal microbial degradation machinery in MRSA involved in bacterial homeostasis and pathogenicity, considered an ideal target for combating S. aureus infections. Herein, we identified a natural compound, hinokiflavone, that inhibited the activity of ClpP of MRSA strain USA300 with an IC50 of 34.36 μg/mL. Further assays showed that hinokiflavone reduced the virulence of S. aureus by inhibiting multiple virulence factors expression. Results obtained from cellular thermal transfer assay (CETSA), thermal shift assay (TSA), local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and molecular docking (MD) assay enunciated that hinokiflavone directly bonded to ClpP with confirmed docking sites, including SER-22, LYS-26 and ARG-28. In vivo, the evaluation of anti-infective activity showed that hinokiflavone in combination with vancomycin effectively protected mice from MRSA-induced fatal pneumonia, which was more potent than vancomycin alone. As mentioned above, hinokiflavone, as an inhibitor of ClpP, could be further developed into a promising adjuvant against S. aureus infections.
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Nolan C, Behrends V. Sub-Inhibitory Antibiotic Exposure and Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111393. [PMID: 34827331 PMCID: PMC8615142 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a prime opportunistic pathogen, one of the most important causes of hospital-acquired infections and the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis lung infections. One reason for the bacterium's pathogenic success is the large array of virulence factors that it can employ. Another is its high degree of intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics. In this review, we first summarise the current knowledge about the regulation of virulence factor expression and production. We then look at the impact of sub-MIC antibiotic exposure and find that the virulence-antibiotic interaction for P. aeruginosa is antibiotic-specific, multifaceted, and complex. Most studies undertaken to date have been in vitro assays in batch culture systems, involving short-term (<24 h) antibiotic exposure. Therefore, we discuss the importance of long-term, in vivo-mimicking models for future work, particularly highlighting the need to account for bacterial physiology, which by extension governs both virulence factor expression and antibiotic tolerance/resistance.
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5
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Ricci A, Bertani G, Maoloni A, Bernini V, Levante A, Neviani E, Lazzi C. Antimicrobial Activity of Fermented Vegetable Byproduct Extracts for Food Applications. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051092. [PMID: 34069051 PMCID: PMC8156661 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent foodborne diseases and extend shelf-life, antimicrobial agents may be used in food to inhibit the growth of undesired microorganisms. In addition to the prevention of foodborne diseases, another huge concern of our time is the recovery of agri-food byproducts. In compliance with these challenges, the aim of this work was to more deeply investigate the antimicrobial activity of extracts derived from fermented tomato, melon, and carrot byproducts, previously studied. All the fermented extracts had antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in foodstuff, showing even higher activity than commercial preservatives, tested for comparison against spoilage microorganisms and foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and B. cereus. These promising results highlight an unstudied aspect for the production of innovative natural preservatives, exploitable to improve the safety and shelf-life of various categories of foodstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ricci
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.); (G.B.); (A.L.); (E.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Gaia Bertani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.); (G.B.); (A.L.); (E.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Antonietta Maoloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Valentina Bernini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.); (G.B.); (A.L.); (E.N.); (C.L.)
- SITEIA.PARMA—Centro Interdipartimentale sulla Sicurezza, Tecnologie e Innovazione Agroalimentare, University of Parma, Tecnopolo Pad. 33 Campus Universitario, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessia Levante
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.); (G.B.); (A.L.); (E.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Erasmo Neviani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.); (G.B.); (A.L.); (E.N.); (C.L.)
- SITEIA.PARMA—Centro Interdipartimentale sulla Sicurezza, Tecnologie e Innovazione Agroalimentare, University of Parma, Tecnopolo Pad. 33 Campus Universitario, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Camilla Lazzi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.); (G.B.); (A.L.); (E.N.); (C.L.)
- SITEIA.PARMA—Centro Interdipartimentale sulla Sicurezza, Tecnologie e Innovazione Agroalimentare, University of Parma, Tecnopolo Pad. 33 Campus Universitario, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Chaudhry F, Naureen S, Aslam M, Al‐Rashida M, Rahman J, Huma R, Fatima J, Khan M, Munawar MA, Ain Khan M. Identification of Imidazolylpyrazole Ligands as Potent Urease Inhibitors: Synthesis, Antiurease Activity and In Silico Docking Studies. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faryal Chaudhry
- Department of Chemistry Kinnaird College for Women Lahore 93-Jail Road Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Sadia Naureen
- Institute of the Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam Campus University of the Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - Misbah Aslam
- Department of Chemistry the Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 63100 Pakistan
| | - Mariya Al‐Rashida
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College A Chartered University) Ferozepur Road Lahore 54600 Pakistan
| | - Jameel Rahman
- Department of Chemistry the Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 63100 Pakistan
| | - Rahila Huma
- Department of Chemistry Kinnaird College for Women Lahore 93-Jail Road Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Javeria Fatima
- Department of Chemistry Kinnaird College for Women Lahore 93-Jail Road Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Mavra Khan
- Department of Chemistry Kinnaird College for Women Lahore 93-Jail Road Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Munawar Ali Munawar
- Institute of the Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam Campus University of the Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - Misbahul Ain Khan
- Institute of the Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam Campus University of the Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry the Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 63100 Pakistan
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Abad L, Josse J, Tasse J, Lustig S, Ferry T, Diot A, Laurent F, Valour F. Antibiofilm and intraosteoblastic activities of rifamycins against Staphylococcus aureus: promising in vitro profile of rifabutin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:1466-1473. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Targeting biofilm-embedded and intraosteoblastic Staphylococcus aureus, rifampicin gained a pivotal role in bone and joint infection (BJI) treatment. Two other rifamycins, rifabutin and rifapentine, may represent better-tolerated alternatives, but their activity against bacterial reservoirs associated with BJI chronicity has never been evaluated.
Objectives
To evaluate the activities of rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine in osteoblast infection models.
Methods
Using three S. aureus isolates, rifamycins were compared regarding: (i) their intracellular activity in ‘acute’ (24 h) and ‘chronic’ (7 days) osteoblast infection models at 0.1× MIC, 1× MIC, 10× MIC and 100× MIC, while impacting infection-induced cytotoxicity (MTT assay), intracellular phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) secretion (RT–PCR), resistance selection and small colony variant (SCV) emergence; and (ii) their minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and their MIC to prevent biofilm formation (bMIC).
Results
At 0.1× MIC, only rifabutin significantly reduced intracellular inoculum and PSM secretion. All rifamycins allowed a 50% reduction of intraosteoblastic inoculum at higher concentrations, with no difference between acute and chronic infection models, while reducing infection-induced cytotoxicity and PSM secretion. Dose-dependent emergence of intracellular SCVs was observed for all molecules. No intracellular emergence of resistance was detected. bMICs were equivalent for all molecules, but MBEC90s of rifapentine and rifabutin were 10- to 100-fold lower than those of rifampicin, respectively.
Conclusions
All rifamycins are efficient in reducing the S. aureus intraosteoblastic reservoir while limiting infection-induced cytotoxicity, with a higher activity of rifabutin at low concentrations. All molecules prevent biofilm formation, but only rifapentine and rifabutin consistently reduce formed biofilm-embedded bacteria for all isolates. The activity of rifabutin at lower doses highlights its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lélia Abad
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, French National Reference Center for Staphylococci, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Josse
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jason Tasse
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Lustig
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Centres de Référence pour la prise en charge des Infections ostéoarticulaires complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department de chirurgie orthopédique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Tristan Ferry
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Centres de Référence pour la prise en charge des Infections ostéoarticulaires complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Département maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alan Diot
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Laurent
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, French National Reference Center for Staphylococci, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, French National Reference Center for Staphylococci, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centres de Référence pour la prise en charge des Infections ostéoarticulaires complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florent Valour
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Centres de Référence pour la prise en charge des Infections ostéoarticulaires complexes (CRIOAc Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Département maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Efficacy of Aerosolized Rifaximin versus Tobramycin for Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia in Mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02341-18. [PMID: 31010865 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02341-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic bacterial pathogen that can cause chronic lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The current preferred treatment for CF lung infections includes inhaled tobramycin (TOB); however, studies suggest TOB cannot effectively inhibit biofilm formation. Using an NIH small compounds drug library approved for safe use in humans, we identified rifaximin (RFX), a semisynthetic, rifamycin family, nonsystemic antibiotic that inhibits alginate production and growth in P. aeruginosa Inhibition of alginate production was further analyzed using the uronic acid carbazole assay and a promoter reporter assay that measures the transcription of the alginate biosynthetic operon. Compared to TOB, RFX significantly reduced alginate production in laboratory and CF sputum isolates of P. aeruginosa In addition, RFX showed a narrow range of MICs when measured with multidrug-resistant bacterial species of clinical relevance, synergistic activities with TOB or amikacin against clinical isolates, as well as reduction toward in vitro preformed biofilms. In C57BL/6 mice, penetration of nebulized TOB into the lungs was shown at a higher level than that of RFX. Further, in vivo assessment using a DBA/2 mouse lung infection model found increased survival rates with a single-dose treatment of nebulized RFX and decreased P. aeruginosa PAO1 bioburden with a multiple-dose treatment of RFX plus TOB. In addition, mice treated with a single exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a solvent that dissolves RFX, showed no apparent toxicity. In summary, RFX may be used to supplement TOB inhalation therapy to increase efficacy against P. aeruginosa biofilm infections.
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Kawaguchi T, Suzuki F, Imamura M, Murashima N, Yanase M, Mine T, Fujisawa M, Sato I, Yoshiji H, Okita K, Suzuki K. Rifaximin-altered gut microbiota components associated with liver/neuropsychological functions in patients with hepatic encephalopathy: An exploratory data analysis of phase II/III clinical trials. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:404-418. [PMID: 30589492 PMCID: PMC6849579 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Rifaximin (RFX), a non-systemic antibiotic, improves liver/neuropsychological functions in patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). We aimed to investigate the clinical profiles associated with gut bacterial loads using exploratory data analysis and the effects of RFX on the gut microbiota of patients with HE. METHODS We analyzed the data from 17 patients with HE who underwent fecal microbiota examination in phase II/III trials in Japan. Profiles associated with genera Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Lactobacillus loads were analyzed using classification and regression trees (CART). Changes in gut microbial consortia of seven patients with HE were then assessed 2 weeks after RFX treatment by principal component analysis. RESULTS In the CART, the first and second divergence variables for each higher bacterial load were as follows: (i) in Streptococcus, the number connection test-A ≥39.55 s and presence of portal-systemic shunt; (ii) in Veillonella, serum potassium levels <4.75 mEq/L and total cholesterol level <129.5 mg/dL; and (iii) in Lactobacillus, white blood cell counts ≥3.4 × 103 /μL and aspartate aminotransferase level ≥44.5 U/L. There was no significant change in total bacterial load before and after RFX treatment; however, there was a decrease in Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Lactobacillus counts after RFX treatment. CONCLUSION We report clinical profiles associated with gut bacterial loads in patients with HE, and showed that RFX altered gut microbiota components associated with liver/neuropsychological functions. Thus, RFX could improve liver/neuropsychological functions through the regulation of the gut microbial consortia in patients with HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of MedicineKurume University School of MedicineKurumeJapan
| | | | - Masatoshi Imamura
- Departments of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKohnodai HospitalIchikawaJapan
| | | | - Mikio Yanase
- GastroenterologyNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tetsuya Mine
- Department of GastroenterologyTokai University HospitalIseharaJapan
| | | | - Ikuya Sato
- Development DivisionASKA Pharmaceutical Co., LtdTokyoJapan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Third Department of Internal MedicineNara Medical UniversityKashiharaJapan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal MedicineIwate Medical UniversityMoriokaJapan
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Rifaximin, Microbiota Biology, and Hepatic Encephalopathy. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e195. [PMID: 27711069 PMCID: PMC5288587 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifaximin is beneficial in the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Kang et al. (Clin Transl Gastroenterol 7: e187; doi:10.1038/ctg.2016.44) investigated the effects of rifaximin in a mouse model of MHE-associated microbiota without concomitant liver disease. In addition to some impact on the composition of microbiota, rifaximin altered bacterial functions, ameliorated local and systemic inflammation, and reduced enterocyte glutaminase activity. We discuss these effects as well as the interpretation of the permeability studies, given the potential interaction of dysbiosis with dysfunctional intestinal barrier, leading to systemic inflammation and increased uptake of bacterial metabolites that contribute to MHE in the presence of hepatic dysfunction.
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