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Ramírez J, Gilardoni G, Radice M, Morocho V. Phytochemistry, Bioactivity, and Ethnopharmacology of the Genus Lepechinia Willd. (Lamiaceae): A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:481. [PMID: 38498420 PMCID: PMC10893467 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The genus Lepechinia (Lamiaceae) involves several aromatic shrubs that are distributed only in the American continent, inhabiting mountain areas, mainly in the Andean region of South America. Based on the PRISMA approach, we selected and critically analyzed 48 research articles. From a phytochemical point of view, most of the secondary metabolites reported in Lepechinia spp. are terpenes and terpenoids, with a few exceptions comprising flavonoids and other shikimic acid derivatives. On the one hand, sesquiterpenoids of the guajane, aromadendrane, eudesmane, and cadinane groups are characteristic of essential oils, together with (E)-β-caryophyllene as the main representative of its chemical family. On the other hand, abietane diterpenoids are the prevalent compounds described in non-volatile fractions. Many biological activities and traditional medical uses have been reported for both pure metabolites and complex mixtures (e.g., essential oils). Regarding ethno-medical uses, the treatment of muscle pain, headache, toothache, diabetes mellitus, uterine tumors, uterine infections, and diarrhea has been reported. Concerning their verified biological activities, insecticidal, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase properties have been described. Furthermore, some data concerning anti-herpetic activity have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (G.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (G.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Matteo Radice
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vladimir Morocho
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (G.G.); (V.M.)
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Zhang Y, Zhang YH, Yan H, Shao CY, Li WX, Lv HP, Lin Z, Zhu Y. Enantiomeric separation and precise quantification of chiral volatiles in Wuyi rock teas using an efficient enantioselective GC × GC-TOFMS approach. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112891. [PMID: 37254338 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chiral volatiles play important roles in the formation of aroma quality of foods. To date, enantiomeric characteristics of chiral volatiles in Wuyi rock tea (WRT) and their aroma contributions are still unclear. In this study, an efficient enantioselective comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Es-GC × GC-TOFMS) approach to separate and precisely quantitate 24 pairs of chiral volatiles in WRTs was established, and the enantiomeric distribution and aroma contribution of chiral volatiles among WRTs from four representative cultivars were investigated. Enantiomeric ratio (ER) of R-α-ionone (80%) in Dahongpao (DHP), ER of S-α-terpineol (57%) in Jinfo (JF), ERs of R-γ-heptanolactone (69%), S-γ-nonanolactone (55%), (2R, 5S)-theaspirane B (91%), concentration of S-(E)-nerolidol (313.37 ng/mL) in Rougui (RG) and concentration of R-α-ionone (33.01 ng/mL) in Shuixian (SX) were unique from other types of WRTs, which were considered as the potential chemical markers to distinguish WRT cultivars. The OAV assessment determined 7 volatile enantiomers as the aroma-active compounds, especially R-α-ionone and R-δ-octanolactone in SX, as well as S-(E)-nerolidol and (1R, 2R)-methyl jasmonate in RG contribute much to aroma formation of the corresponding WRTs. The above results provide scientific references for discrimination of tea cultivars and directed improvement of the aroma quality of WRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Untilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yu-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Untilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Han Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Untilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen-Yang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Untilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei-Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Untilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hai-Peng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Untilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Untilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Yin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Untilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Aguilar G, Calva J, Cartuche L, Salinas M, Armijos C. Chemical Constituents, Enantiomer Content, Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Valeriana microphylla Kunth Essential Oil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112155. [PMID: 37299143 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of the essential oil (EO) from aerial parts (stems and leaves) of Valeriana microphylla Kunth (Valerianaceae), collected from the Saraguro community in the southern region of Ecuador, was analyzed for the first time. A total of 62 compounds were identified in V. microphylla EO by GC-FID and GC-MS on nonpolar DB-5ms and polar HP-INNOWax columns. The most abundant components (>5%) detected on DB-5ms and polar HP-INNOWax columns were α-gurjunene (11.98, 12.74%), germacrene D (11.47, 14.93%), E-caryophyllene (7.05, 7.78%), and α-copaene (6.76, 6.91%), respectively. In addition, the enantioselective analysis, carried out on a chiral column, showed (+)-α-pinene and (R)-(+)-germacrene as enantiomerically pure compounds (enantiomeric excess = 100%). The antioxidant activity was high for the radicals ABTS (SC50 = 41.82 µg/mL) and DPPH (SC50 = 89.60 µg/mL), and finally, the EO was shown to be inactive to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), as both values were >250 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguilar
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - James Calva
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Luis Cartuche
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Melissa Salinas
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Chabaco Armijos
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
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Cartuche L, Calva J, Valarezo E, Chuchuca N, Morocho V. Chemical and Biological Activity Profiling of Hedyosmum strigosum Todzia Essential Oil, an Aromatic Native Shrub from Southern Ecuador. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11212832. [PMID: 36365285 PMCID: PMC9655585 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition, enantiomeric distribution and the biological profile of Hedyosmum strigosum essential oil (EO). The antioxidant properties and anticholinesterase effect were measured by spectroscopic methods and antimicrobial potency assessed against 8 bacteria and two fungi. H. strigosum is a native shrub, particularly found in Ecuador and Colombia at 2000 to 3500 m a.s.l. Chemical composition was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID. A total of 44 compounds were detected, representing more than 92% of the EO composition. The main compounds were thymol (24.35, 22.48%), α-phellandrene (12.15, 13.93%), thymol acetate (6.59, 9.39%) and linalool (8.73, 5.82%), accounting for more than 51% of the EO. The enantioselective analysis revealed the presence of 5 pure enantiomers and 3 more as a racemic mixture. The EO exerted a strong antioxidant capacity, determined by ABTS assay, with a SC50 of 25.53 µg/mL and a strong and specific antimicrobial effect against Campylobacter jejuni with a MIC value of 125 µg/mL. A moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect was also observed with an IC50 value of 137.6 µg/mL. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the chemical composition and biological profile of H. strigosum EO.
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Lee KD, Shim SY. Anti-Inflammatory Food in Asthma Prepared from Combination of Raphanus sativus L., Allium hookeri, Acanthopanax sessiliflorum, and Dendropanax morbiferus Extracts via Bioassay-Guided Selection. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131910. [PMID: 35804727 PMCID: PMC9265937 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease of the respiratory airways and an increasing health risk worldwide. Hence, finding new strategies to control or attenuate this condition is necessary. This study suggests nutraceuticals that are a combination of herbal plant extracts prepared from Acanthopanax sessiliflorum (AS), Codonopsis lanceolate (CL), Dendropanax morbiferus (DM), Allium hookeri (AH), and Raphanus sativus L. (RS) that can improve immunomodulatory ability through the detoxification and diuresis of air pollutants. Herbal parts (AH whole plant, RS and CL roots, AS and DM stems, and DM leaves) were selected, and four types of mixtures using plant extracts were prepared. Among these mixtures, M2 and M4 exhibited antioxidant activities in potent 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical assays. Moreover, M4 exhibited a marked increase in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and significantly inhibited the inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α generation. Furthermore, M4 exhibited the strongest antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects and was selected to prepare the product. Before manufacturing the product, we determined that the active mixture, M4, inhibited gene expression and generation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in ovalbumin (OVA)-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and particulate matter (PM)-induced asthmatic rat models. The granular product (GP) was manufactured using M4 along with additives, i.e., lactose, oligosaccharide, stevioside extract, and nutmeg seed essential oils (flavor masking), in a ratio of 1:4 using a granulation machine, dried and ultimately packaged. The GP inhibited the generation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in OVA-, LPS- and PM-induced asthmatic rat models. These results suggest that GP prepared from a combination of herbal plants (AS, CL, DM, AH and RS) is a potent functional food with anti-inflammatory activity that can be used to treat asthma caused by ambient air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Dong Lee
- Department of Companion Animal Industry, College of Health & Welfare, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea;
| | - Sun-Yup Shim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +82-61-750-3250
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Salinas M, Calva J, Cartuche L, Valarezo E, Armijos C. Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil of Diplosthephium juniperinum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091188. [PMID: 35567189 PMCID: PMC9105165 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to extract and identify the chemical compounds of Diplosthephium juniperinum essential oil (EO) from Ecuador and to assess its anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties. The EO chemical composition was determined by GC−MS. A total of 74 constituents of EO were identified, representing 97.27% in DB-5ms and 96.06% in HP-INNOWax of the total EO. The major constituents (>4.50%) identified were: α-pinene (21.52, 22.04%), geranyl acetate (10.54, 7.78%), silphiper-fol-5-ene (8.67, 7.38%), α-copaene (8.26, 8.18%), 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene (4.93, 5.95%), and germacrene D (4.91, 6.00%). Enantioselective analysis of the volatile fraction of D. juniperinum showed: (+)-α-pinene as a pure enantiomer and 5 pairs of enantiomeric compounds. Among them, (−)-β-Pinene and (−)-Germacrene D presented a high enantiomeric excess of 93.23 and 84.62%, respectively, while (−)-α-Thujene, (−)-Sabinene and (S)-4-Terpineol with a lower enantiomeric excess of 56.34, 47.84 and 43.11%, respectively. A moderate inhibitory effect was observed for Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes with IC50 values of 67.20 ± 7.10 and 89.00 ± 9.90 µg/mL, respectively. A lower antioxidant potential was observed for the EO measured through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays with SC50 values of 127.03 and >1000 µg/mL, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the chemical composition, enantiomeric distribution and, anticholinesterase and antioxidant potential of the EO of D. juniperinum. As future perspective, further in-vivo studies could be conducted to confirm the anticholinesterase potential of the EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Salinas
- Maestría en Química Aplicada, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.C.); (L.C.); (E.V.)
| | - James Calva
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.C.); (L.C.); (E.V.)
| | - Luis Cartuche
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.C.); (L.C.); (E.V.)
| | - Eduardo Valarezo
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.C.); (L.C.); (E.V.)
| | - Chabaco Armijos
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.C.); (L.C.); (E.V.)
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