Zaprinast and avanafil increase the vascular endothelial growth factor, vitamin D3, bone morphogenic proteins 4 and 7 levels in the kidney tissue of male rats applied the glucocorticoid

Inflammation in cerebral ischemia reperfusion improved by avanafil via nod-like receptor protein-3 inflammasome: an experimental study in rats

OBJECTIVE

The aim of study was to investigate the effect of avanafil, a second-generation phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor, on cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CI/R) model.

METHODS

32 male albino Wistar rats were used. Four groups were constituted, as I: the healthy (sham), II: the CI/R group, III: the CI/R +I 10 mg/kg avanafil group, and IV: the CI/R + 20 mg/kg avanafil group. Avanafil was administered twice via oral gavage, first shortly after ischemia reperfusion and once more after 12 h. The rats were euthanized after 24 h. Histopathological and Real Time PCR analyzes were performed on cerebral tissues.

RESULTS

IL-1β, NLRP3 and TNF-α mRNA expressions were statistically higher in the CI/R group when compared to healthy (sham) group. Conversely, the IL-1β, NLRP3, and TNF-α mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in both of the avanafil-treated groups when compared to CI/R group. Histopathological results showed that both doses of avanafil also decreased cellular damage in cerebral tissue that occurred after CI/R.

CONCLUSION

Avanafil, was found to have ameliorated inflammatory response and cellular injury caused by CI/R. The mRNA expression of IL-1β, NLRP3, and TNF-α decreased in the I/R groups and approached the control group levels with a high dose of avanafil.

Stimulating effects of vardenafil, tadalafil, and udenafil on vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenesis, vitamin D3, bone morphogenic proteins in ovariectomized rats

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the effect of vardenafil, tadalafil, and udenafil from phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5Is) on bone morphogenic-protein (BMP)2 and 4 levels, along with angiogenesis in ovariectomized rat's kidney.

METHOD

Rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10). Sham: abdomen was opened, and closed. OVX: ovaries were removed. OVX + vardenafil, OVX + tadalafil, and OVX + udenafil groups: ovaries were removed and closed, and after 6 months from postoperative, 10 mg/kg of vardenafil, tadalafil, and udenafil were administrated as daily a single-dose for 60 days, respectively. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations were performed for angiogenesis, and biochemical analysis for vascular endothelial growth-factor (VEGF), VitaminD₃, BMP2 and 4 levels in rat's kidney.

RESULTS

VEGF, BMP2 and 4, VitaminD₃, and angiogenesis were high in the all inhibitor groups compared with the sham and OVX (p < .05). However, BMP4 levels were only high in the OVX + tadalafil group (p < .05).

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that vardenafil, udenafil, and especially tadalafil increased VEGF, BMP2, and VitaminD₃ levels.

Reno-protective effects of Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors

The kidneys are vital organs that play an important role in removing waste materials from the blood, electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and red blood cell genesis. Kidney disease can be caused by various factors, including diabetes, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and nephrotoxic agents. Inflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in the progression and pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are important health problems worldwide, as they are associated with a long-term hospital stay, and increased morbidity and mortality in high-risk patients. Current standard therapeutic options are not sufficient to delay or stop the loss of kidney function. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic options. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) are a currently available class of drugs that are used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension in humans. However, recent evidence suggests that PDE5Is have beneficial renoprotective effects via a variety of mechanisms. In this review, the benefits of PDE5 inhibitors in clinical conditions associated with kidney disease, such as diabetic nephropathy, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and acute and chronic kidney injury, are summarized.