1
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Blondé P, Kristjánsson Á, Pascucci D. Tuning perception and decisions to temporal context. iScience 2023; 26:108008. [PMID: 37810242 PMCID: PMC10551895 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work suggests that serial dependence, where perceptual decisions are biased toward previous stimuli, arises from the prior that sensory input is temporally correlated. However, existing studies have mostly used random stimulus sequences that do not involve such temporal consistencies. Here, we manipulated the temporal statistics of visual stimuli to examine the role of true temporal correlations in serial dependence. In two experiments, observers reproduced the orientation of the last stimulus in a sequence, while we varied temporal correlations in the stimulus features at two timescales: stimulus history within the trial and decision history across trials. We found a clear dissociation: increasing temporal correlation in the stimulus history led to adaptation-like repulsive biases, whereas increasing temporal correlation in the decision history reduced attractive biases. Thus, we suggest that temporal correlation enhances the discriminative ability of the visual system, revealing the fundamental role of the broader temporal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Blondé
- Icelandic Vision Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Árni Kristjánsson
- Icelandic Vision Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David Pascucci
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Manassi M, Murai Y, Whitney D. Serial dependence in visual perception: A meta-analysis and review. J Vis 2023; 23:18. [PMID: 37642639 PMCID: PMC10476445 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.8.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive sequential dependencies are phenomena in which actions, perception, decisions, and memory of features or objects are systematically biased toward visual experiences from the recent past. Among many labels, serial dependencies have been referred to as priming, sequential dependencies, sequential effects, or serial effects. Despite extensive research on the topic, the field still lacks an operational definition of what counts as serial dependence. In this meta-analysis, we review the vast literature on serial dependence and quantitatively assess its key diagnostic characteristics across several different domains of visual perception. The meta-analyses fully characterize serial dependence in orientation, face, and numerosity perception. They show that serial dependence is defined by four main kinds of tuning: serial dependence decays with time (temporal-tuning), it depends on relative spatial location (spatial-tuning), it occurs only between similar features and objects (feature-tuning), and it is modulated by attention (attentional-tuning). We also review studies of serial dependence that report single observer data, highlighting the importance of individual differences in serial dependence. Finally, we discuss a range of outstanding questions and novel research avenues that are prompted by the meta-analyses. Together, the meta-analyses provide a full characterization of serial dependence as an operationally defined family of visual phenomena, and they outline several of the key diagnostic criteria for serial dependence that should serve as guideposts for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Manassi
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Yuki Murai
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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3
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Bayer M, Zimmermann E. Serial dependencies in visual stability during self-motion. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:447-457. [PMID: 37465870 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00157.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Every time we move our head, the brain must decide whether the displacement of the visual scene is the result of external or self-produced motion. Gaze shifts generate the biggest and most frequent disturbance of vision. Visual stability during gaze shifts is necessary for both, dissociating self-produced from external motion and retaining bodily balance. Here, we asked participants to perform an eye-head gaze shift to a target that was briefly presented in a head-mounted display. We manipulated the velocity of the scene displacement across trials such that the background moved either too fast or too slow in relation to the head movement speed. Participants were required to report whether they perceived the gaze-contingent visual motion as faster or slower than what they would expect from their head movement velocity. We found that the point of visual stability was attracted to the velocity presented in the previous trial. Our data reveal that serial dependencies in visual stability calibrate the mapping between motor-related signals coding head movement velocity and visual motion velocity. This process is likely to aid in visual stability as the accuracy of this mapping is crucial to maintain visual stability during self-motion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report that visual stability during self-motion is maintained by serial dependencies between the current and the previous gaze-contingent visual velocity that was experienced during a head movement. The gaze-contingent scene displacement velocity that appears normal to us thus depends on what we have registered in the recent history of gaze shifts. Serial dependencies provide an efficient means to maintain visual stability during self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Bayer
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eckart Zimmermann
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Ren Z, Li X, Pietralla D, Manassi M, Whitney D. Serial Dependence in Dermatological Judgments. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101775. [PMID: 37238260 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Serial Dependence is a ubiquitous visual phenomenon in which sequentially viewed images appear more similar than they actually are, thus facilitating an efficient and stable perceptual experience in human observers. Although serial dependence is adaptive and beneficial in the naturally autocorrelated visual world, a smoothing perceptual experience, it might turn maladaptive in artificial circumstances, such as medical image perception tasks, where visual stimuli are randomly sequenced. Here, we analyzed 758,139 skin cancer diagnostic records from an online app, and we quantified the semantic similarity between sequential dermatology images using a computer vision model as well as human raters. We then tested whether serial dependence in perception occurs in dermatological judgments as a function of image similarity. We found significant serial dependence in perceptual discrimination judgments of lesion malignancy. Moreover, the serial dependence was tuned to the similarity in the images, and it decayed over time. The results indicate that relatively realistic store-and-forward dermatology judgments may be biased by serial dependence. These findings help in understanding one potential source of systematic bias and errors in medical image perception tasks and hint at useful approaches that could alleviate the errors due to serial dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Ren
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dana Pietralla
- Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, D-50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mauro Manassi
- School of Psychology, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - David Whitney
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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5
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Eckert AL, Gounitski Y, Guggenmos M, Sterzer P. Cross-Modality Evidence for Reduced Choice History Biases in Psychosis-Prone Individuals. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:397-406. [PMID: 36440751 PMCID: PMC10016417 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Predictive processing posits that perception emerges from inferential processes within a hierarchical cortical system. Alterations of these processes may result in psychotic experiences, such as hallucinations and delusions. Central to the predictive processing account of psychosis is the notion of aberrant weights attributed to prior information and sensory input. Based on the notion that previous perceptual choices represent a relevant source of prior information, we here asked whether the propensity towards psychotic experiences may be related to altered choice history biases in perceptual decision-making. METHODS We investigated the relationship between choice history biases in perceptual decision-making and psychosis proneness in the general population. Choice history biases and their adaptation to experimentally induced changes in stimulus serial dependencies were investigated in decision-making tasks with auditory (experiment 1) and visual (experiment 2) stimuli. We further explored a potential compensatory mechanism for reduced choice history biases by reliance on predictive cross-modal cues. RESULTS In line with our preregistered hypothesis, psychosis proneness was associated with decreased choice history biases in both experiments. This association is generalized across conditions with and without stimulus serial dependencies. We did not find consistent evidence for a compensatory reliance on cue information in psychosis-prone individuals across experiments. CONCLUSIONS Our results show reduced choice history biases in psychosis proneness. A compensatory mechanism between implicit choice history effects and explicit cue information is not supported unequivocally by our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Eckert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yael Gounitski
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Guggenmos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Health and Medical University, Institute for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Olympischer Weg 1, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm-Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Rapid cross-sensory adaptation of self-motion perception. Cortex 2022; 148:14-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Turbett K, Jeffery L, Bell J, Digges A, Zheng Y, Hsiao J, Palermo R. Serial dependence of facial identity for own- and other-race faces. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1711-1726. [PMID: 34714182 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211059430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that individuals are better at recognising faces of their own-race compared with other-races; however, there is ongoing debate regarding the perceptual mechanisms that may be involved and therefore sensitive to face-race. Here, we ask whether serial dependence of facial identity, a bias where the perception of a face's identity is biased towards a previously presented face, shows an other-race effect. Serial dependence is associated with face recognition ability and appears to operate on high-level, face-selective representations, like other candidate mechanisms (e.g., holistic processing). We therefore expected to find an other-race effect for serial dependence for our Caucasian and Asian participants. While participants showed robust effects of serial dependence for all faces, only Caucasian participants showed stronger serial dependence for own-race faces. Intriguingly, we found that individual variation in own-race, but not other-race, serial dependence was significantly associated with face recognition abilities. Preliminary evidence also suggested that other-race contact is associated with other-race serial dependence. In conclusion, though we did not find an overall difference in serial dependence for own- versus other-race faces in both participant groups, our results highlight that this bias may be functionally different for own- versus other-race faces and sensitive to racial experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Turbett
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Linda Jeffery
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Bell
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Digges
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Yueyuan Zheng
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Janet Hsiao
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Romina Palermo
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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8
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Kramer RSS, Pustelnik LR. Sequential effects in facial attractiveness judgments: Separating perceptual and response biases. VISUAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2021.1995558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Manassi M, Ghirardo C, Canas-Bajo T, Ren Z, Prinzmetal W, Whitney D. Serial dependence in the perceptual judgments of radiologists. COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2021; 6:65. [PMID: 34648124 PMCID: PMC8517058 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In radiological screening, clinicians scan myriads of radiographs with the intent of recognizing and differentiating lesions. Even though they are trained experts, radiologists’ human search engines are not perfect: average daily error rates are estimated around 3–5%. A main underlying assumption in radiological screening is that visual search on a current radiograph occurs independently of previously seen radiographs. However, recent studies have shown that human perception is biased by previously seen stimuli; the bias in our visual system to misperceive current stimuli towards previous stimuli is called serial dependence. Here, we tested whether serial dependence impacts radiologists’ recognition of simulated lesions embedded in actual radiographs. We found that serial dependence affected radiologists’ recognition of simulated lesions; perception on an average trial was pulled 13% toward the 1-back stimulus. Simulated lesions were perceived as biased towards the those seen in the previous 1 or 2 radiographs. Similar results were found when testing lesion recognition in a group of untrained observers. Taken together, these results suggest that perceptual judgements of radiologists are affected by previous visual experience, and thus some of the diagnostic errors exhibited by radiologists may be caused by serial dependence from previously seen radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Manassi
- School of Psychology, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Cristina Ghirardo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Canas-Bajo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhihang Ren
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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10
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Murai Y, Whitney D. Serial dependence revealed in history-dependent perceptual templates. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3185-3191.e3. [PMID: 34087105 PMCID: PMC8319107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In any given perceptual task, the visual system selectively weighs or filters incoming information. The particular set of weights or filters form a kind of template, which reveals the regions or types of information that are particularly useful for a given perceptual decision.1,2 Unfortunately, sensory input is noisy and ever changing. To compensate for these fluctuations, the visual system could adopt a strategy of biasing the templates such that they reflect a temporal smoothing of input, which would be a form of serial dependence.3-5 Here, we demonstrate that perceptual templates are, in fact, altered by serial dependence. Using a simple orientation detection task and classification-image technique, we found that perceptual templates are systematically biased toward previously seen, task-irrelevant orientations. The results of an orientation discrimination task suggest that this shift in perceptual template derives from a change in the perceptual appearance of orientation. Our study reveals how serial dependence biases internal templates of orientation and suggests that the sensitivity of classification-image techniques in general could be improved by taking into account history-dependent fluctuations in templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murai
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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11
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Alais D, Xu Y, Wardle SG, Taubert J. A shared mechanism for facial expression in human faces and face pareidolia. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210966. [PMID: 34229489 PMCID: PMC8261219 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions are vital for social communication, yet the underlying mechanisms are still being discovered. Illusory faces perceived in objects (face pareidolia) are errors of face detection that share some neural mechanisms with human face processing. However, it is unknown whether expression in illusory faces engages the same mechanisms as human faces. Here, using a serial dependence paradigm, we investigated whether illusory and human faces share a common expression mechanism. First, we found that images of face pareidolia are reliably rated for expression, within and between observers, despite varying greatly in visual features. Second, they exhibit positive serial dependence for perceived facial expression, meaning an illusory face (happy or angry) is perceived as more similar in expression to the preceding one, just as seen for human faces. This suggests illusory and human faces engage similar mechanisms of temporal continuity. Third, we found robust cross-domain serial dependence of perceived expression between illusory and human faces when they were interleaved, with serial effects larger when illusory faces preceded human faces than the reverse. Together, the results support a shared mechanism for facial expression between human faces and illusory faces and suggest that expression processing is not tightly bound to human facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alais
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiben Xu
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan G Wardle
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Taubert
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Turbett K, Palermo R, Bell J, Hanran-Smith DA, Jeffery L. Serial dependence of facial identity reflects high-level face coding. Vision Res 2021; 182:9-19. [PMID: 33578076 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Serial dependence of facial identity is a type of bias where the perceived identity of a face is biased towards a previously presented face. There are individual differences in serial dependence strength and tuning (how the strength varies depending on stimuli similarity), and previous research has shown that both stronger and more narrowly tuned serial dependence of facial identity is associated with better face recognition abilities. These results are consistent with the idea that this bias plays a functional role in face perception. It is important, therefore, to determine whether serial dependence of facial identity reflects a high-level face-coding mechanism acting on the identity of a face or instead predominantly reflects a bias in low-level features, which are also subject to serial dependence. We first sought evidence that serial dependence of facial identity survived changes in low-level visual features, by varying face viewpoint between successive stimuli. We found that serial dependence persisted across changes in viewpoint, arguing against an entirely low-level locus for this bias. We next tested whether the bias was affected by inversion, as sensitivity to inversion is argued to be a characteristic of high-level face-selective processing. Serial dependence was stronger and more narrowly tuned for upright than inverted faces. Taken together, our results are consistent with the view that serial dependence of facial identity affects high-level visual representations and may reflect a face-coding mechanism that is operating at the level of facial identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Turbett
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
| | - Romina Palermo
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Bell
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Dewi Anna Hanran-Smith
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Linda Jeffery
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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13
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Ho PK, Newell FN. Changes in perceptual category affects serial dependence in judgements of attractiveness. VISUAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2020.1841867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pik Ki Ho
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona N. Newell
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Manassi M, Kristjánsson Á, Whitney D. Serial dependence in a simulated clinical visual search task. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19937. [PMID: 31882657 PMCID: PMC6934778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In everyday life, we continuously search for and classify objects in the environment around us. This kind of visual search is extremely important when performed by radiologists in cancer image interpretation and officers in airport security screening. During these tasks, observers often examine large numbers of uncorrelated images (tumor x-rays, checkpoint x-rays, etc.) one after another. An underlying assumption of such tasks is that search and recognition are independent of our past experience. Here, we simulated a visual search task reminiscent of medical image search and found that shape classification performance was strongly impaired by recent visual experience, biasing classification errors 7% more towards the previous image content. This perceptual attraction exhibited the three main tuning characteristics of Continuity Fields: serial dependence extended over 12 seconds back in time (temporal tuning), it occurred only between similar tumor-like shapes (feature tuning), and only within a limited spatial region (spatial tuning). Taken together, these results demonstrate that serial dependence influences shape perception and occurs in visual search tasks. They also raise the possibility of a detrimental impact of serial dependence in clinical and practically relevant settings, such as medical image perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Manassi
- Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Kings College, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Árni Kristjánsson
- The Icelandic Vision Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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15
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Ho HT, Burr DC, Alais D, Morrone MC. Auditory Perceptual History Is Propagated through Alpha Oscillations. Curr Biol 2019; 29:4208-4217.e3. [PMID: 31761705 PMCID: PMC6926473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Perception is a proactive, “predictive” process, in which the brain relies, at least in part, on accumulated experience to make best guesses about the world to test against sensory data, updating the guesses as new experience is acquired. Using novel behavioral methods, the present study demonstrates the role of alpha rhythms in communicating past perceptual experience. Participants were required to discriminate the ear of origin of brief sinusoidal tones that were presented monaurally at random times within a burst of uncorrelated dichotic white noise masks. Performance was not constant but varied with delay after noise onset in an oscillatory manner at about 9 Hz (alpha rhythm). Importantly, oscillations occurred only for trials preceded by a target tone to the same ear, either on the previous trial or two trials back. These results suggest that communication of perceptual history generates neural oscillations within specific perceptual circuits, strongly implicating behavioral oscillations in predictive perception and with formation of working memory. We demonstrate the role of alpha rhythms in the propagation of perceptual history Auditory decisions were rhythmically biased by stimuli presented 1 or 2 trials back Bias oscillated at ∼9 Hz only when successive stimuli occurred in the same ear Alpha is strongly implicated in predictive perception and working memory formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tam Ho
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Brennan MacCallum Building A18, Manning Road, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56123 Pisa, Italy.
| | - David C Burr
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Brennan MacCallum Building A18, Manning Road, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology, and Child Health, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, 50139 Florence, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - David Alais
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Brennan MacCallum Building A18, Manning Road, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56123 Pisa, Italy
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16
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Abstract
First impressions from faces emerge quickly and shape subsequent behaviour. Given that different pictures of the same face evoke different impressions, we asked whether presentation order affects the overall impression of the person. In three experiments, we presented naturally varying photos of a person's face in ascending (low-to-high) or descending (high-to-low) order of attractiveness. We found that attractiveness ratings for a subsequent test item were higher for the descending condition than for the ascending condition (Experiment 1), consistent with anchoring effects. In Experiment 2, we ruled out contrast between the final item and the test item as the cause of the effect by demonstrating anchoring within the sequence itself. In Experiment 3, we found that order of image presentation also affected dating decisions. Our findings demonstrate that first impressions from faces depend not only on visual information but also on the order in which that information is received. We suggest that models of impression formation and learning of individual faces could be improved by considering temporal order of encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Goller
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Leder
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Rob Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, University of York, UK
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Kok R, Taubert J, Van der Burg E, Rhodes G, Alais D. Face familiarity promotes stable identity recognition: exploring face perception using serial dependence. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160685. [PMID: 28405355 PMCID: PMC5383812 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that familiar faces are processed in a manner distinct from unfamiliar faces and that familiarity with a face confers an advantage in identity recognition. Our visual system seems to capitalize on experience to build stable face representations that are impervious to variation in retinal input that may occur due to changes in lighting, viewpoint, viewing distance, eye movements, etc. Emerging evidence also suggests that our visual system maintains a continuous perception of a face's identity from one moment to the next despite the retinal input variations through serial dependence. This study investigates whether interactions occur between face familiarity and serial dependence. In two experiments, participants used a continuous scale to rate attractiveness of unfamiliar and familiar faces (either experimentally learned or famous) presented in rapid sequences. Both experiments revealed robust inter-trial effects in which attractiveness ratings for a given face depended on the preceding face's attractiveness. This inter-trial attractiveness effect was most pronounced for unfamiliar faces. Indeed, when participants were familiar with a given face, attractiveness ratings showed significantly less serial dependence. These results represent the first evidence that familiar faces can resist the temporal integration seen in sequential dependencies and highlight the importance of familiarity to visual cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kok
- The School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica Taubert
- The School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Erik Van der Burg
- The School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gillian Rhodes
- The School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - David Alais
- The School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Kramer RSS. Sequential effects in Olympic synchronized diving scores. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160812. [PMID: 28280583 PMCID: PMC5319349 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When judging performances in a sequence, the current score is often influenced by the preceding score. Where athletes are perceived to be similar, a judgement is assimilated towards the previous one. However, if judges focus on the differences between the two athletes, this will result in a contrasting influence on their scores. Here, I investigate sequential effects during synchronized diving events at the 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games. Although previous research found assimilation in scores of gymnasts, the current data showed contrast effects-current scores benefited from following a poor performance but were at a disadvantage if they followed a high-scoring performance. One explanation may be that the processes involved in judging synchronized pairs results in a focus on the differences between athletes, producing a contrast effect across dives. That the specific direction of this sequential bias may depend on the particular sport has implications for how judges might approach their roles in a context-dependent manner, as well as how such biases should be addressed.
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