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Gabbert T, Scheunemann J, Balzan RP, Doehring N, Elmers J, Moritz S. The contributions of risk-taking and impulsivity to jumping to conclusions in the psychosis spectrum. Schizophr Res 2024; 269:116-119. [PMID: 38763091 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias has been linked to the formation and maintenance of delusions across the psychosis spectrum. However, it remains unclear whether this bias reflects a primary cognitive deviation or is secondary to other cognitive processes. To this end, we investigated the relationship between JTC, risk-taking, impulsivity, and sensation seeking in individuals with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and controls. A large online community sample (N = 1151) completed the Fish Task as a measure for the JTC bias, as well as the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) and the Brief Risk-Taking Propensity Scale (R-1) as measures of the propensity to take risks. Measures assessing impulsivity (Impulsive Behavior Scale-8, I-8), sensation seeking (Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, BSSS-4), and verbal intelligence (12-item Wordsum test) were also administered. We dichotomized the sample into extreme groups based on the positive subscale of the Community Assessment of Psychotic Experiences (CAPE). The present study confirms the existence of a JTC bias in psychosis-prone individuals. Of note, PLE-high individuals self-reported higher risk-taking propensity in the R-1 while at the same time displaying higher objective risk aversion in the BART relative to controls, speaking for a dissociation of subjective versus objective risk-taking behavior. PLE-high individuals showed deviances in other psychological traits (impulsivity, sensation seeking), but these were not associated with hasty decision-making as measured by JTC or risk-taking propensity. The results speak against impulsivity, sensation seeking, or verbal intelligence as driving mechanisms of JTC and risky decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana Gabbert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Scheunemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ryan P Balzan
- Flinders Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Niels Doehring
- Department of Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Julia Elmers
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Catalan A, Tognin S, Kempton MJ, Stahl D, Salazar de Pablo G, Nelson B, Pantelis C, Riecher-Rössler A, Bressan R, Barrantes-Vidal N, Krebs MO, Nordentoft M, Ruhrmann S, Sachs G, Rutten BPF, van Os J, de Haan L, van der Gaag M, Valmaggia LR, McGuire P. Relationship between jumping to conclusions and clinical outcomes in people at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1569-1577. [PMID: 33019957 PMCID: PMC9226382 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720003396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosis is associated with a reasoning bias, which manifests as a tendency to 'jump to conclusions'. We examined this bias in people at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR) and investigated its relationship with their clinical outcomes. METHODS In total, 303 CHR subjects and 57 healthy controls (HC) were included. Both groups were assessed at baseline, and after 1 and 2 years. A 'beads' task was used to assess reasoning bias. Symptoms and level of functioning were assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States scale (CAARMS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), respectively. During follow up, 58 (16.1%) of the CHR group developed psychosis (CHR-T), and 245 did not (CHR-NT). Logistic regressions, multilevel mixed models, and Cox regression were used to analyse the relationship between reasoning bias and transition to psychosis and level of functioning, at each time point. RESULTS There was no association between reasoning bias at baseline and the subsequent onset of psychosis. However, when assessed after the transition to psychosis, CHR-T participants showed a greater tendency to jump to conclusions than CHR-NT and HC participants (55, 17, 17%; χ2 = 8.13, p = 0.012). There was a significant association between jumping to conclusions (JTC) at baseline and a reduced level of functioning at 2-year follow-up in the CHR group after adjusting for transition, gender, ethnicity, age, and IQ. CONCLUSIONS In CHR participants, JTC at baseline was associated with adverse functioning at the follow-up. Interventions designed to improve JTC could be beneficial in the CHR population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catalan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Deparment of Mental Health, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute. Basurto University Hospital. Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Campus de Leioa, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU. Plaza de Cruces 12. 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Stefania Tognin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Outreach and Support in South London (OASIS) service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Likondon, UK
| | - Matthew J. Kempton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), London, UK
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King´s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Rodrigo Bressan
- Depto Psiquiatria, LiNC – Lab Integrative Neuroscience, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Fundació Sanitària Sant Pere Claver, Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- INSERM, IPNP UMR S1266, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie (CNRS GDR 3557), Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, GHU Paris – Sainte-Anne, Pôle Hospitalo Universitaire PEPIT C'JAAD, Paris, France
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sachs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart P. F. Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Early Psychosis Department, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van der Gaag
- VU University, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Amsterdam Public Mental Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Research, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lucia R. Valmaggia
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Outreach and Support in South London (OASIS) service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Likondon, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), London, UK
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3
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Xenaki LA, Stefanatou P, Ralli E, Hatzimanolis A, Dimitrakopoulos S, Soldatos RF, Vlachos II, Selakovic M, Foteli S, Kosteletos I, Nianiakas N, Ntigridaki A, Triantafyllou TF, Voulgaraki M, Mantonakis L, Tsapas A, Bozikas VP, Kollias K, Stefanis NC. The relationship between early symptom severity, improvement and remission in first episode psychosis with jumping to conclusions. Schizophr Res 2022; 240:24-30. [PMID: 34915248 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is suggested that Jumping To Conclusions (JTC) reasoning bias might contribute to the distortion of external reality. However, the association between psychotic manifestations and JTC is obscure, especially if general intelligence is considered as a mediator. The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between severity, early clinical improvement and remission of symptoms in First Episode Psychosis (FEP) with JTC as an explanatory factor. One hundred seventy-one FEP individuals were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline and one month after treatment initiation. Clinical improvement was ascribed as symptom change one-month post-baseline measurements. Symptomatic remission was assessed with the Andreasen severity criteria and JTC with the Beads Task, operationalized through Draws To Decision (DTD) (the lower the number of DTD, the higher the JTC bias). Regarding symptoms severity, total psychotic, total positive psychotic, and hallucinations-item PANSS scores showed a negative association with JTC after controlling for IQ. Regarding early clinical improvement, the association with JTC was non-significant. No significant association was detected between one month remission status of FEP and JTC. Our findings indicate that severity of positive symptoms is not associated with hastiness in decision-making, but rather with a heightened conservatism in terms of increased data gathering. Further research is required to replicate the results and clarify the cognitive processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Alkisti Xenaki
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Pentagiotissa Stefanatou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Ralli
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefanos Dimitrakopoulos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Psychiatric Clinic, 414 Military Hospital of Athens, Palea Penteli, Greece
| | - Rigas Filippos Soldatos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias I Vlachos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mirjana Selakovic
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefania Foteli
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kosteletos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Nianiakas
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Ntigridaki
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marina Voulgaraki
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Mantonakis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Tsapas
- 2nd Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilios P Bozikas
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kollias
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos C Stefanis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Tripoli G, Quattrone D, Ferraro L, Gayer-Anderson C, Rodriguez V, La Cascia C, La Barbera D, Sartorio C, Seminerio F, Tarricone I, Berardi D, Szöke A, Arango C, Tortelli A, Llorca PM, de Haan L, Velthorst E, Bobes J, Bernardo M, Sanjuán J, Santos JL, Arrojo M, Del-Ben CM, Menezes PR, Selten JP, Jones PB, Jongsma HE, Kirkbride JB, Lasalvia A, Tosato S, Richards A, O’Donovan M, Rutten BPF, van Os J, Morgan C, Sham PC, Murray RM, Murray GK, Di Forti M. Jumping to conclusions, general intelligence, and psychosis liability: findings from the multi-centre EU-GEI case-control study. Psychol Med 2021; 51:623-633. [PMID: 32327005 PMCID: PMC8020493 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171900357x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'jumping to conclusions' (JTC) bias is associated with both psychosis and general cognition but their relationship is unclear. In this study, we set out to clarify the relationship between the JTC bias, IQ, psychosis and polygenic liability to schizophrenia and IQ. METHODS A total of 817 first episode psychosis patients and 1294 population-based controls completed assessments of general intelligence (IQ), and JTC, and provided blood or saliva samples from which we extracted DNA and computed polygenic risk scores for IQ and schizophrenia. RESULTS The estimated proportion of the total effect of case/control differences on JTC mediated by IQ was 79%. Schizophrenia polygenic risk score was non-significantly associated with a higher number of beads drawn (B = 0.47, 95% CI -0.21 to 1.16, p = 0.17); whereas IQ PRS (B = 0.51, 95% CI 0.25-0.76, p < 0.001) significantly predicted the number of beads drawn, and was thus associated with reduced JTC bias. The JTC was more strongly associated with the higher level of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in controls, including after controlling for IQ (B = -1.7, 95% CI -2.8 to -0.5, p = 0.006), but did not relate to delusions in patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the JTC reasoning bias in psychosis might not be a specific cognitive deficit but rather a manifestation or consequence, of general cognitive impairment. Whereas, in the general population, the JTC bias is related to PLEs, independent of IQ. The work has the potential to inform interventions targeting cognitive biases in early psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Tripoli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura Ferraro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129Palermo, Italy
| | - Charlotte Gayer-Anderson
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Victoria Rodriguez
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Caterina La Cascia
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele La Barbera
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129Palermo, Italy
| | - Crocettarachele Sartorio
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Seminerio
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tarricone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Pepoli 5, 40126Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Berardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Pepoli 5, 40126Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrei Szöke
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 15, 51 Avenue de Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM (CIBERSAM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Tortelli
- Etablissement Public de Santé Maison Blanche, Paris75020, France
| | | | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Velthorst
- Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Julio Bobes
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry Area, School of Medicine, Universidad de Oviedo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Julián Clavería s/n, 33006Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Sanjuán
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Psiquiatría Hospital “Virgen de la Luz”, C/Hermandad de Donantes de Sangre, 16002Cuenca, Spain
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Genetic Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rossi Menezes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Paul Selten
- Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Health Care, Sandifortdreef 19, 2333 ZZLeiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CAMEO Early Intervention Service, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Hannah E Jongsma
- Psylife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - James B Kirkbride
- Psylife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- Section of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alex Richards
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael O’Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Bart PF Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands
- Department Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Craig Morgan
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Pak C Sham
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li KaShing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Graham K. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CAMEO Early Intervention Service, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
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5
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Caruana N, Inkley C, El Zein M. Gaze direction biases emotion categorisation in schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2020; 21:100181. [PMID: 32477892 PMCID: PMC7248285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2020.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The successful integration of eye gaze direction and emotion cues from faces is important not only for co-ordinated interactions, but also for the detection of social signals alerting us to threat posed by a conspecific, or elsewhere in our immediate environment. It is now well-established that people with schizophrenia experience aberrant eye gaze and facial emotion processing. These social-cognitive differences might contribute to the maintenance of socially-themed delusions which are characterised by the hyper-attribution of threatening intentions to others. However, no study has directly examined whether the mechanisms which govern the integration of eye gaze and emotion information diverge in schizophrenia, and more importantly, whether this reflects a fundamental ‘bottom-up’ perceptual deficit or a ‘top-down’ cognitive bias. Fifteen outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 21 healthy age- and IQ-matched controls performed an emotion categorisation task (anger/fear) on morphed facial expressions of anger or fear, displaying either direct or averted gaze. Results in both controls and patients replicated the previous finding that combinations of anger with direct gaze, and fear with averted gaze – which signal a relevant threat to the observer – benefited from more accurate emotion recognition than alternate gaze-emotion combinations. Bayesian model selection revealed that for patients this effect was mediated by a shift in decision bias towards emotions which signal self-relevant threat, rather than a change in sensitivity as observed in controls. These results critically highlight a different cognitive mechanism governing gaze and face-cued emotion integration in schizophrenia, which has a top-down influence on the evaluation of perceptual input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Caruana
- Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christine Inkley
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marwa El Zein
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom
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Bronstein MV, Pennycook G, Joormann J, Corlett PR, Cannon TD. Dual-process theory, conflict processing, and delusional belief. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 72:101748. [PMID: 31226640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many reasoning biases that may contribute to delusion formation and/or maintenance are common in healthy individuals. Research indicating that reasoning in the general population proceeds via analytic processes (which depend upon working memory and support hypothetical thought) and intuitive processes (which are autonomous and independent of working memory) may therefore help uncover the source of these biases. Consistent with this possibility, recent studies imply that impaired conflict processing might reduce engagement in analytic reasoning, thereby producing reasoning biases and promoting delusions in individuals with schizophrenia. Progress toward understanding this potential pathway to delusions is currently impeded by ambiguity about whether any of these deficits or biases is necessary or sufficient for the formation and maintenance of delusions. Resolving this ambiguity requires consideration of whether particular cognitive deficits or biases in this putative pathway have causal primacy over other processes that may also participate in the causation of delusions. Accordingly, the present manuscript critically evaluates whether impaired conflict processing is the primary initiating deficit in the generation of reasoning biases that may promote the development and/or maintenance of delusions. Suggestions for future research that may elucidate mechanistic pathways by which reasoning deficits might engender and maintain delusions are subsequently offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Bronstein
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Gordon Pennycook
- Hill/Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Philip R Corlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, USA
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7
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Negative affect and a fluctuating jumping to conclusions bias predict subsequent paranoia in daily life: An online experience sampling study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 56:106-112. [PMID: 27639287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Negative affect and a tendency to "jump to conclusions" (JTC) are associated with paranoia. So far, only negative affect has been examined as a precursor of subsequent paranoia in daily life using experience sampling (ESM). We addressed this research gap and used ESM to test whether JTC fluctuates in daily life, whether it predicts subsequent paranoia, and whether it mediates the effect of negative affect on paranoia. METHODS Thirty-five participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders repeatedly self-reported negative affect, JTC, and paranoia via online questionnaires on two consecutive days. We measured JTC with a paradigm consisting of ambiguous written scenarios. Multilevel linear models were conducted. RESULTS Most participants showed JTC consistently on two days rather than only on one day. When time was used as a predictor of JTC, significant slope variance indicated that for a subgroup of participants JTC fluctuated over time. For 48% of participants, these fluctuations equaled changes of approximately ±1 point on the four-point JTC scale within one day. There was no mediation. However, negative affect and JTC both significantly predicted subsequent paranoia. LIMITATIONS The ESM assessment period was short and encompassed few assessments (8 in total). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that JTC is both stable (regarding its mere occurrence) and fluctuating simultaneously (regarding its magnitude). Although JTC was not a mediator linking negative affect and paranoia, it did predict paranoia. Further ESM studies on JTC are needed to confirm our findings in longer assessment periods and with other JTC paradigms.
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8
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McLean BF, Mattiske JK, Balzan RP. Association of the Jumping to Conclusions and Evidence Integration Biases With Delusions in Psychosis: A Detailed Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:344-354. [PMID: 27169465 PMCID: PMC5605251 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We completed a meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between delusions in psychosis and 4 cognitive biases: "jumping to conclusions" (JTC), the "bias against disconfirmatory evidence" (BADE), the "bias against confirmatory evidence" (BACE), and "liberal acceptance" (LA). Building on recent meta-analyses we compared more narrowly defined groups. We identified 35 JTC, 8 BADE, 7 BACE, and 6 LA studies for inclusion. Groups with schizophrenia who were currently experiencing delusions demonstrated greater JTC, BADE, BACE, and LA than groups with schizophrenia who were not currently experiencing delusions, who in turn demonstrated no more JTC than healthy control groups. Hence JTC, BADE, BACE, and LA co-vary with delusions in cross-sectional samples of people with schizophrenia. Groups who were experiencing delusions due to other psychiatric illnesses also demonstrated greater JTC than healthy controls, and equivalent JTC to groups with schizophrenia currently experiencing delusions. Hence JTC is associated with delusions across a range of diagnoses. Groups with other, non-delusional psychiatric illnesses demonstrated less JTC, BADE, BACE, and LA than groups with schizophrenia currently experiencing delusions, less JTC than groups experiencing delusions due to other diagnoses, and no more JTC, BADE, BACE, or LA than healthy control groups. Hence JTC, BADE, BACE, and LA were not associated with psychiatric illnesses in general. Our results indicate all 4 biases are associated with delusions specifically rather than merely with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or with being psychiatrically ill, consistent with the possibility that they contribute to delusional severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F. McLean
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia;,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Ryan P. Balzan
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia;,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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9
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Moritz S, Scheu F, Andreou C, Pfueller U, Weisbrod M, Roesch-Ely D. Reasoning in psychosis: risky but not necessarily hasty. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 21:91-106. [PMID: 26884221 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2015.1136611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A liberal acceptance (LA) threshold for hypotheses has been put forward to explain the well-replicated "jumping to conclusions" (JTC) bias in psychosis, particularly in patients with paranoid symptoms. According to this account, schizophrenia patients rest their decisions on lower subjective probability estimates. The initial formulation of the LA account also predicts an absence of the JTC bias under high task ambiguity (i.e., if more than one response option surpasses the subjective acceptance threshold). METHODS Schizophrenia patients (n = 62) with current or former delusions and healthy controls (n = 30) were compared on six scenarios of a variant of the beads task paradigm. Decision-making was assessed under low and high task ambiguity. Along with decision judgments (optional), participants were required to provide probability estimates for each option in order to determine decision thresholds (i.e., the probability the individual deems sufficient for a decision). RESULTS In line with the LA account, schizophrenia patients showed a lowered decision threshold compared to controls (82% vs. 93%) which predicted both more errors and less draws to decisions. Group differences on thresholds were comparable across conditions. At the same time, patients did not show hasty decision-making, reflecting overall lowered probability estimates in patients. CONCLUSIONS Results confirm core predictions derived from the LA account. Our results may (partly) explain why hasty decision-making is sometimes aggravated and sometimes abolished in psychosis. The proneness to make risky decisions may contribute to the pathogenesis of psychosis. A revised LA account is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Moritz
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Florian Scheu
- b Department of General Psychiatry , Center for Psychosocial Medicine , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Christina Andreou
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Ute Pfueller
- b Department of General Psychiatry , Center for Psychosocial Medicine , Heidelberg , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry , SRH Klinikum Karlsbad-Langensteinbach , Karlsbad , Germany
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- b Department of General Psychiatry , Center for Psychosocial Medicine , Heidelberg , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry , SRH Klinikum Karlsbad-Langensteinbach , Karlsbad , Germany
| | - Daniela Roesch-Ely
- b Department of General Psychiatry , Center for Psychosocial Medicine , Heidelberg , Germany
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10
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Batty R, Francis A, Thomas N, Hopwood M, Ponsford J, Johnston L, Rossell S. Executive dysfunction in psychosis following traumatic brain injury (PFTBI). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 37:917-30. [PMID: 26332172 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1068279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Executive dysfunction is well established in patients with traumatic brain injury and in schizophrenia (SCZ). However, assessments of executive function in psychosis following traumatic brain injury (PFTBI) are limited and inconsistent, and often do not reflect the deficits demonstrated in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or SCZ. We sought to determine the extent of executive dysfunction in PFTBI relative to three comparison cohorts. METHOD Measures of executive function were administered to dually diagnosed patients with PFTBI (n = 10) including tests of mental inhibition and switching, processing speed, and attention: the Stroop Task, Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Attention subtest of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Demographically comparable patients with TBI (n = 10), SCZ (n = 23), and healthy controls (n = 23) underwent an identical battery. RESULTS Significant executive dysfunction was evident in patients with PFTBI on all measures. Relative to all three comparison cohorts patients with PFTBI performed most poorly. CONCLUSIONS These data present novel evidence of substantially impaired executive function across four task types in PFTBI and suggest that TBI and psychosis have an additive influence on executive function deficits. Treatment programs requiring substantial executive engagement are not suitable for patients dually diagnosed with PFTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Batty
- a Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre (BPsyC) , Swinburne University of Technology , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
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11
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Batty RA, Francis A, Thomas N, Hopwood M, Ponsford J, Rossell SL. A brief neurocognitive assessment of patients with psychosis following traumatic brain injury (PFTBI): Use of the Repeatable battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Psychiatry Res 2016; 237:27-36. [PMID: 26921048 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients who develop psychosis following a traumatic brain injury (PFTBI) show impaired neurocognition; however, the degree of impairment has not been empirically investigated using a standardised battery. We administered the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) to patients with PFTBI (n=10), and to three groups of controls: traumatic brain injury (TBI) (n=10), schizophrenia (n=23), and nonclinical controls (n=23). The results confirmed that the cognitive neuropsychological profile of dually-diagnosed patients with PFTBI is significantly and substantially impaired. Seventy per cent of patients with PFTBI received a neuropsychological classification between the "extremely low" and "low average" ranges. Group-wise analyses on the RBANS indices indicated that patients with PFTBI had the lowest (Immediate Memory, Attention, Delayed Memory, Total Score), or equal lowest (visuospatial, equivalent with schizophrenia patients) scores, with the exception of the Language Index where no group differences were shown (however, the mean PFTBI score on the Language Index was two standard deviations below the RBANS normative score). These findings provide novel evidence of impaired cognitive neuropsychological processing in patients with PFTBI using a standardised and replicable battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Batty
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre (BPsyC), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash-Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - Neil Thomas
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre (BPsyC), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash-Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm Hopwood
- University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Albert Road Clinic, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennie Ponsford
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre (BPsyC), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash-Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Crespi BJ, Go MC. Diametrical diseases reflect evolutionary-genetic tradeoffs: Evidence from psychiatry, neurology, rheumatology, oncology and immunology. Evol Med Public Health 2015; 2015:216-53. [PMID: 26354001 PMCID: PMC4600345 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tradeoffs centrally mediate the expression of human adaptations. We propose that tradeoffs also influence the prevalence and forms of human maladaptation manifest in disease. By this logic, increased risk for one set of diseases commonly engenders decreased risk for another, diametric, set of diseases. We describe evidence for such diametric sets of diseases from epidemiological, genetic and molecular studies in four clinical domains: (i) psychiatry (autism vs psychotic-affective conditions), (ii) rheumatology (osteoarthritis vs osteoporosis), (iii) oncology and neurology (cancer vs neurodegenerative disorders) and (iv) immunology (autoimmunity vs infectious disease). Diametric disorders are important to recognize because genotypes or environmental factors that increase risk for one set of disorders protect from opposite disorders, thereby providing novel and direct insights into disease causes, prevention and therapy. Ascertaining the mechanisms that underlie disease-related tradeoffs should also indicate means of circumventing or alleviating them, and thus reducing the incidence and impacts of human disease in a more general way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew C Go
- Department of Biological Sciences; Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6 Present address: Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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13
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Ross RM, McKay R, Coltheart M, Langdon R. Jumping to Conclusions About the Beads Task? A Meta-analysis of Delusional Ideation and Data-Gathering. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:1183-91. [PMID: 25616503 PMCID: PMC4535629 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been claimed that delusional and delusion-prone individuals have a tendency to gather less data before forming beliefs. Most of the evidence for this "jumping to conclusions" (JTC) bias comes from studies using the "beads task" data-gathering paradigm. However, the evidence for the JTC bias is mixed. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of individual participant data from 38 clinical and nonclinical samples (n = 2,237) to investigate the relationship between data gathering in the beads task (using the "draws to decision" measure) and delusional ideation (as indexed by the "Peters et al Delusions Inventory"; PDI). We found that delusional ideation is negatively associated with data gathering (r(s) = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.17, -0.03]) and that there is heterogeneity in the estimated effect sizes (Q-stat P = .03, I(2) = 33). Subgroup analysis revealed that the negative association is present when considering the 23 samples (n = 1,754) from the large general population subgroup alone (r(s) = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.02]) but not when considering the 8 samples (n = 262) from the small current delusions subgroup alone (r(s) = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.07]). These results provide some provisional support for continuum theories of psychosis and cognitive models that implicate the JTC bias in the formation and maintenance of delusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malcolm Ross
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
| | - Ryan McKay
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;,Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Max Coltheart
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;,Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
| | - Robyn Langdon
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;,Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
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14
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Hassanali N, Ruffell T, Browning S, Bracegirdle K, Ames C, Corrigall R, Laurens KR, Hirsch C, Kuipers E, Maddox L, Jolley S. Cognitive bias and unusual experiences in childhood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:949-57. [PMID: 25395382 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive therapy is recommended for children with psychotic-like, or unusual, experiences associated with distress or impairment (UEDs; UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013 [1]). Accurate models of the psychological underpinnings of childhood UEDs are required to effectively target therapies. Cognitive biases, such as the jumping to conclusions data-gathering bias (JTC), are implicated in the development and maintenance of psychosis in adults. In this study, we aimed to establish the suitability for children of a task developed to assess JTC in adults. Eighty-six participants (aged 5-14 years) were recruited from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) and community (school) settings, and completed the probabilistic reasoning ('Beads') task, alongside measures of intellectual functioning, general psychopathology, and UEDs. Self-reported reasoning strategy was coded as 'probabilistic' or 'other'. Younger children (5-10 years) were more likely than older children (11-14 years) to JTC (OR = 2.7, 95 % CI = 1.1-6.5, p = 0.03); and to use non-probabilistic reasoning strategies (OR = 9.4, 95 % CI = 1.7-48.8, p = 0.008). Both UED presence (OR = 5.1, 95 % CI = 1.2-21.9, p = 0.03) and lower IQ (OR = 0.9, 95 % CI = 0.9-1.0, p = 0.02) were significantly and independently associated with JTC, irrespective of age and task comprehension. Findings replicate research in adults, indicating that the 'Beads' task can be reliably employed in children to assess cognitive biases. Psychological treatments for children with distressing unusual experiences might usefully incorporate reasoning interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedah Hassanali
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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15
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Catalan A, Simons CJP, Bustamante S, Olazabal N, Ruiz E, Gonzalez de Artaza M, Penas A, Maurottolo C, González A, van Os J, Gonzalez-Torres MA. Data Gathering Bias: Trait Vulnerability to Psychotic Symptoms? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132442. [PMID: 26147948 PMCID: PMC4493127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Jumping to conclusions (JTC) is associated with psychotic disorder and psychotic symptoms. If JTC represents a trait, the rate should be (i) increased in people with elevated levels of psychosis proneness such as individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD), and (ii) show a degree of stability over time. Methods The JTC rate was examined in 3 groups: patients with first episode psychosis (FEP), BPD patients and controls, using the Beads Task. PANSS, SIS-R and CAPE scales were used to assess positive psychotic symptoms. Four WAIS III subtests were used to assess IQ. Results A total of 61 FEP, 26 BPD and 150 controls were evaluated. 29 FEP were revaluated after one year. 44% of FEP (OR = 8.4, 95% CI: 3.9–17.9) displayed a JTC reasoning bias versus 19% of BPD (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 0.8–7.8) and 9% of controls. JTC was not associated with level of psychotic symptoms or specifically delusionality across the different groups. Differences between FEP and controls were independent of sex, educational level, cannabis use and IQ. After one year, 47.8% of FEP with JTC at baseline again displayed JTC. Conclusions JTC in part reflects trait vulnerability to develop disorders with expression of psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catalan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia J. P. Simons
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GGzE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Bustamante
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nora Olazabal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ruiz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Penas
- Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Claudio Maurottolo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain
- Clínica Servicios Médicos AMSA, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | | | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Torres
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
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Verbal fluency, clustering, and switching in patients with psychosis following traumatic brain injury (PFTBI). Psychiatry Res 2015; 227:152-9. [PMID: 25910419 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Verbal fluency in patients with psychosis following traumatic brain injury (PFTBI) has been reported as comparable to healthy participants. This finding is counterintuitive given the prominent fluency impairments demonstrated post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) and in psychotic disorders, e.g. schizophrenia. We investigated phonemic (executive) fluency (3 letters: 'F' 'A' and 'S'), and semantic fluency (1 category: fruits and/or vegetables) in four matched groups; PFTBI (N=10), TBI (N=10), schizophrenia (N=23), and healthy controls (N=23). Words produced (minus perseverations and errors), and clustering and switching scores were compared for the two fluency types across the groups. The results confirmed that PFTBI patients do show impaired fluency, aligned with existing evidence in TBI and schizophrenia. PFTBI patients produced the least amount of words on the phonemic fluency ('A') trial and total score, and demonstrated reduced switching on both phonemic and semantic tasks. No significant differences in clustering performance were found. Importantly, the pattern of results suggested that PFTBI patients share deficits with their brain-injured (primarily executive), and psychotic (executive and semantic), counterparts, and that these are exacerbated by their dual-diagnosis. These findings add to a very limited literature by providing novel evidence of the nature of fluency impairments in dually-diagnosed PFTBI.
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Corlett PR, Fletcher PC. Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry 2014; 1:399-402. [PMID: 26361002 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Corlett
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, Ribicoff Research Facility. New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul C Fletcher
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridge; Peterborough Foundation Trust, and Wellcome-MRC Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute.
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Ermakova AO, Ramachandra P, Corlett PR, Fletcher PC, Murray GK. Effects of methamphetamine administration on information gathering during probabilistic reasoning in healthy humans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102683. [PMID: 25061949 PMCID: PMC4111474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jumping to conclusions (JTC) during probabilistic reasoning is a cognitive bias repeatedly demonstrated in people with schizophrenia and shown to be associated with delusions. Little is known about the neurochemical basis of probabilistic reasoning. We tested the hypothesis that catecholamines influence data gathering and probabilistic reasoning by administering intravenous methamphetamine, which is known to cause synaptic release of the catecholamines noradrenaline and dopamine, to healthy humans whilst they undertook a probabilistic inference task. Our study used a randomised, double-blind, cross-over design. Seventeen healthy volunteers on three visits were administered either placebo or methamphetamine or methamphetamine preceded by amisulpride. In all three conditions participants performed the "beads" task in which participants decide how much information to gather before making a probabilistic inference, and which measures the cognitive bias towards jumping to conclusions. Psychotic symptoms triggered by methamphetamine were assessed using Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS). Methamphetamine induced mild psychotic symptoms, but there was no effect of drug administration on the number of draws to decision (DTD) on the beads task. DTD was a stable trait that was highly correlated within subjects across visits (intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.91 on two versions of the task). The less information was sampled in the placebo condition, the more psychotic-like symptoms the person had after the methamphetamine plus amisulpride condition (p = 0.028). Our results suggest that information gathering during probabilistic reasoning is a stable trait, not easily modified by dopaminergic or noradrenergic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna O. Ermakova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip R. Corlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham K. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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