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Upaassana VT, Ghosh S, Chakraborty A, Birch ME, Joseph P, Han J, Ku BK, Ahn CH. Highly Sensitive Lab on a Chip (LOC) Immunoassay for Early Diagnosis of Respiratory Disease Caused by Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS). Anal Chem 2019; 91:6652-6660. [PMID: 31012299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) produced in mining and construction industries can cause life-threatening diseases such as silicosis, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These diseases could be more effectively treated and prevented if RCS-related biomarkers were identified and measured at an early stage of disease progression, which makes development of a point of care test (POCT) platform extremely desirable for early diagnosis. In this work, a new, highly sensitive lab on a chip (LOC) immunoassay has been designed, developed, and characterized for tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), a protein biomarker that causes lung inflammation due to RCS exposure. The designed LOC device is composed of four reservoirs for sample, enzyme conjugated detection antibody, wash buffer, and chemiluminescence substrate in liquid form, along with three spiral reaction chambers for test, positive control, and negative control. All reservoirs and spiral microchannels were connected in series and designed to perform sequential delivery of immunoassay reagents with minimal user intervention. The developed LOC measured TNF-α concentrations as low as 16 pg/mL in plasma from RCS-exposed rats and also had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 pg/mL in spiked artificial serum. In addition, the analysis time was drastically reduced to about 30 min, as opposed to hours in conventional methods. Successful implementation of a highly sensitive, chemiluminescence-based immunoassay on a preloaded LOC with proper quality control, as reported in this work, can pave the way toward developing a new rapid POCT platform for in-field clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Thiyagarajan Upaassana
- Microsystems and BioMEMS Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Sthitodhi Ghosh
- Microsystems and BioMEMS Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Atreyee Chakraborty
- Microsystems and BioMEMS Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - M Eileen Birch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Division of Applied Research and Technology , 1090 Tusculum Avenue , Cincinnati , Ohio 45226 , United States
| | - Pius Joseph
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Health Effects Laboratory Division , 1095 Willowdale Road , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| | - Jungyoup Han
- Mico BioMed USA Inc. , 10999 Reed Hartman Highway , STE 309C, Cincinnati , Ohio 45242 , United States
| | - Bon Ki Ku
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Division of Applied Research and Technology , 1090 Tusculum Avenue , Cincinnati , Ohio 45226 , United States
| | - Chong H Ahn
- Microsystems and BioMEMS Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
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Cui X, Xing J, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Luo X, Zhang Z, Han W, Wu T, Chen W. COPD and levels of Hsp70 (HSPA1A) and Hsp27 (HSPB1) in plasma and lymphocytes among coal workers: a case-control study. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:473-81. [PMID: 25620081 PMCID: PMC4406932 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This case-control study aimed to investigate whether the levels of Hsp70 (HSPA1A) and Hsp27 (HSPB1) in plasma and lymphocytes were associated with the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among coal workers. A total of 76 COPD cases and 48 age-matched healthy controls from a group of coal workers were included. The case group consisted of 35 COPD patients whose condition was complicated with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) and 41 COPD patients without CWP. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) in plasma and lymphocytes were detected by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to estimate the association between Hsp levels and COPD risk. Our results showed that plasma Hsp70 and lymphocyte Hsp27 levels were significantly higher and plasma Hsp27 levels were significantly lower in COPD cases than in controls (p < 0.01). No significant differences in lymphocyte Hsp70 levels were found between COPD cases and the matched subjects. Higher plasma Hsp70 levels (odds ratio (OR) = 13.8, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 5.7-33.5) and lower plasma Hsp27 levels (OR = 4.6, 95 % CI = 2.0-10.5) were significantly associated with an increased risk of COPD after adjusting for confounders. Higher lymphocyte Hsp27 levels were only associated with an increased risk of COPD with CWP (OR = 6.6, 95 % CI = 2.0-22.1) but not with an increased risk of COPD without CWP (OR = 3.0, 95 % CI = 0.9-8.9). Additionally, there were strong joint effects of different Hsps on COPD risk. These results showed that higher levels of plasma Hsp70 and lower levels of plasma Hsp27 might be associated with an increased risk of COPD among coal workers. They may have the potential to serve as monitoring markers for COPD in coal workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Cui
- />Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingcai Xing
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- />Department of Respiratory Diseases of the General Hospital of Xishan Coal & Power Group, Co. Ltd., Shanxi, 030053 China
| | - Yuewei Liu
- />Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- />Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Luo
- />Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- />Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhui Han
- />Department of Respiratory Diseases of the General Hospital of Xishan Coal & Power Group, Co. Ltd., Shanxi, 030053 China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- />Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- />Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the component of coal responsible for coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). METHODS A literature search of PubMED was conducted to address studies that have evaluated the risk of CWP based on the components of coal. RESULTS The risk of CWP (CWP) depends on the concentration and duration of exposure to coal dust. Epidemiology studies have shown inverse links between CWP and quartz content. Coal from the USA and Germany has demonstrated links between iron content and CWP; these same studies indicate virtually no role for quartz. In vitro studies indicate strong mechanistic links between iron content in coal and reactive oxygen species, which play a major role in the inflammatory response associated with CWP. CONCLUSIONS The active agent within coal appears to be iron, not quartz. By identifying components of coal before mining activities, the risk of developing CWP may be reduced.
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Gulumian M, Borm PJA, Vallyathan V, Castranova V, Donaldson K, Nelson G, Murray J. Mechanistically identified suitable biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility for silicosis and coal-worker's pneumoconiosis: a comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2006; 9:357-95. [PMID: 16990219 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500196537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Clinical detection of silicosis is currently dependent on radiological and lung function abnormalities, both late manifestations of disease. Markers of prediction and early detection of pneumoconiosis are imperative for the implementation of timely intervention strategies. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of the etiology of coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP) and silicosis was essential in proposing numerous biomarkers that have been evaluated to assess effects following exposure to crystalline silica and/or coal mine dust. Human validation studies have substantiated some of these proposed biomarkers and argued in favor of their use as biomarkers for crystalline silica- and CWP-induced pneumoconiosis. A number of "ideal" biological markers of effect were identified, namely, Clara cell protein-16 (CC16) (serum), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (monocyte release), interleukin-8 (IL-8) (monocyte release), reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement by chemiluminescence (neutrophil release), 8-isoprostanes (serum), total antioxidant levels measured by total equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione S-transferase activity, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (serum). TNF-alpha polymorphism (blood cellular DNA) was identified as a biomarker of susceptibility. Further studies are planned to test the validity and feasibility of these biomarkers to detect either high exposure to crystalline silica and early silicosis or susceptibility to silicosis in gold miners in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gulumian
- Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry Research, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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